Difference between revisions of "Drug" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | [[Image:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb|[[ | + | {{Other uses}} |
− | + | {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes|expiry=December 21, 2008}} | |
+ | {{Refimprove|date=November 2009}} | ||
+ | [[Image:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb|[[Coffee]] is the most widely used [[psychoactive drug]] beverage in the world. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee was 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.<ref name="kaffeeverband2001">{{cite web | url = http://www.kaffeeverband.de/pdf/kt1-99.pdf | title = Kaffee-Text 1/99 | accessdate = 2007-12-14 | author = Deutscher Kaffeeverband | date = 2001-05-04 | format = PDF | language = German |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080229002700/http://www.kaffeeverband.de/pdf/kt1-99.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive —> |archivedate = 2008-02-29}}</ref>]] | ||
+ | [[Image:Tempranillowine.jpg|thumb|[[Wine]] is a common [[alcoholic beverage]].<ref>In Germany about 118 l of [[beer]], 20 l of [[wine]], 4 l of [[sparkling wine]] and 6 l of [[distilled beverage]]s are consumed per person per year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}</ref>]] | ||
+ | <!-- Please cite reliable sources, according to Wikipedia guidelines, for any new information. —> | ||
− | + | A '''drug''', broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.<ref>World Health Organization. (1969). WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Sixteenth report. (Technical report series. No. 407).Geneva:World Health Organization.</ref> There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in [[drug control law]], [[government regulation]]s, [[medicine]], and colloquial usage.<ref name="diccom">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug "Drug."] ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)'', [[Random House|Random House, Inc.]], via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.</ref> | |
− | [[ | + | In [[pharmacology]], a drug is "a [[chemical]] substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."<ref name="diccom" /> Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic disorders]].<ref name="ahsci">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug "Drug."] ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', [[Houghton Mifflin Company]], via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.</ref> |
− | + | [[Recreational drug use|Recreational drugs]] are chemical substances that affect the [[central nervous system]], such as [[opioid]]s or [[hallucinogen]]s.<ref name="ahsci" /> They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on [[perception]], [[consciousness]], [[Personality psychology|personality]], and [[behavior]].<ref name="ahsci" /><ref name="mwmed">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug "Drug."] ''Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary'', Merriam-Webster, Inc., via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.</ref> Some drugs can cause [[drug addiction|addiction]] and/or habituation.<ref name="mwmed" /> | |
− | Many natural substances such as [[beer]]s, [[wine]]s, and | + | Drugs are usually distinguished from [[endogenous]] biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} For example, [[insulin]] is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
+ | Many natural substances, such as [[beer]]s, [[wine]]s, and [[psychoactive mushrooms]], blur the line between food and recreational drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both [[mind]] and [[body]] and some substances normally considered drugs such as DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) are actually produced by the human body in trace amounts. | ||
− | == | + | == Etymology == |
− | {{ | + | Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them.<ref name="etymonline-drug">{{OEtymD|drug}}</ref> |
+ | |||
+ | == Medication == | ||
+ | [[File:Nexium (esomeprazole magnesium) pills.JPG|thumb|right|[[Nexium]] pills 40 mg<br> (esomeprazole magnesium)]] | ||
+ | {{Main|pharmaceutical drug}} | ||
A ''medication'' or ''medicine'' is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an [[illness]] or medical condition, or may be used as [[preventive medicine]] that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. | A ''medication'' or ''medicine'' is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an [[illness]] or medical condition, or may be used as [[preventive medicine]] that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. | ||
− | Dispensing of medication is often regulated by [[government | + | Dispensing of medication is often regulated by [[government]]s into three categories—''[[over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]]'' (OTC) medications, which are available in [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] and supermarkets without special restrictions, ''[[behind-the-counter]]'' (BTC), which are dispensed by a [[pharmacist]] without needing a doctor's prescription, and ''[[Prescription only medicine]]s'' (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed [[medical professional]], usually a [[physician]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} |
− | In the | + | In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called [[pharmacy medicine]]s which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mhra.gov.uk/SearchHelp/Glossary/GlossaryP| title = Glossary of MHRA terms - P| publisher = [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|MHRA]]| accessdate = 2008-11-05}}</ref> The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. |
− | Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often [[patent]]ed to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called [[herbal medicine]].{{ | + | Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often [[patent]]ed to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called [[herbal medicine]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called [[generic drug]]s since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder. |
− | + | == Spiritual and religious use == | |
− | + | {{Main|Entheogen}} | |
− | + | The spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species. Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called entheogens. Some religions are based completely on the use of certain drugs. Entheogens are mostly [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogens]], being either [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] or [[deliriant]]s, but some are also [[stimulant]]s and [[sedative]]s. | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | == | + | == Self Improvement == |
