Johannes Vermeer

"Vermeer" redirects here.

Girl with a Pearl Earring, known as the "Mona Lisa of the North"

Johannes Vermeer or Jan Vermeer (baptized October 31 1632, died December 15 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in plebian scenes of everyday life, which cast the minute details of his subjects in an almost sacred aura. Vermeer is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work.

Virtually forgotten for nearly two hundred years, the art critic Thoré Bürger resurrected interest in Vermeer in 1866 when he published an essay attributing 66 pictures to him (only 35 paintings are definitively attributed to him today). Even in his lifetime he was relatively unknown outside of his hometown of Delft where all of his works were painted.

Little is known about Vermeer's life however, over time his reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.

In recent years a resurgence of appreciation for Vermeer's work can be seen in popular culture. His painting Girl With a Pearl Earring along with others, have given rise to a series of fictionalized novels. A New Yorker critic said of the renewed interest in his paintings, "I think that Vermeer's ideal was a classless, timeless truth that is returning to the fore in contemporary culture: the essential role that aesthetic pleasure must play in any seriously lived life."

Early life

Milkmaid (1658-1660)

Johannes Vermeer was born in 1632, in the city of Delft in the Netherlands. The precise date of his birth is unknown but it is known that he was baptised on October 31, 1632, in the Reformed Church in Delft.

Vermeer's father, Reynier Vermeer, was a lower middle-class silk weaver and an art dealer. He married Johannes' mother, Digna, a woman from Antwerp, in 1615. The Vermeer family bought a large inn, the "Mechelen" named after the homonymous Belgian town, near the market square in Delft in 1641. Reynier Vermeer probably served as inn-keeper while also acting as an art dealer.

After his father's death in 1652, Johannes Vermeer inherited the Mechelen as well as his father's art-dealing business.

Marriage and family

Despite the fact that he came from a Protestant family, he married a Catholic, Catherina Bolnes, in April 1653. Vermeer may have converted to Catholicism shortly before their marriage, a conversion suggested by the fact that his children were named after Catholic saints rather than his own parents, and one of his paintings, The Allegory of Faith, reflects Catholic belief in the Eucharist, though whether that is the artist's or that of a commissioning patron is unknown.

Some after their marriage, the couple left the Mechelen and moved in with Catherina's mother, Maria Thins, a well-off widow, in a house in the "Papist corner" of town, where Catholics lived in relative isolation. Vermeer would live in his mother-in-law's house with his wife and children for the rest of his life.

Maria apparently played an important role in their life, for they named their first daughter after her, and it is possible that she used her comfortable income to help support the struggling painter and his growing family. Maria Thins was a devotee of the Jesuit order in the Catholic Church, and this, too, seems to have influenced Johannes and Catherina, for they called their first son Ignatius, after the founding saint of the Jesuit Order.

Johannes and Catherina had fourteen children in total, three of whom predeceased Vermeer.

Career

The Girl with a Wine Glass, 1660

It is generally believed that Vermeer apprenticed as a painter in Delft and that his teacher was either Carel Fabritius (1622 - 1654) or Leonaert Bramer (1596 - 1674). Early paintings reflect the influence of the utrecht caravaggisti, a group of seventeeth century painters strongly influenced by the Italian artist, the tempestuous Caravaggio.

On the 29th of December 1653, Vermeer became a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, a trade association for painters. The guild's records, which indicate that he could not initially pay the admission fee, suggest that Vermeer was of moderate means.

However, in later years his reputation, at least in his home town, solidified when one of Delft's richest citizens, Pieter van Ruijven, became his patron and bought many of his paintings. In 1662 he was elected head of the guild and was reelected in 1663, 1670, and 1671, evidence that he was considered an established craftsman among his peers.

Subsequently, a severe economic downturn was to strike the Netherlands in 1672 (the "Rampjaar," translated "the disaster year"), when the French invaded the Dutch Republic in what was later known as the Franco-Dutch War. This led to a collapse in demand for luxury items such as paintings, and consequently damaged Vermeer's business both as a painter and an art dealer.

