Difference between revisions of "Hideyo Noguchi" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox Scientist
 
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|name              = Hideyo Noguchi
 
|name              = Hideyo Noguchi
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|caption          = Hideyo Noguchi wit signature
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|caption          = Hideyo Noguchi  
 
|birth_date        = {{birth date|1876|11|24}}
 
|birth_date        = {{birth date|1876|11|24}}
 
|birth_place      =  [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]]
 
|birth_place      =  [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]]
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{{Japanese name|Noguchi}}
 
{{Japanese name|Noguchi}}
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{{nihongo|'''Hideyo Noguchi'''|野口 英世|''Noguchi Hideyo''|extra=November 24, 1876 – May 21, 1928}}, also known as {{nihongo|Seisaku Noguchi|野口清作|''Noguchi Seisaku''}}, was a prominent Japanese [[bacteriologist]] who discovered the agent of [[syphilis]] in 1911.
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'''Hideyo Noguchi''' (野口 英世 or ''Noguchi Hideyo'') (November 24, 1876 – May 21, 1928), also known as ''Noguchi Seisaku,'' was a prominent Japanese [[bacteriologist]] who discovered the agent for [[syphilis]], in 1911.
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Noguchi was born into poverty and became handicapped when, at the age of one, he severely burned his left hand. Noguchi rose above his situation and with the help of his mother and teachers became a medical doctor. In 1900, he came to the [[U.S.]] and worked at the University of Pennsylvania, and later at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. Noguchi traveled extensively in [[Central America]] and [[South America]] to do research for a vaccine for yellow fever and to research Oroya fever, poliomyelitis and trachoma. In 1928, he traveled to [[Africa]] to confirm his findings. Noguchi, however, was infected with [[yellow fever]] and died in the same year.
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Noguchi received a number of awards during his lifetime and after his death. The Japanese government established the Hideyo Noguchi African Prize in 2006 and the award has been given every five years to individuals who made notable medical contributions in Africa.  
  
 
==Early life==
 
==Early life==
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Noguchi Hideyo was born as the eldest son of Sayosuke Noguchi (father) and Shika (mother), in [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]] on November 9, 1876. His youth name is Seisaku (清作). Noguchi family was a poor peasant for generations. When he was one and a half years old he fell down into a fireplace and suffered a burn injury on his left hand. There was no doctor in the small village, but one of the men examined the boy. "The fingers of the left hand are mostly gone," he said, "and the left arm and the left foot and the right hand are burned; I know not how badly." Due to his injury to his left hand, he could not expect to become a peasant.  
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Noguchi Hideyo was born as the eldest son of Sayosuke Noguchi (野口佐代助) (father) and Shika (mother), in [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]] on November 9, 1876. His youth name is Seisaku (清作). The Noguchi family were poor peasants for generations. When he was one and a half years old he fell into a fireplace and suffered a burn injury on his left hand. There was no doctor in the small village, but one of the men examined the boy. "The fingers of the left hand are mostly gone," he said, "and the left arm and the left foot and the right hand are burned; I know not how badly." Due to the injury to his left hand, he could not expect to become a peasant.<ref>IFSA, Noguchi Hideyo (Japanese).</ref>
  
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Sakae Kobayashi (小林栄), a teacher at the Inawashiro elementary school, financially supported the family, which made it possible for Noguchi to enter the elementary school in 1889. He was smart and teachers soon recognized his abilities. Thanks to generous contributions from his teacher Kobayashi and his friends, he was able to receive surgery from Kanae Watanabe on his badly burned left hand. He recovered about 70% mobility and functionality in his left hand through the operation.  
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Shika, Noguchi's mother, had strong faith in [[Kwannon]] [[Buddhism]]. It is said that she prayed day and night to ask Buddha to save her son. While she continued to pray, she became determined to give her son an education so that he can find his way in spite of his physical handicap. For Noguchi's family as a poor peasant, it looked impossible to send him to school. Shika did additional physical labor to raise extra funds.
  
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Noguchi decided to become a doctor to help those in need. He often cited the words, "[[Napoleon]] did not sleep more than three hours" and practiced it to save time for study. When he left his hometown for Tokyo to study medical science, he left the words, "I will never step the soil of my hometown until I accomplish my will."
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Sakae Kobayashi (小林栄), a teacher at the Inawashiro elementary school, financially supported the family, which made it possible for Noguchi to enter the elementary school in 1889. He was smart and teachers soon recognized his abilities. Thanks to generous contributions from his teacher Kobayashi and his friends, he was able to receive surgery, from [[Kanae Watanabe]], on his badly burned left hand and he recovered about 70 percent mobility and functionality.
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Noguchi decided to become a doctor to help those in need. He often cited the words, "[[Napoleon]] did not sleep more than three hours" and practiced it to save time for studies. When he left his hometown for Tokyo to study medical science, he left with the words, "I will never set foot on the soil of my hometown until I accomplish my will."
  
 
He apprenticed himself to {{nihongo|Dr. Kanae Watanabe|渡部鼎|''Watanabe Kanae''}}, the same doctor who had performed the surgery on his hand. He passed the examinations to practice medicine when he was twenty years old in 1896. He showed signs of great talent and was supported in his studies by Dr. [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]].  
 
He apprenticed himself to {{nihongo|Dr. Kanae Watanabe|渡部鼎|''Watanabe Kanae''}}, the same doctor who had performed the surgery on his hand. He passed the examinations to practice medicine when he was twenty years old in 1896. He showed signs of great talent and was supported in his studies by Dr. [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]].  
  