− | {{ | + | {{Main|Nootropic}} |
+ | Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain brain function lost during aging. Similarly, Drugs such as steroids improve human physical capabilities and are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Recreational drug use == | ||
+ | [[Image:Papierosa 1 ubt 0069.jpeg|thumb|The [[cigarette]] is the common pharmaceutical form of [[tobacco]] – one of the world’s best selling drugs.<ref>According to the [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 statistic] of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] the production quantity in 2006 of coffee was 7.8 million tonnes and of tobacco was 6.7 million tonnes.</ref>]] | ||
+ | [[Image:Macro cannabis bud.jpg|thumb|[[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] is another commonly used [[recreational drug]].<ref>Lingeman, Drugs from A-Z A Dictionary, Penguin ISBN 0-7139-0136-5</ref>]] | ||
+ | [[File:Peruvian Ayahuasca Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|Peruvian Ayahuasca]] | ||
+ | {{Main|Recreational drug use}} | ||
{{Further|[[Prohibition (drugs)]]}} | {{Further|[[Prohibition (drugs)]]}} | ||
+ | Recreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted, and at the most have an age restriction on using and/or purchasing them. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products in the west, and in other localised areas of the world drugs such as Khat are common. Because of the legal status of many drugs, recreational drug use is controversial, with many governments not recognising spiritual or other perceived uses for drugs and classing them under illegal recreational use. | ||
− | + | ==Administering drugs== | |
+ | Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways. Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways rather than just one. | ||
+ | *[[Bolus (medicine)|Bolus]] | ||
+ | *[[Inhalation|Inhaled]], (breathed into the lungs), as an [[aerosol]] or dry powder. (This includes smoking a substance) | ||
+ | *[[Injection (medicine)|Injected]] as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: [[intramuscular]], [[intravenous]], [[intraperitoneal]], [[intraosseous]]. | ||
+ | *[[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflation]], or snorted into the nose. | ||
+ | *[[Mouth|Oral]]ly, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the [[intestines]]. | ||
+ | *[[Rectum|Rectally]] as a [[suppository]], that is absorbed by the rectum or colon. | ||
+ | *[[Sublingual administration|Sublingually]], diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue. | ||
+ | *[[Topical]]ly, usually as a [[cream]] or [[ointment]]. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/the-administration-of-medicine/288560.article |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref> | ||
+ | *[[Vagina]]lly as a [[suppository]], primarily to treat vaginal infections. | ||
− | ==Legal definition of drugs== | + | == Legal definition of drugs == |
+ | Some governments define the term drug by law. In the United States, the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals."<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act"] (Website.) U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 24 September 2007.</ref> Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes [[tobacco]], [[caffeine]] and [[alcoholic beverage]]s.<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/802.htm "21 USC Sec. 802."] (Website.) U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved on 24 September 2007.</ref> | ||
− | + | == Governmental controls == | |
+ | {{Globalize|date=November 2009}} | ||
+ | In [[Canada]] the government has moved to remove the influence of drug companies on the medical system.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} “The influence that the pharmaceutical companies, the for-profits, are having on every aspect of medicine ... is so blatant now you'd have to be deaf, blind and dumb not to see it,” said [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] editor Dr. Catherine DeAngelis.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26622463/ "Med schools, journals fight big pharma's sway"] (Website.) MSNBC. Retrieved on 11 November 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-09-10-doctors-drugmakers_N.htm "Medical schools, journals start to fight drug industry influence"] (Website.) USA Today. Retrieved on 11 November 2009</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
+ | {{Portal|Pharmacy and Pharmacology}} | ||
+ | <div style="-moz-column-count: 3;column-count: 3;"> | ||
*[[Drug abuse]] | *[[Drug abuse]] | ||
*[[Drug addiction]] | *[[Drug addiction]] | ||
*[[Drug development]] | *[[Drug development]] | ||
*[[Drug injection]] | *[[Drug injection]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
*[[Generic drug]] | *[[Generic drug]] | ||
*[[Illegal drug trade]] | *[[Illegal drug trade]] | ||
*[[Lifestyle drug]] | *[[Lifestyle drug]] | ||
*[[List of drugs]] is an extensive alphabetical list of drugs by name. | *[[List of drugs]] is an extensive alphabetical list of drugs by name. | ||
− | *[[ | + | *[[List of pharmaceutical companies]] |
+ | *[[Narcotics]] | ||
+ | *[[Pharmaceutical drug]] | ||
*[[Placebo (origins of technical term)]] | *[[Placebo (origins of technical term)]] | ||
*[[Prescription drug]] | *[[Prescription drug]] | ||
+ | *[[Prodrug]] | ||
*[[Psychedelic plants]] | *[[Psychedelic plants]] | ||
*[[Psychoactive drug]] | *[[Psychoactive drug]] | ||
*[[Recreational drug use]] | *[[Recreational drug use]] | ||
− | *[[ | + | *[[Responsible drug use]] |
− | + | *[[War on Drugs]] | |
− | + | </div> | |
− | < | ||
− | ==References== | + | == References == |
− | + | {{Reflist|2}} | |
− | ==External links== | + | == External links == |
− | *[http:// | + | *[http://drugbank.ca/ DrugBank], a database of 4800 drugs and 2500 protein drug targets |
+ | *[http://www.dukeupress.edu/books.php3?isbn=978-0-8223-3881-9 ''The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the World's Most Troubled Drug Culture''] by Richard DeGrandpre, [[Duke University Press]], 2006. | ||
− | {{Major Drug | + | {{Major drug groups}} |
+ | {{Drug use}} | ||
+ | {{Depressants}} | ||
+ | {{Hallucinogens}} | ||
+ | {{Stimulants}} | ||
+ | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Health]] | ||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
− | {{credits|Drug| | + | {{credits|Drug|437420661}} |
Revision as of 01:09, 17 July 2011
- For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation).
