Hu Shi
Hu Shi (Traditional Chinese: 胡適; Simplified Chinese: 胡适; pinyin: Hú Shì, December 17 1891—February 24 1962), born Hu Hongxing (胡洪騂), was a Chinese philosopher and essayist. His courtesy name was Shizhi (適之). Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism.
Biography
Hu was born in Shanghai to Hu Chuan (胡傳) and Feng Shundi (馮順弟), Hu's ancestors were from Jixi, Anhui. In January 1904, his family established an arranged marriage for Hu with Jiang Dongxiu (江冬秀), an illiterate girl with bound feet who was one year older than he was. The marriage took place in December 1917. Hu received his fundamental education in Jixi and Shanghai.
Hu became a "national scholar" through funds appropriated from the Boxer Indemnity grant. On August 16 1910 Hu was sent to study agriculture at Cornell University in the United States. In 1912 he changed his major into philosophy and literature. After receiving his undergraduate degree, he went to Columbia University to study philosophy. At Columbia he was greatly influenced by his professor, John Dewey, and Hu became Dewey's translator and a lifelong advocate of pragmatic evolutionary change. Although he did not receive his Ph.D in philosophy in 1917 which he obtained several years later, he returned to lecture in Peking University. During his tenure there he received support from Chen Duxiu, editor of the influential journal New Youth, quickly gaining much attention and influence. Hu soon became one of the leading and influential intellectuals during the May Fourth Movement and later the New Culture Movement.
He quit New Youth in the 1920s and published several political newspapers and journals with his friends. His most important contribution was the promotion of Vernacular Chinese in literature to replace Classical Chinese, which ideally made it easier for the ordinary person to read.[1] The significance of this for Chinese Culture was great — as John Fairbank put it, "the tyranny of the classics had been broken".[2]
Hu was ambassador from the Republic of China to the United States of America between 1938-1941,[3] chancellor of Peking University between 1946-1948, and later 1958 president of the Academia Sinica in Taiwan, where he remained until his death by heart attack in Nangang at the age of 71. He was chief executive of the Free China Journal, which was eventually shut down for criticizing Chiang Kai-shek.
Writings
Unlike other figures of the Warlord Era in the Republic of China, Hu was a staunch supporter of just one main current of thought: pragmatism. Many of his writings used these ideas to advocate for changes in China.
Hu was well known as the primary advocate for the literary revolution of the era, a movement with the aim of the replacement of scholarly classical Chinese in writing with the vernacular spoken language, as well as the cultivation and stimulation of new forms of literature. In an article originally published in New Youth in January 1917 titled "A Preliminary Discussion of Literature Reform," He originally emphasized eight guidelines that all Chinese writers should take to heart in writing:
1. Write with substance. By this, Hu meant that literature should contain real feeling and human thought. This was intended to be a contrast to the recent poetry with rhymes and phrases that Hu saw as being empty.
2. Do not imitate the ancients. Literature should not be written in the styles of long ago, but rather in the modern style of the present era.
3. Emphasize grammar. Hu did not elaborate at length on this point, merely stating that some recent forms of poetry had neglected proper grammar.
4. Reject melancholy. Recent young authors often chose grave pen names, and wrote on such topics as death. Hu rejected this way of thinking as being unproductive in solving modern problems.
5. Eliminate old clichés. The Chinese language has always had numerous four character sayings and phrases used to describe events. Hu implored writers to use their own words in descriptions, and deplored those who did not.
6. Do not use allusions. By this, Hu was referring to the practice of comparing present events to events in the past, even when such events are not entirely applicable.
7. Do not use couplets or parallelism. Though these forms had been pursued by earlier writers, Hu believed that modern writers first needed to learn the basics of substance and quality, before returning to these matters of subtlety and delicacy.
8. Do not avoid popular expressions or popular forms of characters. This rule, perhaps the most well known, ties in directly with Hu's believe that modern literature should be written in the vernacular, rather than in Classical Chinese. He believed that this practice had historical precedence, and led to greater understanding of important texts.
