Dicotyledon

Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Magnolia flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart
Orders
See text.

Dicotyledons or "dicots" comprise a traditional, major group of flowering plants (angiosperms) whose members typically have two cotyledons, or embryonic leaves, in their seeds, and whose flowers generally have parts in fours or fives, or multiplies thereof. Flowering plants that are not dicotyledons are designated as monocotyledons, a flowering plant group whose seed typically contains one cotyledon, and whose flower parts are generally in threes or multiples of threes.

There are around two-hundred thousand species within this group, making it the larger of the two traditional angiosperm groups. However, the dicotyledons no longer are regarded as a "good" group, and the names "dicotyledons" and "dicots" have fallen into disfavor in a taxonomic sense. That is because current systems of biological classification emphasize evolutionary relatedness, analogous to the importance often placed on lineage and family relationships in human societies. The dicots are not seen as a group that contains all the descendants of a common ancestor.

The vast majority of the former dicots, however, do form a monophyletic group called the eudicots or tricolpates. These may be distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it, involving the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi—other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen, or derived forms.

Characteristics

As a member of the angiosperms or flowering plants, dicots (and monocots) bear their reproductive organs in a structure called a flower and cover their seeds by including them in a true fruit. (The ovule is enclosed within a carpel, the female reproductive organ of a flower, which will lead to a fruit.) Angiosperms are a major group of land plants, with two-hundred fifty thousand species, and are one of two groups in the seed plants. (The other seed plant group is gymnosperms, in which the ovule is not enclosed at pollination and the seeds are not in a true fruit.)

Young castor oil plant showing its prominent two embryonic leaves (cotyledons), that differ from the adult leaves

It is generally accepted that monocotyledons evolved from within the dicotyledons, and as such the latter form a paraphyletic group (one is which the group contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor; in this case, it does not include the monocots). The vast majority of dicots, however, form a monophyletic group (one that does include all the descendants) called the eudicots or tricolpates. Eudicots comprise about 75 percent of all angiosperm species (Drinnan et al. 1994, Soltis and Soltis 2004).

From a diagnostic point of view, the number of cotyledons used to distinguish dicots and monocots is neither a particularly handy (as they are only present for a very short period in a plant's life), nor totally reliable character.

Aside from cotyledon number, other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots, although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and eudicots. The traditionally listed differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons are as follows:

Flowers: In monocots, flowers are trimerous (number of flower parts in a whorl in threes), while in dicots the flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous (flower parts are in multiples of fours or fives).

Pollen: In monocots, pollen has one furrow or pore, while dicots have three.

Seeds: In monocots, the embryo has one cotyledon, while the embryo of the dicot has two.

Secondary growth: In monocots, stems rarely show secondary growth; in dicots, stems frequently have secondary growth.

Stems: In monocots, vascular bundles in the stem are scattered; in dicots, they are arranged in a ring.

Roots: In monocots, roots are adventitious (developing on a part other than the radical, such as on stems and leaves); in dicots, they develop from the radicle (primary root and its lateral roots).

Slice of onion, showing parallel veins

Leaves: In monocots, the major leaf veins are parallel, while in dicots they are reticulate.

This is a broad sketch only, not invariably applicable, as there are a number of exceptions. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen. In addition, some monocots have "dicot" characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins. When monocots are compared to eudicots, the differences are more concrete.

Classification

Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they may be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia. In some schemes, the eudicots are treated as a separate class, the Rosopsida (type genus Rosa), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots (palaeodicots) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided.

The following lists are of the orders formerly placed in the dicots, giving their new placement in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (APG-system) and that under the older Cronquist system, which is still in wide use.

APG II

Cronquist system

Amborellaceae Nymphaeaceae [+ Cabombaceae] Austrobaileyales Chloranthaceae Ceratophyllales Magnoliids Canellales Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Aristolochiales Eudicots Basal eudicots Ranunculales Buxales Trochodendrales Proteales Gunnerales Berberidopsidales Dilleniales Caryophyllales Saxifragales Santalales Vitales Rosids Basal rosids Crossosomatales Geraniales Myrtales Eurosids I Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Eurosids II Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Asterids Basal asterids Cornales Ericales Euasterids I Garryales Solanales Gentianales Lamiales Unplaced: Boraginaceae Euasterids II Aquifoliales Apiales Dipsacales Asterales

Magnoliopsida Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots) Magnoliales Laurales Piperales Aristolochiales Illiciales Nymphaeales Ranunculales Papaverales Hamamelidae Trochodendrales Hamamelidales Daphniphyllales Didymelales Eucommiales Urticales Leitneriales Juglandales Myricales Casuarinales Caryophyllidae Caryophyllales Polygonales Plumbaginales Dilleniidae Dilleniales Theales Malvales Lecythidales Nepenthales Violales Salicales Capparales Batales Ericales Diapensiales Ebenales Primulales Rosidae Rosales Fabales Proteales Podostemales Haloragales Myrtales Rhizophorales Cornales Santalales Rafflesiales Celastrales Euphorbiales Rhamnales Polygalales Sapindales Geraniales Apiales Asteridae Gentianales Solanales Lamiales Callitrichales Plantaginales Scrophulariales Campanulales Rubiales Dipsacales Calycerales Asterales

References

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• Drinnan A. N., P. R. Crane, and S. B. Hoot. Patterns of floral evolution in the early diversification of non-magnoliid dicotyledons (eudicots). Plant Systematics and Evolution 8 (Supplement): 93-122. 1994.
• Soltis, P. S., and D. E. Soltis. The Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 91: 1614-1626. 2004.
• Woodland, D. W. Contemporary Plant Systematics. Berrien Springs, Mich: Andrews University Press, 1997. ISBN 1883925142.

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