Difference between revisions of "Dalai Lama" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{two other uses|the Dalai Lama lineage|information on the 14th and current Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama||}}
  
  
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[[Image:DalaiLama-13 lg.jpg|thumb|260px|The 13th Dalai Lama, [[Thubten Gyatso]] (1876-1933).]]
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In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the successive '''Dalai Lamas''' form a lineage of allegedly reborn ([[tulku]]) magistrates which traces back to [[1391]]. They are of the [[Gelug]] sect of [[Buddhism]]. Tibetan Buddhists believe the Dalai Lama to be one of innumerable incarnations of [[Avalokiteśvara]] ("Chenrezig" [''spyan ras gzigs''] in Tibetan), the [[bodhisattva]] of compassion.<ref>[http://www.fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/default.asp His Holiness the Dalai Lama], Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition.</ref> Between the [[17th century]] and [[1959]], the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government, administering a large portion of the country from the capital [[Lhasa]].  The Dalai Lama is considered the supreme head of Tibetan Buddhism, and the leaders of all four schools consider the Dalai Lama to be the highest lama of the Tibetan traditions. He is often [[Style (manner of address)|styled]] "[[His Holiness]]" (HH) before his title.
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The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the head of the Gelug sect, but this position officially belongs to the [[Ganden Tripa]] ({{bo|w=Dga'-ldan Khri-pa}}).  Tibetans call the Dalai Lama Gyalwa Rinpoche ({{bo|t=རྒྱལ་བ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ|w=Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che}}) meaning "Precious Victor," or Yishin Norbu ({{bo|t=་ཡིད་བཞིན་ནོར་བུ|w=Yid-bzhin Nor-bu}}) meaning "Wish-fulfilling Jewel".
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==History==
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[[Image:8thDalaiLama.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[8th Dalai Lama]]]]
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[[Image:2ndDalaiLama.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Gendun Gyatso]], [[2nd Dalai Lama]]]]
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{{main|History of Tibet}}
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"Dalai" means "Ocean" in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], and "[[Lama]]" (''bla ma'') is the Tibetan equivalent of the [[Sanskrit]] word "[[guru]]", and is commonly translated to mean "spiritual teacher".<ref>{{cite news |author=Art Hughes |title=The Thirteen Previous Dalai Lamas  |url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200105/07_newsroom_dalai/bios.shtml |work=Part of MPR's special report, [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200105/07_newsroom_dalai/index.shtml Ocean of Wisdom: The Dalai Lama's Visit] |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=May 7, 2001}}</ref> The actual title was first bestowed by the [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] ruler [[Altan Khan]] upon Sonam Gyatso in 1578. Gyatso was an abbot at the Drepung monastery who was widely considered the most eminent lama of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to hold the title "Dalai Lama", due to the fact that he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "3rd Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his earlier incarnations. Five Dalai Lamas were murdered by their Buddhist courtiers within 170 years.<ref>[[Michael Parenti|Parenti, Michael]] (2003). [http://www.swans.com/library/art9/mparen01.html Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth].</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=July 2007}}
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The 5th Dalai Lama, with the support of Gushri Khan, a Mongol ruler of [[Khökh Nuur]], united Tibet. The Dalai Lamas continued to partially rule in [[Tibet]] with, to some extent, autonomous power given by contemporary Chinese governments, until the People's Republic of China invaded the region in 1949 and then took full control in 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama then fled to India and has since ceded temporal power to an elected [[government-in-exile]]. The current 14th Dalai Lama seeks greater autonomy for Tibet.
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==Succession of reborn Dalai Lamas==
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The title "Dalai Lama" is presently granted to each of the spiritual leader's successive incarnations (for example, The 14th Dalai Lama's next incarnation will hold the title "the 15th Dalai Lama").
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Upon the death of the Dalai Lama, his monks institute a search for the Lama's [[reincarnation]], or ''yangsi'' (''yang srid''), a small child. Familiarity with the possessions of the previous Dalai Lama is considered the main sign of the reincarnation.  The search for the reincarnation typically requires a few years. The reincarnation is then brought to Lhasa to be trained by the other Lamas.
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<gallery>
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Image:1stDalaiLama.jpg|[[1st Dalai Lama]], Genden Drub 1391-1474
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Image:2ndDalaiLama.jpg|[[2nd Dalai Lama]], Genden Gyatso 1475-1541
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Image:3rdDalaiLama.jpg|[[3rd Dalai Lama]], Sonam Gyatso 1543–1588
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Image:4thDalaiLama.jpg|[[4th Dalai Lama]], Yonten Gyatso, 1589-1616
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Image:NgawangLozangGyatso.jpg|[[5th Dalai Lama]], Lozang Gyatso 1617-1682
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Image:6dalailama.jpg|[[6th Dalai Lama]], Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706
