Kahlo, Frida
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[[Image:Frida Kahlo (self portrait).jpg|200px|right|thumb| '''Frida Kahlo''', ''Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird'' - 1940]] | [[Image:Frida Kahlo (self portrait).jpg|200px|right|thumb| '''Frida Kahlo''', ''Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird'' - 1940]] | ||
Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón de Rivera, better known as '''Frida Kahlo''' (July 6, 1907 to July 13, 1954), was a Mexican painter of the indigenous culture of her country in a style combining [[Realism]], [[Symbolism]] and [[Surrealism]]. She was the wife of Mexican muralist and cubist painter [[Diego Rivera]]. | Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón de Rivera, better known as '''Frida Kahlo''' (July 6, 1907 to July 13, 1954), was a Mexican painter of the indigenous culture of her country in a style combining [[Realism]], [[Symbolism]] and [[Surrealism]]. She was the wife of Mexican muralist and cubist painter [[Diego Rivera]]. | ||
| − | Kahlo's life was one | + | Kahlo's life was a tragic one. Stricken with [[polio]] at the age of six and effectively crippled in a streetcar accident as a teenager, she defied the odds, not only by re-learning to walk twice in her life, but by going on to excel in her passion; [[painting]]. |
| − | + | Kahlo's work, during her lifetime, was recognized primarily by the cultural and intellectual elite, both in Mexico and internationally. Working in mediums that did not lend themselves to mass distribution, she was not known by ordinary Mexicans until years after her death. <ref>Artmaker: Questions about: Frida Kahlo [http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker]. ''Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University.''Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | |
| − | A child during the Mexican Revolution, Kahlo grew up in an era of social change. In the 1920s Frida espoused a [[Communism|Communist]] anti-capitalist philosophy. She befriended the famed Bolshevik revolutionary and [[Karl Marx|Marxist]] theorist, [[Leon | + | A child during the [[Mexican Revolution]], Kahlo grew up in an era of social change. In the 1920s Frida espoused a [[Communism|Communist]] anti-capitalist philosophy. She befriended the famed Bolshevik revolutionary and [[Karl Marx|Marxist]] theorist, [[Leon Trotsky]], helping him gain [[political asylum]] in [[Mexico]] in 1937, who in August 1940, is assassinated. |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | + | Possibly the most idolized woman artist of her time, she is a figure eliciting widely contrasting opinions. With 2007 being the centennial year of her birth, much attention has been re-directed toward documenting her life, and marketing her works. To some, she was a woman of legendary power who overcame incredible odds; an artist whose work inspires excitement and awe. To others, she was a public figure of highly questionable morals and politics who betrayed her gifts and celebrity. | |
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==Family and Childhood== | ==Family and Childhood== | ||
| Line 19: | Line 17: | ||
===Heritage=== | ===Heritage=== | ||
| − | Frida's father, of [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Jew]]ish descent, was born Wilhelm Kahlo in Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1872. At the age of | + | Frida's father, of [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Jew]]ish descent, was born Wilhelm Kahlo in Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1872. At the age of 19 he moved to Mexico City and began a new life by changing his name to its Spanish equivalent - Guillermo. He never returned to [[Germany]]. |
| − | In 1898 Guillermo married Matilde Calderon, a woman of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Native American]] descent. | + | In 1898 Guillermo married Matilde Calderon, a woman of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Native American]] descent. Four daughters were born of their marriage; Frida was the third.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/people.html].''PBS.org''. Retrieved June 1, 2008. </ref> |
| − | Frida | + | Frida was born in 1907 but eventually claimed 1910 as her birth year. This year marked the overthrow of President [[Porfirio Diaz]] and the outbreak of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. <ref>[http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker]. Retrieved June 1, 2008. </ref> |
===Health=== | ===Health=== | ||
| − | Kahlo's life was one of physical suffering marked by several tragic events. When she was seven years old, she was stricken with [[polio]]. | + | Kahlo's life was one of physical suffering marked by several tragic events. When she was seven years old, she was stricken with [[polio]]. As a consequence, one of her legs was smaller and thinner than the other. She overcame her disability with the support of her father's constant encouragement. Known for having a feisty and brash personality, these traits no doubt assisted her as well. |
