Difference between revisions of "Chicago Tribune" - New World Encyclopedia
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The '''''Chicago Tribune''''' is a major daily [[newspaper]] based in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. Formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", it remains the principal daily newspaper of the [[midwest]]ern [[United States]] and one of the ten largest daily newspapers in the nation, with a Sunday circulation of 957,212.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | The '''''Chicago Tribune''''' is a major daily [[newspaper]] based in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. Formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", it remains the principal daily newspaper of the [[midwest]]ern [[United States]] and one of the ten largest daily newspapers in the nation, with a Sunday circulation of 957,212.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | The ''Tribune'' was founded by [[James Kelly (journalist)|James Kelly]], [[John E. Wheeler]], and [[Joseph K.C. Forrest]], publishing its first edition on | + | The ''Tribune'' was founded by [[James Kelly (journalist)|James Kelly]], [[John E. Wheeler]], and [[Joseph K.C. Forrest]], publishing its first edition on June 10, 1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the next eight years. Initially, the ''Tribune'' was not politically affiliated but tended to support either the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] or [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] parties against the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in elections {{Harv|Wendt|1979|p=23, 27-28}}. By late 1853 it was frequently running [[xenophobic]] editorials that criticized foreigners and [[Roman Catholics]] {{Harv|Cole|1948|p=14}}. About this time it also became a strong proponent of [[Temperance movement|temperance]] {{Harv|Keefe|1971|p=131}}. However [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] its editorials may have been, it was not until February 10, 1855 that the ''Tribune'' formally affiliated itself with the nativist American or [[Know-Nothing movement|Know Nothing]] party, whose candidate [[Levi Boone]] was elected Chicago mayor the following month {{Harv|Keefe|1975|p=233-4}}. By mid-1855 [[Joseph Medill]] and [[Charles Ray (journalist)|Charles Ray]] had bought shares in the paper and taken over editorial policy. Under their leadership the ''Tribune'' distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] {{Harv|Wendt|1979|p=57-65}}. However, the paper continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials {{Harv|Cole|1948|p=66}}. The ''Tribune'' absorbed three other Chicago publications under the new editors: the ''[[Free West]]'' in 1855, the ''[[Democratic Press]]'' in 1858, and the ''[[Chicago Democrat]]'' in 1861, whose editor, [[John Wentworth (mayor)|John Wentworth]], left his position to become Chicago Mayor. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the ''[[Chicago Press & Tribune]]''. After November 1860 it became the ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' {{Harv|Wendt|1979|p=28, 69, 84-86, 127-128}}. Before and during the [[American Civil War]], the new editors pushed an [[abolitionist]] agenda and strongly supported [[Abraham Lincoln]], whom Medill helped secure the Presidency in 1860. The paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. |
| − | In | + | In 1861 the ''Tribune'' published new lyrics for the song "[[John Brown's Body]]" by [[William Weston Patton|William W. Patton]], rivaling [[The Battle Hymn of the Republic|the ones]] published two months later by [[Julia Ward Howe]]. Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the [[Great Chicago Fire]] of 1871. |
[[Image:ChicagoTribuneFire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The lead editorial in the first issue the ''Chicago Tribune'' published after the [[Great Chicago Fire]].]] | [[Image:ChicagoTribuneFire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The lead editorial in the first issue the ''Chicago Tribune'' published after the [[Great Chicago Fire]].]] | ||
| − | Under the [[20th century]] editorship of Colonel [[Robert R. McCormick]] the paper was strongly [[isolationist]] and actively biased in its coverage of political news and social trends, calling itself "The American Paper for Americans," excoriating the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] and the [[New Deal]], resolutely disdainful of the British and French, and greatly enthusiastic for [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and Sen. [[Joseph McCarthy]]. McCormick died in | + | Under the [[20th century]] editorship of Colonel [[Robert R. McCormick]] the paper was strongly [[isolationist]] and actively biased in its coverage of political news and social trends, calling itself "The American Paper for Americans," excoriating the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] and the [[New Deal]], resolutely disdainful of the British and French, and greatly enthusiastic for [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and Sen. [[Joseph McCarthy]]. McCormick died in 1955, just four days before [[Richard J. Daley]] was elected mayor for the first time. |
| − | One of the great scoops in ''Tribune'' history came when it obtained the text of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in June of | + | One of the great scoops in ''Tribune'' history came when it obtained the text of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in June of 1919. Another was its revelation of United States war plans on the eve of the [[Pearl Harbor]] attack. Its June 7, 1942 front page announced that America had broken Japan's military code [[PURPLE]] or [[Magic (cryptography)|Magic]]. |