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Image:7thDalaiLama.jpg|[[7th Dalai Lama]],Kelzang Gyatso, 1708-1757.
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Image:8thDalaiLama.jpg|[[8th Dalai Lama]], Jamphel Gyatso 1758-1804
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Image:9thDalaiLama.jpg|[[9th Dalai Lama]], Lungtok Gyatso 1806-1815
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Image:10thDalaiLama.jpg|[[10th Dalai Lama]] , Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837
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Image:11thDalaiLama1.jpg|[[11th Dalai Lama]] , Khendrup Gyatso 1838–1856
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Image:12thDalai Lama.jpg|[[12th Dalai Lama]], Trinley Gyatso 1857–1875
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Image:DalaiLama-13 lg.jpg|[[13th Dalai Lama]], Thubten Gyatso 1876-1933
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Image:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg|[[14th Dalai Lama]], Tenzin Gyatso 1935-
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</gallery>
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==The future of the Dalai Lama==
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[[Image:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg|right|thumb|260px|The [[14th Dalai Lama|14th and current Dalai Lama]], Tenzin Gyatso (born 1935).]]
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Despite its officially secular stance, the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) has claimed the power to approve the naming of high reincarnations in Tibet.  This decision cites a precedent set by the [[Qianlong Emperor]] of the [[Qing Dynasty]], who instituted a system of selecting the Dalai Lama and the [[Panchen Lama]] by means of a lottery which utilised a golden urn with names wrapped in barley balls.  Controversially, this precedent was called upon by the PRC to name their own Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama and the majority of Tibetan Buddhists in exile do not regard this to be the legitimate Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama has recognized a different child, [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]], as the reincarnated Panchen Lama. This child and his family have been taken into 'protective custody' according to the PRC, and all attempts by members of the EU parliament and US government to garner guarantees of the family's safety have been denied by the PRC. There is some speculation that with the death of the current Dalai Lama, the People's Republic of China will attempt to direct the selection of a successor, using the authority of their chosen Panchen Lama.
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The current Dalai Lama has repeatedly stated that he will never be reborn inside territory controlled by the People's Republic of China<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control |url= http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government in Exile]] |date=1999-07-06 |accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref>, and has occasionally suggested that he might choose to be the last Dalai Lama by not being reborn at all. However, he has also stated that the purpose of his repeated incarnations is to continue unfinished work and, as such, if the situation in Tibet remains unchanged, it is very likely that he will be reborn to finish his work.<ref name="questions">[http://dalailama.com/page.54.htm Questions & Answers], The Website of The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.</ref> Additionally, in the draft constitution of future Tibet, the institution of the Dalai Lama can be revoked at any time by a democratic majority vote of two-thirds of the Assembly. The 14th Dalai Lama has stated, "Personally, I feel the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose."<ref name="questions"/>
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==Residence==
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[[Image:Norbulinka. August, 1993.JPG|thumb|left|180px|[[Norbulingka]]]]
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[[Image:Potala from W.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Potala Palace]].]]
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Starting with the [[5th Dalai Lama]] and until the 14th Dalai Lama's flight into exile in 1959, the Dalai Lamas resided during winter at the [[Potala Palace]], and in the summer at the [[Norbulingka]] palace and park. Both residences are located in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], approximately 3 km apart. In 1959, subsequent to the then ongoing Chinese occupation of Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama sought refuge within [[India]]. The then Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was instrumental in granting safe refuge to the Dalai Lama and his fellow Tibetans. The Dalai Lama has since been in refuge in [[Dharamsala]], in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[northern India]], where the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (The Tibetan Government in Exile) is also established. Tibetan refugees have constructed and opened many schools and Buddhist temples{{Fact|date=February 2007}} in [[Dharamsala]].
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==List of Dalai Lamas==
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There have been 14 Dalai Lamas:
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{| class="wikitable"
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! !! Name !! Lifespan !! Reign !! [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]/[[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]] !! [[Tibetan transliteration (PRC)|PRC transcription]] !! Other English spelling(s)
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|-----
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| 1. || [[Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama|Gendun Drup]] || 1391–1474 || {{?}}<ref name="posthumous">The title "Dalai Lama" was conferred posthumously to the first and second Dalai Lamas. The 9th Dalai Lama was officially enthroned, but never reigned.</ref> || དྒེ་འདུན་འགྲུབ་<br>''dge ‘dun ‘grub'' || Gêdün Chub || Gedun Drub, Gedün Drup, Gendun Drup