In April of 1918, Hu published a second article in New Youth, this one titled "Constructive Literary Revolution - A Literature of National Speech." In it, he simplified the original eight points into only four:
1. Speak only when you have something to say. This is analogous to the first point above.
2. Speak what you want to say and say it in the way you want to say it. This combines points two through six above.
3. Speak what is your own and not that of someone else. This is a rewording of point seven.
4. Speak in the language of the time in which you live. This refers again to the replacement of Classical Chinese with the vernacular language.
Sample work
- "Don't You Forget"
- (English translation of a poem by Hu, published in New Youth magazine, China 1915-1926, vol.5 no.3.)
- Son,
- Over twenty years I taught you to love this country,
- But God tell me how!
- Don't you forget:
- It's our country's soldiers,
- That made your Aunt suicide in shame,
- And did the same to Ah Shing,
- And to your wife,
- And shot Gao Sheng to death!
- Don't you forget:
- Who cut off your finger,
- Who beat your father to a mess like this!
- Who burned this village?
- Shit! The fire is coming!
- Go, for your own sake! Don't die with me!
- Wait!
- Don't you forget:
- Your dying father only wished this country occupied,
- By the Cossacks,
- Or the Prussians,
- Anyone!
- Any life ever worse than — this !?
- Original poem: "你莫忘記"
- 我的兒
- 我二十年教你愛國，
- 這國如何愛得！
- 你莫忘記：
- 這是我們國家的大兵，
- 逼死了你三姨，
- 逼死了阿馨，
- 逼死了你妻子，
- 槍斃了高昇！
- 你莫忘記：
- 是誰砍掉了你的手指，
- 是誰把你的老子打成了這個樣子！
- 是誰燒了這一村，
- 哎喲！火就要燒到這裡了，
- 你跑罷！莫要同我一起死！
- 回來！
- 你莫忘記：
- 你老子臨死時只指望快快亡國：
- 亡給『哥薩克』，
- 亡給『普魯士』
- 都可以
- 人總該不至——如此！
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- "Hu Shih," in (1931) Living philosophies. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Li [李], Ao [敖] ([1964-]). Biography of Hu Shih [Hu Shih p'ing chuan] [胡適評傳]. Taipei [T'ai-pei shih] [臺北市]: [Wen hsing shu tien, Min kuo 53-] [文星書店, 民國53-]. Series : [Wen hsing ts'ung k'an 50] [文星叢刊 50].
- Yang, Ch'eng-pin (c1986). The political thoughts of Dr. Hu Shih [Hu Shih ti cheng chih ssu hsiang]. Taipei, Taiwan: Bookman Books. in English.
- Chou, Min-chih (c1984). Hu Shih and intellectual choice in modern China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10039-4. Series : Michigan studies on China.
- Hu, Shih (c1934). The Chinese renaissance : the Haskell lectures, 1933. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (see online Resource listed below)
- Grieder, Jerome B. (1970). Hu Shih and the Chinese renaissance; liberalism in the Chinese revolution, 1917-1937. Cambridge [US]: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-41250-8. Series : Harvard East Asian series 46.
- Cheng, Pei-Kai and Michael Lestz (c1999). The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 373.
- de Bary, W.M Theodore and Richard Lufrano (2000). Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume Two, Second Edition. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 636.
- Wang, Jingshan, "Hu Shi". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
- Shi, Jun, "Hu Shi". Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.
- Xie, Qingkui, "Hu Shi". Encyclopedia of China (Political Science Edition), 1st ed.
- Geng, Yunzhi, "Hu Shi". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed.
Footnotes
- ↑ Luo, Jing. [2004] (2004). Over a Cup of Tea: An Introduction to Chinese Life and Culture. University Press of America. ISBN 0761829377
- ↑ Fairbank, John King (1979 (c1948)). The United States and China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. .
- ↑ Cheng and Lestz 1999, 373
External links
- "The Chinese Renaissance": a series of lectures Hu Shih delivered at the University of Chicago in the summer of 1933. (see print Reference listed above)
- "Dr Hu Shih Research": Dr Hu Shih Research
- "Hu Shih Study" at newconcept.com (Chinese)
| Preceded by: Wang Zhengting |
China's Ambassador to the United States 1938–1942 |
Succeeded by: Wei Daoming |
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