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In 1898, he changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a fictional novel about a man who had the similar name - Nonoguchi Seisaku (野々口精作) - as him. The character in the novel was intelligent like Noguchi, but became lazy and ruined his life. Noguchi found the similar shortcomings in the character of the novel and changed his name from Seisaku to Hideyo (英世) to make a new start of life.
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In 1898, he changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a fictional novel about a man who had the similar name—Nonoguchi Seisaku (野々口精作)—as him. The character in the novel was intelligent like Noguchi, but became lazy and ruined his life. Noguchi found the similar shortcomings in the character of the novel and changed his name from Seisaku to Hideyo (英世) to make a new start of life.
  
 
==Career==
 
==Career==
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[[Image:Noguchi_Hideyo.png|right|thumb|240px|thumb|Hideyo Noguchi and his mother Shika]]
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In 1898, Noguchi became an assistant to [[Shibasaburo Kitazato]] at his research institute of infectious disease. He met Dr. [[Simon Flexner]] at the institute. Due to his excellent work, Noguchi was dispatched to [[China]] as a member of international pest prevention committee.
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In 1898, Noguchi became an assistant of [[Shibasaburo Kitazato]] at his research institute of infectious disease. He met Dr. Simon Flexner at the institute. Due to his excellent work, Noguchi was dispatched to [[China]] as a member of international pest prevention committee.
 
  
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In 1900 Noguchi moved to the [[United States]], where he obtained a job as a research assistant with Dr. [[Simon Flexner]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and later at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]]. He thrived in this environment.<ref>Flexner, James Thomas. (1996). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zHUQdmAlX-4C&pg=PA51&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=A-TRnP-lyJslsJauKPsRlrJ_Lmw#PPA51,M1  ''Maverick's Progress,'' pp. 51]-52.</ref>  At this time his work concerned [[poisonous snakes]]. In part, his move was motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan, as prospective employers were concerned about the impact the hand deformity would have on potential patients. In a research setting, this handicap became a non-issue. He and his peers learned from their work and from each other. In this period, a fellow research assistant in Flexner's lab was Frenchman [[Alexis Carrel]], who would go on to win a [[Nobel Prize]] in 1912;<ref>Gray, Christopher. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E6D81739F936A15751C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt " Streetscapes/Rockefeller University, 62nd to 68th Streets Along the East River; From a Child's Death Came a Medical Institute's Birth,"] ''New York Times.'' February 25, 2001.</ref> and Noguchi's work would later attract the Prize committee's scrutiny.<ref>Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html  "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26]</ref>  The Nobel Foundation archives have been only recently opened for public inspection; and what was once only speculation is now confirmed. He was nominated in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927.
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In 1900 Noguchi moved to the [[United States]], where he obtained a job as a research assistant with Dr. [[Simon Flexner]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and later at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]]. He thrived in this environment.<ref>James Thomas Flexner, [http://books.google.com/books?id=zHUQdmAlX-4C&pg=PA51&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=A-TRnP-lyJslsJauKPsRlrJ_Lmw#PPA51,M1  ''Maverick's Progress.''] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>  At this time his work concerned [[poisonous snakes]]. In part, his move was motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan, as prospective employers were concerned about the impact the hand deformity would have on potential patients. In a research setting, this handicap became a non-issue. He and his peers learned from their work and from each other. In this period, a fellow research assistant in Flexner's lab was Frenchman [[Alexis Carrel]], who would go on to win a [[Nobel Prize]] in 1912;<ref>Christopher Gray, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E6D81739F936A15751C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt Streetscapes/Rockefeller University, 62nd to 68th Streets Along the East River; From a Child's Death Came a Medical Institute's Birth,] ''New York Times.'' Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> and Noguchi's work would later attract the Prize committee's scrutiny.<ref>Japanese Government Internet TV, [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html  "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>  The Nobel Foundation archives have been only recently opened for public inspection; and what was once only speculation is now confirmed. He was nominated in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927.
  
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While working at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]] in 1913, he demonstrated the presence of ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' (syphilitic spirochete) in the brain of a progressive paralysis patient, proving that the spirochete was the cause of the disease. Dr. Noguchi's name is remembered in the binomial attached to another spirochete, ''Leptospira noguchii''.<ref>Dixon, Bernard. [http://www.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack,"] ''Microbe Magazine'' ([[American Society for Microbiology]]). May 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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While working at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]] in 1913, he demonstrated the presence of ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' (syphilitic spirochete) in the brain of a progressive paralysis patient, proving that the spirochete was the cause of the disease. Dr. Noguchi's name is remembered in the binomial attached to another spirochete, ''Leptospira noguchii''.<ref>Bernard Dixon, [http://www.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack,"] ''Microbe Magazine.'' Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
  
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Noguchi worked so tirelessly, fellow researchers whispered, "when do Japanese sleep?"<ref>[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/j/rekishi/noguchi/sekai.htm 野口英世年表] (Noguchi Hideyo choronology), Aizuwakamatsu city official site. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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Noguchi worked so tirelessly, fellow researchers whispered, "when do the Japanese sleep?"<ref>Aizuwakamatsu city official site, [http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/j/rekishi/noguchi/sekai.htm 野口英世年表] (Noguchi Hideyo choronology). Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
  
 
In 1918, Noguchi traveled extensively in [[Central America]] and [[South America]] to do research for a [[vaccine]] for [[yellow fever]], and to research [[Oroya fever]], [[poliomyelitis]] and [[trachoma]]. While in [[Ecuador]], he received a commission as a [[colonel]] in the Ecuadoran Army.
 