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|-----
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| 2. || [[Gendun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama|Gendun Gyatso]] || 1475–1541 || {{?}}<ref name=posthumous /> || དགེ་འདུན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''dge ‘dun rgya mtsho'' || Gêdün Gyaco || Gedün Gyatso, Gendün Gyatso
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|-----
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| 3. || [[Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama|Sonam Gyatso]] || 1543–1588 || 1578–1588 || བསོད་ནམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''bsod nams rgya mtsho'' || Soinam Gyaco || Sönam Gyatso
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|-----
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| 4. || [[Yonten Gyatso, 4th Dalai Lama|Yonten Gyatso]] || 1589–1616 || {{?}} || ཡོན་ཏན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''yon tan rgya mtsho'' || Yoindain Gyaco || Yontan Gyatso
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|-----
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| 5. || [[Lobsang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Lobsang Gyatso]] || 1617–1682 || 1642–1682 || བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''blo bzang rgya mtsho'' || Lobsang Gyaco || Lobzang Gyatso, Lopsang Gyatso
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|-----
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| 6. || [[Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] || 1683–1706 || {{?}}–1706 || ཚང་དབྱངས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''tshang dbyangs rgya mtsho'' || Cangyang Gyaco ||
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|-----
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| 7. || [[Kelzang Gyatso, 7th Dalai Lama|Kelzang Gyatso]] || 1708–1757 || 1751–1757 || བསྐལ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''bskal bzang rgya mtsho'' || Gaisang Gyaco || Kelsang Gyatso, Kalsang Gyatso
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|-----
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| 8. || [[Jamphel Gyatso, 8th Dalai Lama|Jamphel Gyatso]] || 1758–1804 || 1786–1804 || བྱམས་སྤེལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''byams spel rgya mtsho'' || Qambê Gyaco || Jampel Gyatso, Jampal Gyatso
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|-----
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| 9. || [[Lungtok Gyatso, 9th Dalai Lama|Lungtok Gyatso]] || 1806–1815 || (1808–1815)<ref name="posthumous" /> || ལུང་རྟོགས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''lung rtogs rgya mtsho'' || Lungdog Gyaco || Lungtog Gyatso
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|-----
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| 10. || [[Tsultrim Gyatso, 10th Dalai Lama|Tsultrim Gyatso]] || 1816–1837 || {{?}} || ཚུལ་ཁྲིམ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''tshul khrim rgya mtsho'' || Cüchim Gyaco || Tshültrim Gyatso
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|-----
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| 11. || [[Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama|Khendrup Gyatso]] || 1838–1856 || 1844–1856 || མཁས་གྲུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''mkhas grub rgya mtsho'' || Kaichub Gyaco || Kedrub Gyatso
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|-----
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| 12. || [[Trinley Gyatso, 12th Dalai Lama|Trinley Gyatso]] || 1857–1875 || {{?}} || འཕྲིན་ལས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''‘phrin las rgya mtsho'' || Chinlai Gyaco || Trinle Gyatso
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|-----
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| 13. || [[Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama|Thubten Gyatso]] || 1876–1933 || {{?}} || ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''thub bstan rgya mtsho'' || Tubdain Gyaco || Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso
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|-----
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| 14. || [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] || 1935–present || 1950–present<br>(currently in exile)|| བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་<br>''bstan ‘dzin rgya mtsho'' || Dainzin Gyaco ||
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|}
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[[Image:Throne awaiting Dalai Lama's return. Summer residence Nechung. 1993.JPG|thumb|230px|Throne awaiting Dalai Lama's return. Summer residence of 13th Dalai Lama, [[Nechung]], Tibet.]]
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==See also==
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*[[Central Tibetan Administration]]
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*[[International Tibet Independence Movement]]
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==Notes==
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{{reflist}}
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== References ==
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* Yá Hánzhāng 牙含章: ''The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas'' (''Dálài Lǎmá chuán'' 达赖喇嘛传; Beijing, Foreign Languages Press 1993); ISBN 7-119-01267-3.
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==External links==
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*[http://www.dalailama.com The official site of the current Dalai Lama]
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*[http://www.namgyal.org Namgyal - The official site of the current Dalai Lama's personal monastery in Ithaca NY USA]
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*[http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200105/07_newsroom_dalai/bios.shtml The 13 Previous Dalai Lamas]
  