{{#invoke:Protection banner|main}}
A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.[3] There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.[4]
In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."[4] Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.[5]
Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens.[5] They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior.[5][6] Some drugs can cause addiction and/or habituation.[6]
Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism.[citation needed] For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.[citation needed] Many natural substances, such as beers, wines, and psychoactive mushrooms, blur the line between food and recreational drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body and some substances normally considered drugs such as DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) are actually produced by the human body in trace amounts.
Etymology
Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them.[7]
Medication
A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.
Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions, behind-the-counter (BTC), which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and Prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.[8] The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country.
Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called herbal medicine.[citation needed] Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.
Spiritual and religious use
The spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species. Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called entheogens. Some religions are based completely on the use of certain drugs. Entheogens are mostly hallucinogens, being either psychedelics or deliriants, but some are also stimulants and sedatives.
Self Improvement
Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain brain function lost during aging. Similarly, Drugs such as steroids improve human physical capabilities and are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes.
Recreational drug use
- Further information: Prohibition (drugs)
Recreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted, and at the most have an age restriction on using and/or purchasing them. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products in the west, and in other localised areas of the world drugs such as Khat are common. Because of the legal status of many drugs, recreational drug use is controversial, with many governments not recognising spiritual or other perceived uses for drugs and classing them under illegal recreational use.
Administering drugs
Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways. Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways rather than just one.
- Bolus
- Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder. (This includes smoking a substance)
- Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous.
- Insufflation, or snorted into the nose.
- Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
- Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
- Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
- Topically, usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.[11]
- Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.
Legal definition of drugs
Some governments define the term drug by law. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals."[12] Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes tobacco, caffeine and alcoholic beverages.[13]
Governmental controls
In Canada the government has moved to remove the influence of drug companies on the medical system.[citation needed] “The influence that the pharmaceutical companies, the for-profits, are having on every aspect of medicine ... is so blatant now you'd have to be deaf, blind and dumb not to see it,” said Journal of the American Medical Association editor Dr. Catherine DeAngelis.[14][15]
See also
- Drug abuse
- Drug addiction
- Drug development
- Drug injection
- Generic drug
- Illegal drug trade
- Lifestyle drug
- List of drugs is an extensive alphabetical list of drugs by name.
- List of pharmaceutical companies
- Narcotics
- Pharmaceutical drug
- Placebo (origins of technical term)
- Prescription drug
- Prodrug
- Psychedelic plants
- Psychoactive drug
- Recreational drug use
- Responsible drug use
- War on Drugs
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Deutscher Kaffeeverband (2001-05-04). Kaffee-Text 1/99 (in German) (PDF). Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
- ↑ In Germany about 118 l of beer, 20 l of wine, 4 l of sparkling wine and 6 l of distilled beverages are consumed per person per year.[citation needed]
- ↑ World Health Organization. (1969). WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Sixteenth report. (Technical report series. No. 407).Geneva:World Health Organization.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Drug." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1), Random House, Inc., via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Drug." The American Heritage Science Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin Company, via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Drug." Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Inc., via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. drug. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ↑ Glossary of MHRA terms - P. MHRA. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- ↑ According to the statistic of the Food and Agriculture Organization the production quantity in 2006 of coffee was 7.8 million tonnes and of tobacco was 6.7 million tonnes.
- ↑ Lingeman, Drugs from A-Z A Dictionary, Penguin ISBN 0-7139-0136-5
- ↑ ?.
- ↑ "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act" (Website.) U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 24 September 2007.
- ↑ "21 USC Sec. 802." (Website.) U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved on 24 September 2007.
- ↑ "Med schools, journals fight big pharma's sway" (Website.) MSNBC. Retrieved on 11 November 2009
- ↑ "Medical schools, journals start to fight drug industry influence" (Website.) USA Today. Retrieved on 11 November 2009
External links
- DrugBank, a database of 4800 drugs and 2500 protein drug targets
- The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the World's Most Troubled Drug Culture by Richard DeGrandpre, Duke University Press, 2006.
Template:Major drug groups
Template:Drug use
Template:Depressants
Template:Hallucinogens
Stimulants (N06 and others) - edit | |||
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Caffeine | Nicotine | Modafinil/Armodafinil | Adrafinil | Fenethylline | |||
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