| − | Involved in | + | Involved in a traffic accident between a streetcar and a bus when she was 18 years old, Kahlo's body was impaled on a metal rod. Her spine was broken in several places, and her pelvis, ribs and collarbone were also broken. Her right leg and foot were severely damaged; she again faced the challenge of re-learning to walk. |
| − | Extreme pain followed her throughout her life, causing her to be hospitalized numerous times. She was reported to have been confined to bed for months at a time due to this pain. Thirty-five operations eventually followed, due to the streetcar accident, mainly on her right leg and back. Later in life she had a leg amputated due to gangrene caused by complications from the accident. | + | Extreme pain followed her throughout her life, causing her to be hospitalized numerous times. She was reported to have been confined to bed for months at a time due to this pain. Thirty-five operations eventually followed, due to the streetcar accident, mainly on her right leg and back. She was treated with opiates. Later in life she had a leg amputated due to gangrene caused by complications from the accident. Further physical difficulties were blamed on this accident and her resultant injuries, including three miscarriages she suffered in her adult life. <ref>[http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker]. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> |
| − | |||
| − | Further physical difficulties were blamed on this accident and her resultant injuries, including three miscarriages she suffered in her adult life. | ||
| − | [http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker] | ||
===Casa Azul=== | ===Casa Azul=== | ||
| − | Frida Kahlo grew up in a fertile valley in Mexico. Her home in Coyoacán, now a suburb of Mexico City, which was called "Casa Azul" (meaning blue house), was filled with flowers [[tree]]s and [[cactus|cacti]] | + | Frida Kahlo grew up in a fertile valley in Mexico. Her home in Coyoacán, now a suburb of Mexico City, which was called "Casa Azul" (meaning blue house), was filled with flowers [[tree]]s and [[cactus|cacti]]—nature brought indoors.<ref> [http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> Her childhood home was said to be a cheerful place, decorated in cobalt blue and bright yellows. She was born and spent her childhood in this home. She returned and lived there with her husband [[Diego Rivera]], for the last 13 years of her life. |
| − | Casa Azul is now known as the Frida Kahlo Museum. Rivera donated it to the Mexican people following his wife's death in 1954. It opened as a museum four years later, in 1958. | + | Casa Azul is now known as the Frida Kahlo Museum. Rivera donated it to the Mexican people following his wife's death in 1954. It opened as a museum four years later, in 1958.<ref> The Frida Kahlo Museum (CASA AZUL). Bilingual English and Spanish</ref> |
==The Adult Frida== | ==The Adult Frida== | ||
[[Image:Frida Kahlo Diego Rivera 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in 1932]] | [[Image:Frida Kahlo Diego Rivera 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in 1932]] | ||
| − | It is impossible to study Frida Kahlo's [[artist]]ry, [[marriage]], morals and politics in separate veins. These aspects of her life were intricately intermingled, each affecting the other. | + | It is impossible to study Frida Kahlo's [[artist]]ry, [[marriage]], [[morality|morals]] and politics in separate veins. These aspects of her life were intricately intermingled, each affecting the other. |
===The Artist=== | ===The Artist=== | ||
| − | + | It was during Kahlo's long recuperation from the bus accident that she discovered her love for painting. Her mother had given her a lap easel, which she creatively coupled with a [[mirror]] she'd hung above her bed. Using this system she began painting [[self-portrait]]s, for which she eventually gained her fame. <ref>ARTIST HERO: FRIDA KAHLO by Jennifer Beck[http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=f_kahlo].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | |
Before this time, Kahlo had planned on a medical career, but gave it up for a full-time career in painting. Drawing on her personal experiences such as her troubled marriage, her painful miscarriages and her numerous operations, her works are often shocking in their stark portrayal of [[pain]]. | Before this time, Kahlo had planned on a medical career, but gave it up for a full-time career in painting. Drawing on her personal experiences such as her troubled marriage, her painful miscarriages and her numerous operations, her works are often shocking in their stark portrayal of [[pain]]. | ||