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]
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{{Claimed|148407484}}

Revision as of 21:28, 3 August 2007


This article is about the Dalai Lama lineage. For information on the 14th and current Dalai Lama, see Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama. For other uses, see Dalai Lama (disambiguation).


The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933).

In Tibetan Buddhism, the successive Dalai Lamas form a lineage of allegedly reborn (tulku) magistrates which traces back to 1391. They are of the Gelug sect of Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhists believe the Dalai Lama to be one of innumerable incarnations of Avalokiteśvara ("Chenrezig" [spyan ras gzigs] in Tibetan), the bodhisattva of compassion.[1] Between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government, administering a large portion of the country from the capital Lhasa. The Dalai Lama is considered the supreme head of Tibetan Buddhism, and the leaders of all four schools consider the Dalai Lama to be the highest lama of the Tibetan traditions. He is often styled "His Holiness" (HH) before his title.

The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the head of the Gelug sect, but this position officially belongs to the Ganden Tripa (Wylie: Dga'-ldan Khri-pa). Tibetans call the Dalai Lama Gyalwa Rinpoche (Tibetan: རྒྱལ་བ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ; Wylie: Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che) meaning "Precious Victor," or Yishin Norbu (Tibetan: ་ཡིད་བཞིན་ནོར་བུ; Wylie: Yid-bzhin Nor-bu) meaning "Wish-fulfilling Jewel".

History

File:8thDalaiLama.jpg
8th Dalai Lama
File:2ndDalaiLama.jpg
Gendun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama


"Dalai" means "Ocean" in Mongolian, and "Lama" (bla ma) is the Tibetan equivalent of the Sanskrit word "guru", and is commonly translated to mean "spiritual teacher".[2] The actual title was first bestowed by the Mongolian ruler Altan Khan upon Sonam Gyatso in 1578. Gyatso was an abbot at the Drepung monastery who was widely considered the most eminent lama of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to hold the title "Dalai Lama", due to the fact that he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "3rd Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his earlier incarnations. Five Dalai Lamas were murdered by their Buddhist courtiers within 170 years.[3]

The 5th Dalai Lama, with the support of Gushri Khan, a Mongol ruler of Khökh Nuur, united Tibet. The Dalai Lamas continued to partially rule in Tibet with, to some extent, autonomous power given by contemporary Chinese governments, until the People's Republic of China invaded the region in 1949 and then took full control in 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama then fled to India and has since ceded temporal power to an elected government-in-exile. The current 14th Dalai Lama seeks greater autonomy for Tibet.