In 1918, Noguchi traveled extensively in [[Central America]] and [[South America]] to do research for a [[vaccine]] for [[yellow fever]], and to research [[Oroya fever]], [[poliomyelitis]] and [[trachoma]]. While in [[Ecuador]], he received a commission as a [[colonel]] in the Ecuadoran Army.
  
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In 1928, Noguchi traveled to [[Africa]] to confirm his findings. The purpose of this field work was to test the hypothesis that yellow fever was caused by [[spirochaete]] [[bacteria]] instead of a [[virus]]. While working in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (modern-day [[Ghana]]) he was struck down by the yellow fever virus, his last words being ''"I don't understand."''<ref>BBC/H2g2: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1132138  Yellow Fever blurb.]</ref>
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In 1928, Noguchi traveled to [[Africa]] to confirm his findings. The purpose of this field work was to test the hypothesis that yellow fever was caused by [[spirochaete]] [[bacteria]] instead of a [[virus]]. While working in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (modern-day [[Ghana]]) he was struck down by the yellow fever virus, his last words being, "I don't understand."<ref>BBC/H2g2, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1132138  Yellow Fever blurb.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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==Selected works==
 
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* 1904:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=diz1IVBy8_UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPT4,M1  ''The Action of Snake Venom Upon Cold-blooded Animals.'']
 
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:::Washington, D.C.: [[Carnegie Institution]]. [OCLC 2377892]
 
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* 1909:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=-QcDAAAAIAAJ&q=hideyo+noguchi&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1  ''Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.'']
 
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:::Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. [OCLC 14796920]
 
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* 1911:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=cs0KC_8dqsIC&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0  ''Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis and the Butyric Acid Test for Syphilis.'']
 
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:::Philadelphia: [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|J. B. Lippincott]]. [OCLC 3201239]
 
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* 1923:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFQlGQAACAAJ&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a  ''Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis: A Manual for Students and Physicians.'']
 
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:::New York: [[Harper & Brothers|P. B. Hoeber]]. [OCLC 14783533]
 
  
 
==Honors during Noguchi's lifetime==
 
==Honors during Noguchi's lifetime==
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[[Image:Statue of Hideyo Noguchi.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Ueno Park]]]]
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[[Image:Statue of Hideyo Noguchi.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Ueno Park]].]]
 
Noguchi was honored with both Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.
 
Noguchi was honored with both Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.
  
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He was discretely self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself with naive objectiveness, as "funny Noguchi;" but those who knew him well reported that he "gloated in honors."<ref name="t1931">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741726,00.html  "'Funny Noguchi,'] ''Time.'' May 18, 1931.</ref> When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, [[William Lyon Phelps]] observed that the Kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."<ref name="nyt1921">[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E5D61631EF33A25750C2A9609C946095D6CF "Angll Inaugurated at Yale Graduation; New President Takes Office Before a Distinguished Audience of University Men;784 Degrees are given; Mme. Curie, Sir Robert Jones,Archibald Marshall, J.W. Davis and Others Honored,"] ''New York Times.'' June 23, 1921.</ref>
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He was discretely self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself with naive objectiveness, as "funny Noguchi;" but those who knew him well reported that he "gloated in honors."<ref name="t1931">Time, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741726,00.html  "Funny Noguchi."] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, [[William Lyon Phelps]] observed that the Kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."<ref name="nyt1921">New York Times, [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E5D61631EF33A25750C2A9609C946095D6CF Angll Inaugurated at Yale Graduation; New President Takes Office Before a Distinguished Audience of University Men;784 Degrees are given; Mme. Curie, Sir Robert Jones,Archibald Marshall, J.W. Davis and Others Honored.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
  
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* [[Kyoto Imperial University]] - [[Doctor of Medicine]], 1909.<ref>Kita, Atsushi. (2005). ''Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery,'' p. 169.</ref>
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* [[Kyoto Imperial University]]—[[Doctor of Medicine]], 1909.<ref>Atsushi Kita, ''Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery,'' 169.</ref>
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* [[Order of Dannebrog]], 1913 ([[Denmark]]).<ref>Kita, p. 181.</ref>
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* [[Order of Dannebrog]], 1913 ([[Denmark]]).<ref>Kita, 181.</ref>
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* [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], 1913 ([[Spain]]).<ref>Kita, p. 177;  </ref>
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* [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], 1913 ([[Spain]]).<ref>Kita, 177.</ref>
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* [[Order of the Polar Star]], 1914 ([[Sweden]]).<ref name="k182">Kita, p. 182.</ref>
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* [[Order of the Polar Star]], 1914 ([[Sweden]]).<ref name="k182">Kita, 182.</ref>
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* [[Tokyo Imperial University]] - [[Doctor of Science]], 1914.<ref name="k182">[see above]</ref>
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* [[Tokyo Imperial University]]—[[Doctor of Science]], 1914.<ref name="k182"/>
 
* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class—1915.  
 