| − | Fifty-five of Kahlo's 143 paintings are self-portraits, often incorporating symbolic portrayal of her physical and [[psychology|psychological]] wounds. She was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which surfaced in her paintings' bright colors, dramatic symbolism, and unapologetic rendering of often harsh and gory content. | + | Fifty-five of Kahlo's 143 paintings are self-portraits, often incorporating [[symbol|symbolic]] portrayal of her physical and [[psychology|psychological]] wounds. She was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which surfaced in her paintings' bright colors, dramatic [[symbolism]], and unapologetic rendering of often harsh and gory content. |
| + | |||
| + | Frida Kahlo's character was reflected in her art. Both defied easy definition, most often being described as simply ambiguous. Volatile, obsessive, hopeful and despairing all seemed to describe both Kahlo and her works. <ref> "The Life and Times of Frida Kahlo" Film promotion.[http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html].''PBS.org''. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
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| + | She exhibited several times with [[Europe]]an [[surrealism|surrealists]], and her work was sometimes classified as such, but she did not agree with the description. "They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn't. I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality." she once said. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Like much of Mexican art, Frida's paintings "interweave fact and fantasy as if the two were inseparable and equally real," Hayden Herrera, her principal biographer stated. <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Gregorio Luke, Director of the [[Museum of Latin American Art]], explained, "Her work was very inclusive. She was able to incorporate elements of [[pop culture]], Indian, [[Aztec]] [[mythology]], surrealism, a whole variety of things in which many people can identify. She is the multicultural artist par excellence." <ref>"The Trouble With Frida Kahlo | |
| + | Uncomfortable truths about this season's hottest female artist." By Stephanie Mencimer, June 2002, [http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0206.mencimer.html]. ''Washington Monthly'' Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Kahlo's preoccupation with female themes and the figurative candor with which she expressed them made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the twentieth century, though she was little known outside the world of art until the 1990s. | |
| − | + | ===Married life=== | |
| + | [[Image:Block Kahlo Rivera 1932.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Frida Kahlo (center) and [[Diego Rivera]] photographed by [[Carl Van Vechten]] in 1932]] | ||
| + | Frida married the famed artist [[Diego Rivera]] in August 1929 when she was 22 years old. Rivera, whose second marriage had just ended, was 42. Kahlo and Rivera had much in common; both were artists and both were avowed [[communism|communist]] militants.<ref> ''Artchive''[http://www.artchive.com/artchive/K/kahlo.html]. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
| − | + | The couple remained residents of Mexico City, but spent time in the [[United States]] due to Rivera's work in which he was commissioned to paint [[mural]]s in several U.S. cities. During this time they lived in [[San Francisco]], [[Detroit]], and [[New York City]]. <ref> [http://mati.eas.asu.edu:8421/ChicanArte/html_pages/KahloIssOutl.html#artmaker]. ''Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State Univ.''. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | |
| − | + | When the couple returned to Mexico in 1935, Rivera embarked on an affair with Kahlo's younger sister Cristina, which marked a crucial turning point in their relationship. Kahlo was resigned to the understanding that Rivera had never been faithful to any woman, but the lines were crossed when her own sister became his brief partner. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | She herself now embarked on a series of affairs with both men and women which continued throughout her life. Her husband tolerated her lesbian relationships, though her heterosexual ones made him violently jealous. [[Leon Trotsky]], the [[Russia]]n revolutionary leader, was one of Kahlo's early and serious affairs. Trotsky and his wife had been offered refuge in Mexico in 1937 on Rivera's initiative while being hounded by his rival [[Josef Stalin]]. <ref>''Artchive'' [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/K/kahlo.html].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | |
| − | + | The Kahlo/Rivera marriage was tumultuous, surviving numerous extramarital affairs on both their parts. They separated, divorced and remarried. Kahlo expressed her suffering; "I suffered two grave accidents in my life, one in which a streetcar knocked me down … The other accident is Diego." <ref>I. Alcantara & S. Egnolff. ''Frieda Kahlo and Diego Rivera.'' (London, 2001), 34</ref> | |