When Johannes Vermeer died in 1675, he left Catherina and their children with very little money and several debts. At the time of his death eight of his eleven children were still minors. In a written document his wife attributed her husband's death to the stress of financial pressures. Catherina asked the city council to take over the estate, including paintings, in order to pay off the debts. The Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who worked for the city council, was appointed trustee for the estate in 1676. Nineteen of Vermeer's paintings were bequeathed to Catherina and Maria and some of these were sold to pay creditors.

Vermeer's relatively short life, - he was only 47 years of age when he died - coupled with the demands of his two careers, and his extraordinary precision as a painter all help to explain his limited output.

Technique

Vermeer produced transparent colours by applying paint onto the canvas in loosely granular layers, a technique called pointillé (not to be confused with pointillism).

There is no other seventeenth century artist who from very early on in his career employed, in the most lavish way, the exorbitantly expensive pigment lapis lazuli, natural ultramarine. Not only used in elements that are intended to be shown as blue, like a woman’s skirt, a sky, the headband on the Girl with a Pearl Earring (The Hague), and in the satin dress of his late A Lady Seated at a Virginal (London), Vermeer also used the lapis lazuli widely as underpaint in, for example, the deep yet murky shadow area below the windows in The Music Lesson (London), and The Glass of Wine (Berlin). For the wall beneath the windows - areas in these paintings of intense shadow - Vermeer composed by first applying a dark natural ultramarine, thus indicating an area void of light. Over this first layer he then scumbled varied layers of earth colors in order to give the wall a certain appearance: the earth colors umber and ochre should be understood as warm light from the strongly lit interior, reflecting its multiple colors back onto the wall.

This working method most probably was inspired by Vermeer’s understanding of Leonardo da Vinci’s observations that the surface of every object partakes of the color of the adjacent object. This means that no object is ever seen entirely in its natural colour; this also implies that shadows are not merely black voids of darkness but reflect color as well.

A comparable but even more remarkable yet effectual use of natural ultramarine is in The Girl with a Wineglass (Braunsweig). The shadows of the red satin dress are underpainted in natural ultramarine, and due to this underlying blue paint layer, the red lake and vermilion mixture applied over it acquires a slightly purple, cool and crisp appearance that is very effective.

Officer and a Laughing Girl, 1657-59

Camera Obscura

Artists of that era regularly used a camera obscura - the forerunner to the camera - to trace images for their paintings. Since there is no documented record of any drawings done by Vermeer it is impossible to conclude how much he relied upon this technique. However, it is fair to speculate that in Delft - a center for optical experimentation and lens making - this was a relied upon method. The use of the camera obscura is controversial with at least one artist, (see modern artist David Hockney's Hockney-Falco thesis).

Regardless of his use of the camera obscura to paint perspective, Vermeer was undisputedly a master of creating realistic effects. American Artist writer Terry Sullivan said of the painting Little Street in Delft, "As with almost any masterpiece, if you cover up one shape, small or large, the whole work seems to crumble... With only minimal use of atmospheric and scientific perspective, Vereer created not only an illusion of space but an unforgettable image of an orderly world expressed throug architecture, human gestures, and control of the paint itself."

Themes

Vermeer's works are largely genre pieces and portraits, with the exception of two cityscapes.

His subjects offer a cross-section of seventeenth century Dutch society, ranging from the portrayal of a simple milkmaid at work, to the luxury and splendour of rich notables and merchantmen in their roomy houses. Religious and scientific connotations can be found in his works. Certain daily objects that he liked ot use...... put here

Works

View of Delft, (1660-1661)

The Little Street, 1659-60

Only three paintings are dated: The Procuress (1656, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie), The Astronomer (1668, Paris, Louvre), and The Geographer (1669, Frankfurt, Städelsches). Two pictures are generally accepted as earlier than The Procuress; both are history paintings, painted in a warm palette and in a relatively large format for Vermeer —Christ in the House of Mary and Martha (Edinburgh, National Gallery) and Diana and her Companions (The Hague, Mauritshuis).

After The Procuress almost all of Vermeer's paintings are of contemporary subjects in a smaller format, that have a cooler palette dominated by blues, yellows and greys. It is to this period that practically all of his surviving works belong. They are usually domestic interiors with one or two figures lit by a window on the left. They are characterized by a serene sense of compositional balance and spatial order, unified by an almost pearly light.