* [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class—1915.  
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* [[Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy|Imperial Award]], [[Japan Academy|Imperial Academy]] (Japan) - 1915.<ref>Kita, p. 186.</ref>
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* [[Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy|Imperial Award]], [[Japan Academy|Imperial Academy]] (Japan)—1915.<ref>Kita, 186.</ref>
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* [[University of Quito]], 1919—([[Ecuador]]).<ref name="jmofa2">Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/latin_e/episode.html#Hideyo  Noguchi & Latin America.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> 
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* [[University of Guayaquil]], 1919—[[Ecuador]].<ref name="jmofa2"/>
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* [[Yale University]], 1921—[[U.S.]]<ref name="nyt1921"/>
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==Legacy==
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===Posthumous honors===
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In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun second class.
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[[Image:Hideyo Noguchi Grave 1024.jpg|thumb|The grave of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]]]]In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by the Japanese government.<ref>University of Pennsylvania, [http://www.med.upenn.edu/globalhealth/UPENNSOMGlobalHealthPrograms—InternationalOpportunitiesforStudents.shtml Global Health Project.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The Institute is located at the [[University of Ghana]] in Legon, a suburb north of [[Accra]].<ref>University of Ghana, [http://ffhtechnical.org/partners/collaborating-organizations/university-of-ghana-noguchi-memorial-institute-for-medical-research Noguchi Institute (NMIMR).] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>  After his death, Noguchi's body was returned to the United States; but the mere existence of the NMIMR is arguably a more fitting memorial than the modest marker in New York City's Woodlawn Cemetery.<ref>New York Times, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D71E31F932A3575AC0A961958260&scp=3&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt A Place for All Eternity In Their Adopted Land.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
  
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* [[University of Quito]], 1919 - ([[Ecuador]]).<ref name="jmofa2">Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/latin_e/episode.html#Hideyo  Noguchi & Latin America]</ref> 
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Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000 [[yen]] [[Banknotes of the Japanese yen|banknotes]] since 2004.<ref>Bank of Japan, [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/list/yuko/data/money01.pdf Valid Bank of Japan Notes, as of August 2004.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> In addition, the house where he was born and raised is preserved and is part of a museum to his life and its achievements.
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* [[University of Guayaquil]], 1919 - [[Ecuador]].<ref name="jmofa2">[see above]</ref>
 
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* [[Yale University]], 1921 - ([[US]]).<ref name="nyt1921">[see above]</ref>
 
  
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==Posthumous honors==
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===Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize===
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In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun second class.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50D16FC3F58127A93C0A9178DD85F4C8285F9 "Mikado Honors Dr. Noguchi,] '' New York Times.''  June 2, 1928.</ref>
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The Japanese Government established the [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]] in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit of Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi’s death.<ref>Japan Science and Technology Agency, Comemorative Lecture: The First Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize.</ref> The Prize aims to honor individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.<ref>Rockefeller Foundation, [http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/news/2006/072506noguchi.shtml Noguchi Prize, history.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth [[Tokyo International Conference on African Development]] ([[TICAD]]) in late April 2008.<ref>Japan, Cabinet Office, [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/keii-e.html  Noguchi Prize, chronology]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> In 2008, the conference venue was moved from [[Tokyo]] to [[Yokohama]] as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.<ref>Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum, Noguchi, life events.</ref>
  
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[[Image:Hideyo Noguchi Grave 1024.jpg|thumb|The grave of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]]]]In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by  the Japanese government.<ref>UNiversity of Pennsylvania: [http://www.med.upenn.edu/globalhealth/UPENNSOMGlobalHealthPrograms—InternationalOpportunitiesforStudents.shtml Global Health Project]</ref>   The Institute is located at the [[University of Ghana]] in Legon, a suburb north of [[Accra]].<ref>University of Ghana: [http://ffhtechnical.org/partners/collaborating-organizations/university-of-ghana-noguchi-memorial-institute-for-medical-research  Noguchi Institute (NMIMR).]</ref>  After his death, Noguchi's body was returned to the United States; but the mere existence of the NMIMR is arguably a more fitting memorial than the modest marker in New York City's Woodlawn Cemetery.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D71E31F932A3575AC0A961958260&scp=3&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt  " A Place for All Eternity In Their Adopted Land,"] ''New York Times.'' September 1, 1997.</ref>
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The first awards of this international prize—consisting of a citation, a medal and an honorarium of 100 million yen (US$843,668) are only intended to be the first in a continuing series; and subsequently the Prize is expected to be awarded every five years.<ref>World Health Organization, [http://www.afro.who.int/press/2007/pr20070430.html Noguchi Prize, WHO/AFRO involved]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The prize as been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.<ref>''Yomiuri Shimbun'' (Tokyo), [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY03103.htm Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
  