| − | + | Another source of anguish in their marriage was their inability carry a pregnancy full term in order to have children, stemming from Kahlo's streetcar accident years earlier combined with years of use of opiates as painkillers. Without a child, Diego fulfilled all roles for Frida. She once referred to him as "my child, my lover, my universe." | |
| − | As | + | Both artist were extremely productive. As a pair they were unrivaled, with both regarding the other as "Mexico's greatest painter." Frida referred to Diego as the "architect of life." As different as they were in habit and style, they each took pride in the other's work as if it were their own. <ref>"The Live and Times of Frida Kahlo" [http://www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html].''PBS.org''.Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> |
Frida Kahlo was described as a vibrant, extroverted character whose everyday speech was filled with profanities. She had been a tomboy in her youth and carried her fervor throughout her life. She was a heavy smoker who drank [[tequila]] in excess, was openly bisexual, sang off-color songs, and told equally ribald jokes to the guests of the wild parties that she hosted. | Frida Kahlo was described as a vibrant, extroverted character whose everyday speech was filled with profanities. She had been a tomboy in her youth and carried her fervor throughout her life. She was a heavy smoker who drank [[tequila]] in excess, was openly bisexual, sang off-color songs, and told equally ribald jokes to the guests of the wild parties that she hosted. | ||
| − | ===Politics=== | + | === Politics === |
| − | + | The post-revolutionary movement, Mexicanidad, rejected Western [[Europe]]an influences and what they termed the "easel art of the aristocracy.” Instead, all things considered "authentically Mexican,” such as peasant handicrafts and pre-Columbian art were favored. Rivera was a leading proponent of this movement when he met Kahlo, and she joined as well, adopting what became her famous look of traditional Mexican dress. She also rejected conventional standards of beauty for what was considered natural, her heavy brows and mustache. | |
| − | + | Kahlo and Rivera were both active in the [[Communism|Communist]] Party and Mexican politics. There involvement is now considered as somewhat quaint, but led them to embrace some shaky political positions. In 1936, Rivera, a dedicated Trotskyite, used his fame to petition the Mexican government to grant Trotsky and his wife asylum after they were forced out of [[Norway]]. The Trotskys lived with the Riveras, during which time Kahlo and Trotsky embarked on an affair. | |
| − | + | Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico (by a Stalinist agent), after which time Kahlo denounced him. Not only did there seem to be personal bitterness; Kahlo had become a devout Stalinist. Even after it had become common knowledge that [[Josef Stalin|Stalin]] was responsible for the deaths of millions of people, she continued to worship him. One of her last paintings was titled "Stalin and I," and her diary was full of such scribblings as "Viva Stalin!" and the expressions of her desire to meet him.<ref> "The Trouble With Frida Kahlo | |
| + | Uncomfortable truths about this season's hottest female artist." By Stephanie Mencimer, June 2002, [http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0206.mencimer.html].''Washington Monthly''. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
==The End and The Legacy== | ==The End and The Legacy== | ||
| + | Frida Kahlo had three exhibitions in her life: one in [[New York City]] in 1938, one in [[Paris]] in 1939, and the final in [[Mexico City]] in 1953. By the time of her Mexico City exhibition her health had deteriorated greatly and her doctors advised against her attendance. Kahlo, however, could not be dissuaded against attending such an event. She arrived minutes after it begin, via ambulance and a wail of sirens. She entered the hall on a stretcher, took her place in the middle of the gallery and proceeded to hold court for the evening. <ref>''My Hero''. [http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=f_kahlo].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Kahlo's final public appearance was in July 1954, when she participated in a Communist demonstration protesting the U.S. actions against the left-wing [[Guatemala]]n government and the overthrow of its president, [[Jacobo Arbenz]]. Very soon after this appearance, Kahlo died in her sleep, apparently as the result of an embolism, though an autopsy was never performed. There was a suspicion among her closest friends that she had found a way to commit [[suicide]]. Her last diary entry read: "I hope the end is joyful - and I hope never to come back - Frida." <ref>''Artchive''. [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/K/kahlo.html].Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Frida Kahlo leaves behind a mixed legacy: she is both greatly admired and starkly criticized. | ||