Succession of reborn Dalai Lamas

The title "Dalai Lama" is presently granted to each of the spiritual leader's successive incarnations (for example, The 14th Dalai Lama's next incarnation will hold the title "the 15th Dalai Lama").

Upon the death of the Dalai Lama, his monks institute a search for the Lama's reincarnation, or yangsi (yang srid), a small child. Familiarity with the possessions of the previous Dalai Lama is considered the main sign of the reincarnation. The search for the reincarnation typically requires a few years. The reincarnation is then brought to Lhasa to be trained by the other Lamas.

  • 1stDalaiLama.jpg

    1st Dalai Lama, Genden Drub 1391-1474

  • 2ndDalaiLama.jpg

    2nd Dalai Lama, Genden Gyatso 1475-1541

  • 3rdDalaiLama.jpg

    3rd Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso 1543–1588

  • 4thDalaiLama.jpg

    4th Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso, 1589-1616

  • 5th Dalai Lama, Lozang Gyatso 1617-1682

  • 6dalailama.jpg

    6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

  • 7thDalaiLama.jpg

    7th Dalai Lama,Kelzang Gyatso, 1708-1757.

  • 8thDalaiLama.jpg

    8th Dalai Lama, Jamphel Gyatso 1758-1804

  • 9thDalaiLama.jpg

    9th Dalai Lama, Lungtok Gyatso 1806-1815

  • 10thDalaiLama.jpg

    10th Dalai Lama , Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

  • 11thDalaiLama1.jpg

    11th Dalai Lama , Khendrup Gyatso 1838–1856

  • 12thDalai Lama.jpg

    12th Dalai Lama, Trinley Gyatso 1857–1875

  • 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso 1876-1933

  • Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg

    14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

The future of the Dalai Lama

File:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg
The 14th and current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso (born 1935).

Despite its officially secular stance, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has claimed the power to approve the naming of high reincarnations in Tibet. This decision cites a precedent set by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, who instituted a system of selecting the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama by means of a lottery which utilised a golden urn with names wrapped in barley balls. Controversially, this precedent was called upon by the PRC to name their own Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama and the majority of Tibetan Buddhists in exile do not regard this to be the legitimate Panchen Lama. The Dalai Lama has recognized a different child, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, as the reincarnated Panchen Lama. This child and his family have been taken into 'protective custody' according to the PRC, and all attempts by members of the EU parliament and US government to garner guarantees of the family's safety have been denied by the PRC. There is some speculation that with the death of the current Dalai Lama, the People's Republic of China will attempt to direct the selection of a successor, using the authority of their chosen Panchen Lama.

The current Dalai Lama has repeatedly stated that he will never be reborn inside territory controlled by the People's Republic of China[4], and has occasionally suggested that he might choose to be the last Dalai Lama by not being reborn at all. However, he has also stated that the purpose of his repeated incarnations is to continue unfinished work and, as such, if the situation in Tibet remains unchanged, it is very likely that he will be reborn to finish his work.[5] Additionally, in the draft constitution of future Tibet, the institution of the Dalai Lama can be revoked at any time by a democratic majority vote of two-thirds of the Assembly. The 14th Dalai Lama has stated, "Personally, I feel the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose."[5]

Residence

File:Norbulinka. August, 1993.JPG
Norbulingka
Potala Palace.

Starting with the 5th Dalai Lama and until the 14th Dalai Lama's flight into exile in 1959, the Dalai Lamas resided during winter at the Potala Palace, and in the summer at the Norbulingka palace and park. Both residences are located in Lhasa, Tibet, approximately 3 km apart. In 1959, subsequent to the then ongoing Chinese occupation of Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama sought refuge within India. The then Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru was instrumental in granting safe refuge to the Dalai Lama and his fellow Tibetans. The Dalai Lama has since been in refuge in Dharamsala, in the state of Himachal Pradesh in northern India, where the Central Tibetan Administration (The Tibetan Government in Exile) is also established. Tibetan refugees have constructed and opened many schools and Buddhist temples[citation needed] in Dharamsala.