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Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000 [[yen]] [[Banknotes of the Japanese yen|banknotes]] since 2004.<ref>Bank of Japan: [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/list/yuko/data/money01.pdf Valid Bank of Japan Notes, as of August 2004;] Brook, James. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/business/worldbusiness/02notes.html?scp=2&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt "Japan Issues New Currency to Foil Forgers,"] ''New York Times.'' November 2, 2004</ref> In addition, the house where he was born and brought up is preserved and is part of a museum to his life and its achievements.
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==Bibliography==
 +
* 1904:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=diz1IVBy8_UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPT4,M1  ''The Action of Snake Venom Upon Cold-blooded Animals.''], Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
 +
* 1909:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=-QcDAAAAIAAJ&q=hideyo+noguchi&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1  ''Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.''], Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
 +
* 1911: [http://books.google.com/books?id=cs0KC_8dqsIC&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0  ''Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis and the Butyric Acid Test for Syphilis.''], Philadelphia: [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|J. B. Lippincott]]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
 +
* 1923:  [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFQlGQAACAAJ&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a ''Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis: A Manual for Students and Physicians.''], New York: [[Harper & Brothers|P. B. Hoeber]]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  
−
==Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize==
+
==See also==
−
The Japanese Government established the [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]] in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit to by Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi’s death.<ref>Japan Science and Technology Agency: [http://sciencelinks.jp/content/blogcategory/30/246/  " Comemorative Lecture: The First Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize,"] Science Links Japan web site.</ref>  The Prize aims to honor individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.<ref>Rockefeller Foundation: [http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/news/2006/072506noguchi.shtml Noguchi Prize, history]</ref>  The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth [[Tokyo International Conference on African Development]] ([[TICAD]])in late April 2008.<ref>Japan, Cabinet Office: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/keii-e.html  Noguchi Prize, chronology]</ref>  This year's conference venue was moved from Tokyo to Yokohama as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.<ref>Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum: [http://www.town.inawashiro.fukushima.jp/eng/main_eng_noguchi.html  Noguchi, life events]</ref>
+
*[[Syphilis]]
−
 
+
*[[Yellow fever]]
−
The first awards of this international prize—consisting of a citation, a medal and an honorarium of 100 million yen (US$843,668) are only intended to be the first in a continuing series; and subsequently the Prize is expected to be awarded every five years.<ref>World Health Organization: [http://www.afro.who.int/press/2007/pr20070430.html  Noguchi Prize, WHO/AFRO involved]</ref>  The prize as been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY03103.htm  "Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun'' (Tokyo). March 30, 2008.</ref>
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
−
{{reflist|2}}
+
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
* D'Amelio, Dan. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ss4YGQAACAAJ&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a  ''Taller Than Bandai Mountain: The Story of Hideyo Noguchi.''] New York: [[Viking Press]]. 10-ISBN 9-997-50238-8; 13-ISBN 978-9-997-50238-4 (cloth) [OCLC 440466]
+
*Badaro, Roberto. "To Honor Hideyo Noguchi: 1876-1928." ''Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases''. 2 (3): 164-8.
−
* Flexner, James Thomas. (1996). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zHUQdmAlX-4C&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0  ''Maverick's Progress.''] New York: [[Fordham University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-823-21661-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-823-21661-1 (cloth)
+
*Beard, Annie E.S. ''Our Foreign-Born Citizens.'' New York: Crowell, 1968.
−
* Flexner, Simon. (1929). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zTUFHAAACAAJ&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a  "Hideyo Noguchi: A Bographical Sketch,"] in ''Science,'' Vol. 69, p. 653.  
+
*Clark, Paul F. ''Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928''. 1959.
−
* Kita, Atsushi. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=BpLSkxTg_o8C&dq=hideyo+noguchi+and+kita&client=firefox-a  ''Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery''] (tr., Peter Durfee). Tokyo: [[Kodansha]]. 10-ISBN 4-770-02355-3; 13-ISBN 978-4-770-02355-1 (cloth)
+
*D'Amelio, Dan, and Fred Banbery. ''Taller Than Bandai Mountain; The Story of Hideyo Noguchi.'' New York: Viking Press, 1968.
−
*{{cite journal
+
*Dixon, Bernard. [http://www.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack."] ''Microbe Magazine.'' Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| quotes = yes
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*Eckstein, Gustav. ''Noguchi''. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931.
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*Flexner, Simon. ''Hideyo Noguchi.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1930.
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|first=J J
+
*''Hideyo Noguchi.'' Tokyo: The Doctor Noguchi Memorial Association, 1983.
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+
*Kita, Atsushi. ''Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery.'' Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2005. ISBN 9784770023551.
−
|year=2007|month=October
+
*Plesset, Isabel Rosanoff. ''Noguchi and His Patrons''. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980. ISBN 9780838623473.
−
|title=[Hideyo Noguchi and trachoma (Inawashiro, Japan, 1876—Accra, Ghana, 1928]
+
*Smith, Theobald, and William Henry Welch. ''Memorial Addresses: Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928.'' 1929.
−
|journal=[[Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología]]
+
*Tōkyō Shika Daigaku. ''Hideyo Noguchi His Life and Work.'' Tokyo: Tokyo Dental College, 1928.
−
|volume=82
+
*University of Cincinnati. ''Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Number.'' 1929.
−
|issue=10
+
*Watts G. "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize. Tightening the Net Around Malaria." BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 337. 2008.
−
|pages=661-2
 
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|publisher= |location = [[Spain]]| issn = 0365-6691| pmid = 17929213
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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|last=Liu
 
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|first=Pinghui V
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=2004|month=September
 
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|title=Noguchi's contributions to science
 
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|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
 
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|volume=305
 
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|issue=5690
 
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|pages=1565
 
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|publisher= |location = [[United States]]| issn = | pmid = 15361606
 
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|doi = 10.1126/science.305.5690.1565a
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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|last=Takeda
 
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|first=Yoshifumi
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=2003|month=November
 
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|title=[Great Japanese bacteriologists in the Meiji, Taisho and Showa era]
 
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|journal=[[Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi]]
 
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|volume=58
 
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|issue=4
 
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|pages=645-55
 
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|publisher= |location = [[Japan]]| issn = 0021-4930| pmid = 14699855
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Takazoe
 
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|first=Ichiro
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=2002|month=October
 
−
|title=[Achievement by Hideyo Noguchi]
 
−
|journal=[[Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi]]
 
−
|volume=91
 
−
|issue=10
 
−
|pages=2887-90
 
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|publisher= |location = [[Japan]]| issn = 0021-5384| pmid = 12451642
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Haniu
 
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|first=J
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=|month=
 
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|title=Dr. Noguchi's laboratory
 
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|journal=[[Scalpel & tongs : American journal of medical philately]]
 
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|volume=44
 
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|issue=
 
−
|pages=97
 
−
|publisher= |location = [[UNITED STATES]]| issn = 0048-9255| pmid = 11624705
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
−
|last=Koide
 
−
|first=S S
 
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|authorlink=
 
−
|year=2000|month=May.
 