| − | + | Her ascent to greatness in 1983 stemmed not from her works of art, but from the publishing of her [[biography]] written by Hayden Herrera. Frida had left diaries that are the source of much information about her life. Her fans seem drawn to the story of her physical suffering, marital heartbreak and glamorous friends and lovers. Her artwork itself, almost an afterthought, simply told the story. | |
| − | + | The late [[Nobel prize|Nobel laureate]] [[Octavio Paz]], Kahlo's fellow countryman, was one of the few to openly criticize her for her politics. In his book, ''Essays on Mexican Art,'' he questioned whether or not someone could be both a great artist and "a despicable cur." Yes, he answers, but also believes that because of the way they openly embraced Stalin, <ref>Mencimer, [http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0206.mencimer.html].''Washington Monthly''. Retrieved June 1, 2008.</ref><blockquote> "Diego and Frida ought not to be subjects of beatification but objects of study—and of repentance … the weaknesses, taints, and defects that show up in the works of Diego and Frida are moral in origin. The two of them betrayed their great gifts, and this can be seen in their painting. An artist may commit political errors and even common crimes, but the truly great artists—Villon or Pound, Caravaggio or Goya—pay for their mistakes and thereby redeem their art and their honor." <ref>Octavio Paz. ''Essays on Mexican Art.'' (NY: Harcourt, 1995. ISBN 015600061X) </ref>. </blockquote> | |
| − | + | ==Notes== | |
| − | + | <references/> | |
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | * Alcantara, I., and S. Egnolff. ''Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera.'' London: Prestel, 2001. | ||
| + | * Ankori, Gannit. ''Imaging Her Selves: Frida Kahlo's Poetics of Identity and Fragmentation.'' Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0313315655 | ||
| + | * Herrera, Hayden. ''Frida: a Biography of Frida Kahlo.'' New York: Harper Perrenniel, 2002. ISBN 0060085894 | ||
| + | * Herrera, Hayden. ''Frida Kahlo: The Paintings.'' New York: HarperCollins, 1993. | ||
| + | * Kahlo, Frida, with Carlos Fuentes (Introduction), and Sarah M. Lowe (Introduction). ''The Diary of Frida Kahlo: An Intimate Self-Portrait.'' NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2005. ISBN 0810959542 | ||
| + | * Paz, Octavio. ''Essays on Mexican Art.'' NY: Harcourt, 1995. ISBN 015600061X | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved April 11, 2024. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | *[http://www.fridakahlo.it/ "Frida Kahlo & contemporary thought"] by Daniela Fralini (Italian site) | |
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| − | *[http://www.fridakahlo.it/ "Frida Kahlo & contemporary thought"] | ||
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*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/kahlo_frida.html "Frida Kahlo"] at ArtCyclopedia | *[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/kahlo_frida.html "Frida Kahlo"] at ArtCyclopedia | ||
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*[http://www.tendreams.org/kahlo.htm Ten Dreams Galleries] | *[http://www.tendreams.org/kahlo.htm Ten Dreams Galleries] | ||
| − | * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=18873 | + | *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=18873 Frida Kahlo] Findagrave.com |
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[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
{{credit|68502627}} | {{credit|68502627}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:00, 11 April 2024
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Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón de Rivera, better known as Frida Kahlo (July 6, 1907 to July 13, 1954), was a Mexican painter of the indigenous culture of her country in a style combining Realism, Symbolism and Surrealism. She was the wife of Mexican muralist and cubist painter Diego Rivera.
Kahlo's life was a tragic one. Stricken with polio at the age of six and effectively crippled in a streetcar accident as a teenager, she defied the odds, not only by re-learning to walk twice in her life, but by going on to excel in her passion; painting.
Kahlo's work, during her lifetime, was recognized primarily by the cultural and intellectual elite, both in Mexico and internationally. Working in mediums that did not lend themselves to mass distribution, she was not known by ordinary Mexicans until years after her death. [1]
A child during the Mexican Revolution, Kahlo grew up in an era of social change. In the 1920s Frida espoused a Communist anti-capitalist philosophy. She befriended the famed Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist, Leon Trotsky, helping him gain political asylum in Mexico in 1937, who in August 1940, is assassinated.