A few of his paintings show a certain hardening of manner and these are generally thought to represent his later works. From this period come The Allegory of Faith (c 1670, New York, Metropolitan Museum) and The Letter (c 1670, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum).

David, What the heck do you think a hardening of manner is? I know they are less well regarded..?

Today, 35 paintings are clearly attributed to Vermeer, and they are:

1. Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1654-1655) - Oil on canvas, 160 x 142 cm, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
2. Diana and Her Companions (1655-1656) - Oil on canvas, 98,5 x 105 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
3. The Procuress (1656) - Oil on canvas, 143 x 130 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
4. Girl reading a Letter at an Open Window (1657) - Oil on canvas, 83 x 64,5 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
5. A Girl Asleep (1657) - Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
6. The Little Street (1657/58) - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
7. Officer with a Laughing Girl (c. 1657) - Oil on canvas, 50,5 x 46 cm, Frick Collection, New York
8. The Milkmaid (c. 1658) - Oil on canvas, 45,5 x 41 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
9. A Lady Drinking and a Gentleman (1658-1660) - Oil on canvas, 39,4 x 44,5 cm,Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
10. The Girl with the Wineglass (c. 1659) - Oil on canvas, Herzog Anton-Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig
11. View of Delft (1659-1660) - Oil on canvas, 98,5 x 117,5 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
12. Girl Interrupted at her Music (1660-1661) - Oil on canvas, 39,4 x 44,5 cm, Frick Collection, New York
13. Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (1663-1664) - Oil on canvas, 46,6 x 39,1 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
14. The Music Lesson or A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (1662/5) - Oil on canvas, 73,3 x 64,5 cm, Queen's Gallery, London
15. Woman with a Lute near a Window (c. 1663) - Oil on canvas, 51,4 x 45,7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
16. Woman with a Pearl Necklace (1662-1664) - Oil on canvas, 55 x 45 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
17. Woman with a Water Jug (1660-1662) - Oil on canvas, 45,7 x 40,6 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
18. A Woman Holding a Balance (1662-1663) - Oil on canvas, 42,5 x 38 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
19. A Lady Writing a Letter (1665-1666) - Oil on canvas, 45 x 40 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
20. Girl with a Pearl Earring (a.k.a. Girl In A Turban, Head Of Girl In A Turban, The Young Girl With Turban) (c. 1665) - Oil on canvas, 46,5 x 40 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
21. The Concert (1665-1666) - Oil on canvas, 69 x 63 cm, stolen in March 1990 from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston
22. Portrait of a Young Woman (1666-1667) - Oil on canvas, 44,5 x 40 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
23. The Allegory of Painting or The Art of Painting (1666/67) - Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
24. Mistress and Maid (1667/68) - Frick Collection, New York
25. Girl with a Red Hat (1668) - National Gallery of Art, Washington
26. The Astronomer (1668) - Louvre, Paris
27. The Geographer (1668/69) - Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
28. The Lacemaker (1669/70) - Louvre, Paris
29. The Love Letter (1669/70) - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
30. Lady writing a Letter with her Maid (1670) - Oil on canvas, 71,1 x 58,4 cm, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
31. The Allegory of Faith (1671/74) - Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
32. The Guitar Player (1672) - Iveagh Bequest Kenwood House, London
33. Lady Standing at the Virginals (1673/75) - National Gallery, London
34. Lady Seated at the Virginals (1673/75) - National Gallery, London

• Paintings by Vermeer, chronologically
• 

  Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1654-1655)

• 

  The Procuress (1656)

• Jan Vermeer van Delft 022.jpg

  Young woman sleeping (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) (1656-1657)

• 

  Officer and a Laughing Girl (Frick Collection, New York) (1657-1659)

• Jan Vermeer van Delft 003.jpg

  Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window (1657-1659)

• 

  The Little Street (1657-1661)

• 

  The Milkmaid (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (c. 1658)

• 

  The Wine Glass (1658-1661)

• 

  The Girl with a Wine Glass (1659-1660)