−
|title=Hideyo Noguchi's last stand: the Yellow Fever Commission in Accra, Africa (1927-8)
 
−
|journal=[[Journal of Medical Biography]]
 
−
|volume=8
 
−
|issue=2
 
−
|pages=97-101
 
−
|publisher= |location = [[ENGLAND]]| issn = 0967-7720| pmid = 10994056| pmid = 11042776
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Misawa
 
−
|first=M
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=1991|month=
 
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|title=[Dr. Hideyo Noguchi and Hajime Hoshi] (Jpn)
 
−
|journal=[[Yakushigaku zasshi. The Journal of Japanese history of pharmacy]]
 
−
|volume=26
 
−
|issue=2
 
−
|pages=113-20
 
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|publisher= |location = [[JAPAN]]| issn = 0285-2314| pmid = 11623303
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Misawa
 
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|first=M
 
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|year=1991|month=
 
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|title=[Dr. Hideyo Noguchi and Hajime Hoshi]
 
−
|journal=[[Yakushigaku zasshi. The Journal of Japanese history of pharmacy]]
 
−
|volume=26
 
−
|issue=2
 
−
|pages=113-20
 
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|publisher= |location = [[JAPAN]]| issn = 0285-2314| pmid = 11623302
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Lederer
 
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|first=S E
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=1985|month=March
 
−
|title=Hideyo Noguchi's luetin experiment and the antivivisectionists
 
−
|journal=[[Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences]]
 
−
|volume=76
 
−
|issue=281
 
−
|pages=31-48
 
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|publisher= |location = [[UNITED STATES]]| issn = 0021-1753| pmid = 3888912
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Bendiner
 
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|first=E
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=1984|month=February
 
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|title=Noguchi: many triumphs and a brilliant failure
 
−
|journal=[[Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.)]]
 
−
|volume=19
 
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|issue=2
 
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|pages=222-3, 227, 231 passim
 
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|publisher= |location = [[UNITED STATES]]| issn = 8750-2836| pmid = 6421835
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Masaki
 
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|first=T
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=1978|month=
 
−
|title=[Hideyo Noguchi and oral spirochaete]
 
−
|journal=[[Shikai tenbo = Dental outlook]]
 
−
|volume=51
 
−
|issue=6
 
−
|pages=1265
 
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|publisher= |location = [[AUSTRALIA]]| issn = 0011-8702| pmid = 394992
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=Dolman
 
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|first=C E
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=|month=
 
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|title=Hideyo Noguchi (1876-1928): his final effort
 
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|journal=[[Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)]]
 
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|volume=12
 
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|issue=2-3
 
−
|pages=131-45
 
−
|publisher= |location = [[ENGLAND]]| issn = 0045-7183| pmid = 72623
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|year=1977|month=January
 
−
|title=[Hideyo Noguchi—pioneer bacteriologist]
 
−
|journal=[[Orvosi hetilap]]
 
−
|volume=118
 
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|issue=4
 
−
|pages=213-5
 
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|publisher= |location = [[HUNGARY]]| issn = 0030-6002| pmid = 319394
 
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}}
 
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*{{cite journal
 
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| quotes = yes
 
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|last=CLARK
 
−
|first=P F
 
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|authorlink=
 
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|year=|month=
 
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|title=Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928
 
−
|journal=[[Bulletin of the history of medicine]]
 
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|volume=33
 
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|issue=1
 
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|pages=1-20
 
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|publisher= |location = [[Not Available]]| issn = 0007-5140| pmid = 13629181
 
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 
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}}
 
−
*Sri Kantha S. Hideyo Noguchi's research on yellow fever (1918-1928) in the pre-electron microscopic era. ''Kitasato Archives of Experimental Medicine'', April 1989; 62(1): 1-9.
 
  
−
===See also===
+
==External links==
−
* [[List of prizes, medals, and awards‎]]
+
All links retrieved December 24, 2017.
−
* [[Max Theiler]] - completed Noguchi's work, yellow fever vaccine (1926)
 
  
−
==External links==
+
* Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html  "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," 2007/04/26 streaming video (5 mins.)]
−
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8490542 Hideyo Noguchi Memorial] at [[Find A Grave]]
+
* Cabinet Office, Government of Japan: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/index.html Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]
−
* Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html  streaming video, "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," 2007/04/26 (5 mins.)]
 
−
* Fukushima Prefecture: [http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/list_e/ym961_le.html "The Dreamer, Hideyo Noguchi," slide show]
 
−
* [[Cabinet Office (Japan)|Cabinet Office]], [[Government of Japan]]: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/index-e.html Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]
 
 
* Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): [http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-noguchiafrica/index.html Purpose and Description of the Noguchi Prize]
 
* Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): [http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-noguchiafrica/index.html Purpose and Description of the Noguchi Prize]
−
* [[National Diet Library]]: [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/312.html?c=26 NDL portrait]
+
* National Diet Library: [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/312.html?c=26 NDL portrait]
−
* [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]: [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080628TDY01306.htm  Noguchi—slightly less than 90% name recognition amongst primary school students in Japan], 2008.
 