Possibly the most idolized woman artist of her time, she is a figure eliciting widely contrasting opinions. With 2007 being the centennial year of her birth, much attention has been re-directed toward documenting her life, and marketing her works. To some, she was a woman of legendary power who overcame incredible odds; an artist whose work inspires excitement and awe. To others, she was a public figure of highly questionable morals and politics who betrayed her gifts and celebrity.
Family and Childhood
Kahlo was born Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón in her parents' house in Coyoacán, which at the time was a small town on the outskirts of Mexico City.
Heritage
Frida's father, of Hungarian Jewish descent, was born Wilhelm Kahlo in Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1872. At the age of 19 he moved to Mexico City and began a new life by changing his name to its Spanish equivalent - Guillermo. He never returned to Germany.
In 1898 Guillermo married Matilde Calderon, a woman of Spanish and Native American descent. Four daughters were born of their marriage; Frida was the third.[2]
Frida was born in 1907 but eventually claimed 1910 as her birth year. This year marked the overthrow of President Porfirio Diaz and the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. [3]
Health
Kahlo's life was one of physical suffering marked by several tragic events. When she was seven years old, she was stricken with polio. As a consequence, one of her legs was smaller and thinner than the other. She overcame her disability with the support of her father's constant encouragement. Known for having a feisty and brash personality, these traits no doubt assisted her as well.
Involved in a traffic accident between a streetcar and a bus when she was 18 years old, Kahlo's body was impaled on a metal rod. Her spine was broken in several places, and her pelvis, ribs and collarbone were also broken. Her right leg and foot were severely damaged; she again faced the challenge of re-learning to walk.
Extreme pain followed her throughout her life, causing her to be hospitalized numerous times. She was reported to have been confined to bed for months at a time due to this pain. Thirty-five operations eventually followed, due to the streetcar accident, mainly on her right leg and back. She was treated with opiates. Later in life she had a leg amputated due to gangrene caused by complications from the accident. Further physical difficulties were blamed on this accident and her resultant injuries, including three miscarriages she suffered in her adult life. [4]
Casa Azul
Frida Kahlo grew up in a fertile valley in Mexico. Her home in Coyoacán, now a suburb of Mexico City, which was called "Casa Azul" (meaning blue house), was filled with flowers trees and cacti—nature brought indoors.[5] Her childhood home was said to be a cheerful place, decorated in cobalt blue and bright yellows. She was born and spent her childhood in this home. She returned and lived there with her husband Diego Rivera, for the last 13 years of her life.
Casa Azul is now known as the Frida Kahlo Museum. Rivera donated it to the Mexican people following his wife's death in 1954. It opened as a museum four years later, in 1958.[6]
The Adult Frida
It is impossible to study Frida Kahlo's artistry, marriage, morals and politics in separate veins. These aspects of her life were intricately intermingled, each affecting the other.
The Artist
It was during Kahlo's long recuperation from the bus accident that she discovered her love for painting. Her mother had given her a lap easel, which she creatively coupled with a mirror she'd hung above her bed. Using this system she began painting self-portraits, for which she eventually gained her fame. [7]
Before this time, Kahlo had planned on a medical career, but gave it up for a full-time career in painting. Drawing on her personal experiences such as her troubled marriage, her painful miscarriages and her numerous operations, her works are often shocking in their stark portrayal of pain.
Fifty-five of Kahlo's 143 paintings are self-portraits, often incorporating symbolic portrayal of her physical and psychological wounds. She was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which surfaced in her paintings' bright colors, dramatic symbolism, and unapologetic rendering of often harsh and gory content.
Frida Kahlo's character was reflected in her art. Both defied easy definition, most often being described as simply ambiguous. Volatile, obsessive, hopeful and despairing all seemed to describe both Kahlo and her works. [8]
She exhibited several times with European surrealists, and her work was sometimes classified as such, but she did not agree with the description. "They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn't. I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality." she once said.