• 

  View of Delft (Mauritshaus, The Hague) (1660-1661)

• 

  Girl Interrupted at her Music (1660-1661)

• 

  The Music Lesson (1662)

• 

  Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1662-1663)

• 

  The Lacemaker (1664)

• 

  Woman with a Pearl Necklace (1664)

• 

  Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (after 1664)

• 

  Woman Holding a Balance (1665)

• 

  The Girl with the Pearl Earring (Mauritshaus, The Hague) (1665)

• Vermeer The concert.jpg

  The Concert (1665-66)

• 

  Girl with a Flute (1665-1670)

• Vermeer Allegory-of-the-Painting.jpg

  The Allegory of Painting (1666-1667)

• 

  Lady with her Maidservant Holding a Letter (1667)

• 

  Portrait of a Young Woman (1665-67)

• 

  The Geographer (1669)

• 

  The Guitar Player (1669-1672)

• 

  The Loveletter (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (1670)

• 

  Lady writing a Letter with her Maid (1670)

• 

  A Lady Standing at a Virginal (1670-1673)

• Jan Vermeer van Delft 005.jpg

  A Lady Seated at a Virginal (1672)

• ''A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals'' (1670)

Disputed works

• Saint Praxidis (c. 1655) - Oil on canvas, 102 x 83 cm, Private Collection
• Girl with a Flute (1665-1670) - Oil on panel, 20 x 17,8 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
• Portrait of a Woman (1655-1660) -

Forgeries

Han van Meegeren was a Dutch painter who worked in the classic tradition. Initially seeking to prove that critics had underestimated his abilities as a painter, he decided to paint a fake Vermeer. Later, he forged more Vermeers and works of other painters for financial gain. Van Meegeren fooled the art establishment, and was only taken seriously (as a forger) after demonstrating his skills in front of police witnesses. His aptitude at forgery shocked the art world and complicated efforts to assess the authenticity of works attributed to Vermeer.^{[citation needed]}

Vermeer in popular culture

• Vermeer's View of Delft features in a pivotal sequence of Marcel Proust's The Captive.
• The book Girl with a Pearl Earring and the film of the same name are named after the painting; they present a fictional account of its creation by Vermeer and his relationship with the model.
• The book Girl in Hyacinth Blue is about a fictional Vermeer painting of the same name, and the 2003 made-for-TV film Brush with Fate is based on the book.
• The liqueur Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur was inspired by and named after Vermeer and its bottle is embossed with his signature and has a logo incorporating the Girl with a Pearl Earring.
• Salvador Dalí, who greatly admired Vermeer^{[citation needed]}, painted him in The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table, 1934.
• The 2003 children's novel Chasing Vermeer by Blue Balliett describes the theft of A Lady Writing and has the authenticity of Vermeer's paintings as a central theme. Also, in the sequel to the book, "The Wright 3."
• Dutch composer Louis Andriessen based his opera, Writing to Vermeer (1997-98, libretto by Peter Greenaway), on the domestic life of Vermeer.
• "Brush with Fate" was a made-for-TV film debuted on February 2, 2003, on CBS. It followed the life of an imaginary painting by Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer as it passes through the hands of various people.
• The book and film Girl, Interrupted take their title from the painting Girl Interrupted at her Music.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• "Jan Vermeer." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, Volume 46. Gale Group, 2002.

Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007.

• Sheldon, Libby and Nicola Costaros (2005), Johannes Vermeer’s ‘Young woman seated at a virginal’, The Burlington Magazine, February 2006, Number 1235, Volume CXLVIII.
• Schneider, Robert (1993), Vermeer, Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH, Köln.
• Tansey, Richard G. and Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's Art Through the Ages Harcourt Brace, 1996. ISBN 0155011413
• Wadum, J., “Contours of Vermeer,” in Vermeer Studies. Studies in the History of Art, 55. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers XXXIII, eds. I. Gaskel and M. Jonker. Washington/New Haven (1998), pp. 201-223.
• "Vermeer, Johannes," (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [1].

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Jan Vermeer van Delft

External links

• "The Vermeercentrum". Vermeer Centrum Delft. Retrieved September 1, 2007.

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