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Noguchi, Hideyo}}
 
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[[Category:Japanese physicians]]
 
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[[Category:Japanese microbiologists]]
 
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[[Category:People from Fukushima Prefecture]]
 
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[[Category:People in Meiji period Japan]]
 
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[[Category:People in the history of medicine]]
 
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[[Category:Life sciences]]
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[[Category:Medicine]]
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[[Category:Biography]]
 
{{credits|Hideyo_Noguchi|261467566}}
 
{{credits|Hideyo_Noguchi|261467566}}

Latest revision as of 15:47, 25 January 2023

Hideyo Noguchi

Noguchi Hideyo.jpg
Hideyo Noguchi
Born

November 24 1876(1876-11-24)
Inawashiro, Fukushima prefecture

Died May 21 1928 (aged 51)
Nationality Japan
Field bacteriology
Known for syphilis
Treponema pallidum
This is a Japanese name; the family name is Noguchi.

Hideyo Noguchi (野口 英世 or Noguchi Hideyo) (November 24, 1876 – May 21, 1928), also known as Noguchi Seisaku, was a prominent Japanese bacteriologist who discovered the agent for syphilis, in 1911.

Noguchi was born into poverty and became handicapped when, at the age of one, he severely burned his left hand. Noguchi rose above his situation and with the help of his mother and teachers became a medical doctor. In 1900, he came to the U.S. and worked at the University of Pennsylvania, and later at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. Noguchi traveled extensively in Central America and South America to do research for a vaccine for yellow fever and to research Oroya fever, poliomyelitis and trachoma. In 1928, he traveled to Africa to confirm his findings. Noguchi, however, was infected with yellow fever and died in the same year.

Noguchi received a number of awards during his lifetime and after his death. The Japanese government established the Hideyo Noguchi African Prize in 2006 and the award has been given every five years to individuals who made notable medical contributions in Africa.

Early life

Noguchi Hideyo was born as the eldest son of Sayosuke Noguchi (野口佐代助) (father) and Shika (mother), in Inawashiro, Fukushima prefecture on November 9, 1876. His youth name is Seisaku (清作). The Noguchi family were poor peasants for generations. When he was one and a half years old he fell into a fireplace and suffered a burn injury on his left hand. There was no doctor in the small village, but one of the men examined the boy. "The fingers of the left hand are mostly gone," he said, "and the left arm and the left foot and the right hand are burned; I know not how badly." Due to the injury to his left hand, he could not expect to become a peasant.[1]

Shika, Noguchi's mother, had strong faith in Kwannon Buddhism. It is said that she prayed day and night to ask Buddha to save her son. While she continued to pray, she became determined to give her son an education so that he can find his way in spite of his physical handicap. For Noguchi's family as a poor peasant, it looked impossible to send him to school. Shika did additional physical labor to raise extra funds.

Sakae Kobayashi (小林栄), a teacher at the Inawashiro elementary school, financially supported the family, which made it possible for Noguchi to enter the elementary school in 1889. He was smart and teachers soon recognized his abilities. Thanks to generous contributions from his teacher Kobayashi and his friends, he was able to receive surgery, from Kanae Watanabe, on his badly burned left hand and he recovered about 70 percent mobility and functionality.

Noguchi decided to become a doctor to help those in need. He often cited the words, "Napoleon did not sleep more than three hours" and practiced it to save time for studies. When he left his hometown for Tokyo to study medical science, he left with the words, "I will never set foot on the soil of my hometown until I accomplish my will."

He apprenticed himself to Dr. Kanae Watanabe (渡部鼎 Watanabe Kanae), the same doctor who had performed the surgery on his hand. He passed the examinations to practice medicine when he was twenty years old in 1896. He showed signs of great talent and was supported in his studies by Dr. Morinosuke Chiwaki.

In 1898, he changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a fictional novel about a man who had the similar name—Nonoguchi Seisaku (野々口精作)—as him. The character in the novel was intelligent like Noguchi, but became lazy and ruined his life. Noguchi found the similar shortcomings in the character of the novel and changed his name from Seisaku to Hideyo (英世) to make a new start of life.

Career

In 1898, Noguchi became an assistant to Shibasaburo Kitazato at his research institute of infectious disease. He met Dr. Simon Flexner at the institute. Due to his excellent work, Noguchi was dispatched to China as a member of international pest prevention committee.

In 1900 Noguchi moved to the United States, where he obtained a job as a research assistant with Dr. Simon Flexner at the University of Pennsylvania and later at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. He thrived in this environment.[2] At this time his work concerned poisonous snakes. In part, his move was motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan, as prospective employers were concerned about the impact the hand deformity would have on potential patients. In a research setting, this handicap became a non-issue. He and his peers learned from their work and from each other. In this period, a fellow research assistant in Flexner's lab was Frenchman Alexis Carrel, who would go on to win a Nobel Prize in 1912;[3] and Noguchi's work would later attract the Prize committee's scrutiny.[4] The Nobel Foundation archives have been only recently opened for public inspection; and what was once only speculation is now confirmed. He was nominated in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927.