Like much of Mexican art, Frida's paintings "interweave fact and fantasy as if the two were inseparable and equally real," Hayden Herrera, her principal biographer stated. [9]
Gregorio Luke, Director of the Museum of Latin American Art, explained, "Her work was very inclusive. She was able to incorporate elements of pop culture, Indian, Aztec mythology, surrealism, a whole variety of things in which many people can identify. She is the multicultural artist par excellence." [10]
Kahlo's preoccupation with female themes and the figurative candor with which she expressed them made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the twentieth century, though she was little known outside the world of art until the 1990s.
Married life
Frida married the famed artist Diego Rivera in August 1929 when she was 22 years old. Rivera, whose second marriage had just ended, was 42. Kahlo and Rivera had much in common; both were artists and both were avowed communist militants.[11]
The couple remained residents of Mexico City, but spent time in the United States due to Rivera's work in which he was commissioned to paint murals in several U.S. cities. During this time they lived in San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. [12]
When the couple returned to Mexico in 1935, Rivera embarked on an affair with Kahlo's younger sister Cristina, which marked a crucial turning point in their relationship. Kahlo was resigned to the understanding that Rivera had never been faithful to any woman, but the lines were crossed when her own sister became his brief partner.
She herself now embarked on a series of affairs with both men and women which continued throughout her life. Her husband tolerated her lesbian relationships, though her heterosexual ones made him violently jealous. Leon Trotsky, the Russian revolutionary leader, was one of Kahlo's early and serious affairs. Trotsky and his wife had been offered refuge in Mexico in 1937 on Rivera's initiative while being hounded by his rival Josef Stalin. [13]
The Kahlo/Rivera marriage was tumultuous, surviving numerous extramarital affairs on both their parts. They separated, divorced and remarried. Kahlo expressed her suffering; "I suffered two grave accidents in my life, one in which a streetcar knocked me down … The other accident is Diego." [14]
Another source of anguish in their marriage was their inability carry a pregnancy full term in order to have children, stemming from Kahlo's streetcar accident years earlier combined with years of use of opiates as painkillers. Without a child, Diego fulfilled all roles for Frida. She once referred to him as "my child, my lover, my universe."
Both artist were extremely productive. As a pair they were unrivaled, with both regarding the other as "Mexico's greatest painter." Frida referred to Diego as the "architect of life." As different as they were in habit and style, they each took pride in the other's work as if it were their own. [15]
Frida Kahlo was described as a vibrant, extroverted character whose everyday speech was filled with profanities. She had been a tomboy in her youth and carried her fervor throughout her life. She was a heavy smoker who drank tequila in excess, was openly bisexual, sang off-color songs, and told equally ribald jokes to the guests of the wild parties that she hosted.
Politics
The post-revolutionary movement, Mexicanidad, rejected Western European influences and what they termed the "easel art of the aristocracy.” Instead, all things considered "authentically Mexican,” such as peasant handicrafts and pre-Columbian art were favored. Rivera was a leading proponent of this movement when he met Kahlo, and she joined as well, adopting what became her famous look of traditional Mexican dress. She also rejected conventional standards of beauty for what was considered natural, her heavy brows and mustache.
Kahlo and Rivera were both active in the Communist Party and Mexican politics. There involvement is now considered as somewhat quaint, but led them to embrace some shaky political positions. In 1936, Rivera, a dedicated Trotskyite, used his fame to petition the Mexican government to grant Trotsky and his wife asylum after they were forced out of Norway. The Trotskys lived with the Riveras, during which time Kahlo and Trotsky embarked on an affair.
Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico (by a Stalinist agent), after which time Kahlo denounced him. Not only did there seem to be personal bitterness; Kahlo had become a devout Stalinist. Even after it had become common knowledge that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of millions of people, she continued to worship him. One of her last paintings was titled "Stalin and I," and her diary was full of such scribblings as "Viva Stalin!" and the expressions of her desire to meet him.[16]
The End and The Legacy
Frida Kahlo had three exhibitions in her life: one in New York City in 1938, one in Paris in 1939, and the final in Mexico City in 1953. By the time of her Mexico City exhibition her health had deteriorated greatly and her doctors advised against her attendance. Kahlo, however, could not be dissuaded against attending such an event. She arrived minutes after it begin, via ambulance and a wail of sirens. She entered the hall on a stretcher, took her place in the middle of the gallery and proceeded to hold court for the evening. [17]
Kahlo's final public appearance was in July 1954, when she participated in a Communist demonstration protesting the U.S. actions against the left-wing Guatemalan government and the overthrow of its president, Jacobo Arbenz. Very soon after this appearance, Kahlo died in her sleep, apparently as the result of an embolism, though an autopsy was never performed. There was a suspicion among her closest friends that she had found a way to commit suicide. Her last diary entry read: "I hope the end is joyful - and I hope never to come back - Frida." [18]
Frida Kahlo leaves behind a mixed legacy: she is both greatly admired and starkly criticized.
Her ascent to greatness in 1983 stemmed not from her works of art, but from the publishing of her biography written by Hayden Herrera. Frida had left diaries that are the source of much information about her life. Her fans seem drawn to the story of her physical suffering, marital heartbreak and glamorous friends and lovers. Her artwork itself, almost an afterthought, simply told the story.
The late Nobel laureate Octavio Paz, Kahlo's fellow countryman, was one of the few to openly criticize her for her politics. In his book, Essays on Mexican Art, he questioned whether or not someone could be both a great artist and "a despicable cur." Yes, he answers, but also believes that because of the way they openly embraced Stalin, [19]
"Diego and Frida ought not to be subjects of beatification but objects of study—and of repentance … the weaknesses, taints, and defects that show up in the works of Diego and Frida are moral in origin. The two of them betrayed their great gifts, and this can be seen in their painting. An artist may commit political errors and even common crimes, but the truly great artists—Villon or Pound, Caravaggio or Goya—pay for their mistakes and thereby redeem their art and their honor." [20].
Notes
- ↑ Artmaker: Questions about: Frida Kahlo [1]. Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University.Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [2].PBS.org. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [3]. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [4]. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [5].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ The Frida Kahlo Museum (CASA AZUL). Bilingual English and Spanish
- ↑ ARTIST HERO: FRIDA KAHLO by Jennifer Beck[6].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ "The Life and Times of Frida Kahlo" Film promotion.[7].PBS.org. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [8].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ "The Trouble With Frida Kahlo Uncomfortable truths about this season's hottest female artist." By Stephanie Mencimer, June 2002, [9]. Washington Monthly Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ Artchive[10]. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ [11]. Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State Univ.. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ Artchive [12].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ I. Alcantara & S. Egnolff. Frieda Kahlo and Diego Rivera. (London, 2001), 34
- ↑ "The Live and Times of Frida Kahlo" [13].PBS.org.Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ "The Trouble With Frida Kahlo Uncomfortable truths about this season's hottest female artist." By Stephanie Mencimer, June 2002, [14].Washington Monthly. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ My Hero. [15].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ Artchive. [16].Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ Mencimer, [17].Washington Monthly. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ↑ Octavio Paz. Essays on Mexican Art. (NY: Harcourt, 1995. ISBN 015600061X)
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Alcantara, I., and S. Egnolff. Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. London: Prestel, 2001.
- Ankori, Gannit. Imaging Her Selves: Frida Kahlo's Poetics of Identity and Fragmentation. Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0313315655
- Herrera, Hayden. Frida: a Biography of Frida Kahlo. New York: Harper Perrenniel, 2002. ISBN 0060085894
- Herrera, Hayden. Frida Kahlo: The Paintings. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
- Kahlo, Frida, with Carlos Fuentes (Introduction), and Sarah M. Lowe (Introduction). The Diary of Frida Kahlo: An Intimate Self-Portrait. NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2005. ISBN 0810959542
- Paz, Octavio. Essays on Mexican Art. NY: Harcourt, 1995. ISBN 015600061X
External links
All links retrieved April 11, 2024.
- "Frida Kahlo & contemporary thought" by Daniela Fralini (Italian site)
- "Frida Kahlo" at ArtCyclopedia
- Ten Dreams Galleries
- Frida Kahlo Findagrave.com
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