List of Dalai Lamas

There have been 14 Dalai Lamas:

Name Lifespan Reign Tibetan/Wylie PRC transcription Other English spelling(s)
1. Gendun Drup 1391–1474 ?[6] དྒེ་འདུན་འགྲུབ་
dge ‘dun ‘grub		 Gêdün Chub Gedun Drub, Gedün Drup, Gendun Drup
2. Gendun Gyatso 1475–1541 ?[6] དགེ་འདུན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
dge ‘dun rgya mtsho		 Gêdün Gyaco Gedün Gyatso, Gendün Gyatso
3. Sonam Gyatso 1543–1588 1578–1588 བསོད་ནམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
bsod nams rgya mtsho		 Soinam Gyaco Sönam Gyatso
4. Yonten Gyatso 1589–1616 ? ཡོན་ཏན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
yon tan rgya mtsho		 Yoindain Gyaco Yontan Gyatso
5. Lobsang Gyatso 1617–1682 1642–1682 བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
blo bzang rgya mtsho		 Lobsang Gyaco Lobzang Gyatso, Lopsang Gyatso
6. Tsangyang Gyatso 1683–1706 ?–1706 ཚང་དབྱངས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
tshang dbyangs rgya mtsho		 Cangyang Gyaco
7. Kelzang Gyatso 1708–1757 1751–1757 བསྐལ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
bskal bzang rgya mtsho		 Gaisang Gyaco Kelsang Gyatso, Kalsang Gyatso
8. Jamphel Gyatso 1758–1804 1786–1804 བྱམས་སྤེལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
byams spel rgya mtsho		 Qambê Gyaco Jampel Gyatso, Jampal Gyatso
9. Lungtok Gyatso 1806–1815 (1808–1815)[6] ལུང་རྟོགས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
lung rtogs rgya mtsho		 Lungdog Gyaco Lungtog Gyatso
10. Tsultrim Gyatso 1816–1837 ? ཚུལ་ཁྲིམ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
tshul khrim rgya mtsho		 Cüchim Gyaco Tshültrim Gyatso
11. Khendrup Gyatso 1838–1856 1844–1856 མཁས་གྲུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
mkhas grub rgya mtsho		 Kaichub Gyaco Kedrub Gyatso
12. Trinley Gyatso 1857–1875 ? འཕྲིན་ལས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
‘phrin las rgya mtsho		 Chinlai Gyaco Trinle Gyatso
13. Thubten Gyatso 1876–1933 ? ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
thub bstan rgya mtsho		 Tubdain Gyaco Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso
14. Tenzin Gyatso 1935–present 1950–present
(currently in exile)		 བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་
bstan ‘dzin rgya mtsho		 Dainzin Gyaco
Throne awaiting Dalai Lama's return. Summer residence of 13th Dalai Lama, Nechung, Tibet.

See also

  • Central Tibetan Administration
  • International Tibet Independence Movement

Notes

  1. ↑ His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition.
  2. ↑ Art Hughes. "The Thirteen Previous Dalai Lamas", Part of MPR's special report, Ocean of Wisdom: The Dalai Lama's Visit, Minnesota Public Radio, May 7, 2001.
  3. ↑ Parenti, Michael (2003). Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth.
  4. ↑ "Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control", The Indian Express, Tibetan Government in Exile, 1999-07-06. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Questions & Answers, The Website of The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The title "Dalai Lama" was conferred posthumously to the first and second Dalai Lamas. The 9th Dalai Lama was officially enthroned, but never reigned.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Yá Hánzhāng 牙含章: The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas (Dálài Lǎmá chuán 达赖喇嘛传; Beijing, Foreign Languages Press 1993); ISBN 7-119-01267-3.

External links

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