While working at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in 1913, he demonstrated the presence of Treponema pallidum (syphilitic spirochete) in the brain of a progressive paralysis patient, proving that the spirochete was the cause of the disease. Dr. Noguchi's name is remembered in the binomial attached to another spirochete, Leptospira noguchii.[5]

Noguchi worked so tirelessly, fellow researchers whispered, "when do the Japanese sleep?"[6]

In 1918, Noguchi traveled extensively in Central America and South America to do research for a vaccine for yellow fever, and to research Oroya fever, poliomyelitis and trachoma. While in Ecuador, he received a commission as a colonel in the Ecuadoran Army.

In 1928, Noguchi traveled to Africa to confirm his findings. The purpose of this field work was to test the hypothesis that yellow fever was caused by spirochaete bacteria instead of a virus. While working in Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) he was struck down by the yellow fever virus, his last words being, "I don't understand."[7]

Honors during Noguchi's lifetime

Statue of Hideyo Noguchi in Ueno Park.

Noguchi was honored with both Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.

He was discretely self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself with naive objectiveness, as "funny Noguchi;" but those who knew him well reported that he "gloated in honors."[8] When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, William Lyon Phelps observed that the Kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."[9]

Legacy

Posthumous honors

In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun second class.

The grave of Hideyo Noguchi in Woodlawn Cemetery

In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by the Japanese government.[16] The Institute is located at the University of Ghana in Legon, a suburb north of Accra.[17] After his death, Noguchi's body was returned to the United States; but the mere existence of the NMIMR is arguably a more fitting memorial than the modest marker in New York City's Woodlawn Cemetery.[18]

Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000 yen banknotes since 2004.[19] In addition, the house where he was born and raised is preserved and is part of a museum to his life and its achievements.

Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize

The Japanese Government established the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi’s death.[20] The Prize aims to honor individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.[21] The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) in late April 2008.[22] In 2008, the conference venue was moved from Tokyo to Yokohama as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.[23]

The first awards of this international prize—consisting of a citation, a medal and an honorarium of 100 million yen (US$843,668) are only intended to be the first in a continuing series; and subsequently the Prize is expected to be awarded every five years.[24] The prize as been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.[25]

Bibliography

See also

  • Syphilis
  • Yellow fever

Notes

  1. ↑ IFSA, Noguchi Hideyo (Japanese).
  2. ↑ James Thomas Flexner, Maverick's Progress. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  3. ↑ Christopher Gray, Streetscapes/Rockefeller University, 62nd to 68th Streets Along the East River; From a Child's Death Came a Medical Institute's Birth, New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  4. ↑ Japanese Government Internet TV, "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  5. ↑ Bernard Dixon, "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack," Microbe Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  6. ↑ Aizuwakamatsu city official site, 野口英世年表 (Noguchi Hideyo choronology). Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  7. ↑ BBC/H2g2, Yellow Fever blurb. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  8. ↑ Time, "Funny Noguchi." Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 New York Times, Angll Inaugurated at Yale Graduation; New President Takes Office Before a Distinguished Audience of University Men;784 Degrees are given; Mme. Curie, Sir Robert Jones,Archibald Marshall, J.W. Davis and Others Honored. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  10. ↑ Atsushi Kita, Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery, 169.
  11. ↑ Kita, 181.
  12. ↑ Kita, 177.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kita, 182.
  14. ↑ Kita, 186.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Noguchi & Latin America. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  16. ↑ University of Pennsylvania, Global Health Project. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  17. ↑ University of Ghana, Noguchi Institute (NMIMR). Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  18. ↑ New York Times, A Place for All Eternity In Their Adopted Land. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  19. ↑ Bank of Japan, Valid Bank of Japan Notes, as of August 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  20. ↑ Japan Science and Technology Agency, Comemorative Lecture: The First Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize.
  21. ↑ Rockefeller Foundation, Noguchi Prize, history. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  22. ↑ Japan, Cabinet Office, Noguchi Prize, chronology. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  23. ↑ Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum, Noguchi, life events.
  24. ↑ World Health Organization, Noguchi Prize, WHO/AFRO involved. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  25. ↑ Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo), Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target. Retrieved January 5, 2009.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Badaro, Roberto. "To Honor Hideyo Noguchi: 1876-1928." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2 (3): 164-8.
  • Beard, Annie E.S. Our Foreign-Born Citizens. New York: Crowell, 1968.
  • Clark, Paul F. Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928. 1959.
  • D'Amelio, Dan, and Fred Banbery. Taller Than Bandai Mountain; The Story of Hideyo Noguchi. New York: Viking Press, 1968.
  • Dixon, Bernard. "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack." Microbe Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  • Eckstein, Gustav. Noguchi. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931.
  • Flexner, Simon. Hideyo Noguchi. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1930.
  • Hideyo Noguchi. Tokyo: The Doctor Noguchi Memorial Association, 1983.
  • Kita, Atsushi. Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2005. ISBN 9784770023551.
  • Plesset, Isabel Rosanoff. Noguchi and His Patrons. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980. ISBN 9780838623473.
  • Smith, Theobald, and William Henry Welch. Memorial Addresses: Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928. 1929.
  • Tōkyō Shika Daigaku. Hideyo Noguchi His Life and Work. Tokyo: Tokyo Dental College, 1928.
  • University of Cincinnati. Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Number. 1929.
  • Watts G. "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize. Tightening the Net Around Malaria." BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 337. 2008.

External links

All links retrieved December 24, 2017.

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