The paper is also well known for a mistake it made during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]]. At that time, much of its composing room staff was on strike, and early returns led the paper to believe that the Republican candidate [[Thomas Dewey]] would win. An early edition of the next day's paper carried the headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN", turning the paper into a collector's item when it turned out that [[Harry S. Truman]] won and proudly brandished it in a famous photo. | The paper is also well known for a mistake it made during the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]]. At that time, much of its composing room staff was on strike, and early returns led the paper to believe that the Republican candidate [[Thomas Dewey]] would win. An early edition of the next day's paper carried the headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN", turning the paper into a collector's item when it turned out that [[Harry S. Truman]] won and proudly brandished it in a famous photo. | ||
| − | The ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> legendary sports editor Arch Ward created the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] in | + | The ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> legendary sports editor Arch Ward created the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] in 1933 as part of the city's [[Century of Progress]] exposition. |
| − | The ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> reputation for innovation extended to radio — it bought an early station, WDAP, in | + | The ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> reputation for innovation extended to radio — it bought an early station, WDAP, in 1924 and renamed it [[WGN (AM)]], the station [[call letters]] standing for the paper's self-description as the "World's Greatest Newspaper." [[WGN-TV|WGN Television]] was launched April 5, 1948. These broadcast stations remain ''Tribune'' properties to this day and are among the oldest newspaper/broadcasting cross-ownerships in the country. (Later, the ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> East Coast sibling, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', would establish [[WPIX]] television and radio.) |
| − | In | + | In 1969 under the leadership of Publisher Harold Grumhaus and editor Clayton Kirkpatrick, the ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> past conservative partisanship became history; though the paper continued its Republican and conservative perspective, the paper's news reporting no longer had the conservative slant it had in the McCormick years. The paper began to publish perspectives that represented a spectrum of diverse opinions, while its editorials presented the ''Tribune''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> own views. |
| − | In early | + | In early 1974, in what was a major feat of journalism, the ''Tribune'' printed the complete 246,000-word text of the [[Watergate#The tapes|Watergate]] tapes in a 44-page supplement that hit the streets a mere 24 hours after the transcripts' release by the [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon]] [[White House]]. Not only was the ''Tribune'' the first newspaper to publish the transcripts, but it beat the [[Government Printing Office]]'s own printed version, and made headlines doing so. |
[[Image:Chicago-ChicagoTribuneBuilding01.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Chicago Tribune]] | [[Image:Chicago-ChicagoTribuneBuilding01.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Chicago Tribune]] | ||
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Tribune Company owned ''[[The New York Daily News]]'' from its 1919 founding until its 1991 sale to Robert Maxwell. The founder of the ''News'', Capt. [[Joseph Patterson]] and Col. McCormick, were both descendants of Medill. Both were also enthusiasts of [[spelling|simplified spelling]], another hallmark of their papers for many years. | Tribune Company owned ''[[The New York Daily News]]'' from its 1919 founding until its 1991 sale to Robert Maxwell. The founder of the ''News'', Capt. [[Joseph Patterson]] and Col. McCormick, were both descendants of Medill. Both were also enthusiasts of [[spelling|simplified spelling]], another hallmark of their papers for many years. | ||
| − | Since | + | Since 1925, the ''Chicago Tribune'' has been housed in the [[Tribune Tower]] on North Michigan Avenue. The building is [[Gothic architecture|neo-Gothic]] in style, and the design was the winner of an international competition hosted by the ''Tribune''. |
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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*[http://www.ketupa.net/tribune.htm ''Tribune Group Overview''] External corporate profile | *[http://www.ketupa.net/tribune.htm ''Tribune Group Overview''] External corporate profile | ||
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{{Credit1|Chicago_Tribune|110019443|}} | {{Credit1|Chicago_Tribune|110019443|}} | ||
Revision as of 23:35, 7 March 2007
The Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois. Formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", it remains the principal daily newspaper of the midwestern United States and one of the ten largest daily newspapers in the nation, with a Sunday circulation of 957,212.[citation needed]
History
The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, and Joseph K.C. Forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10, 1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the next eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to support either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections (Wendt 1979, p. 23, 27-28). By late 1853 it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners and Roman Catholics (Cole 1948, p. 14). About this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance (Keefe 1971, p. 131). However nativist its editorials may have been, it was not until February 10, 1855 that the Tribune formally affiliated itself with the nativist American or Know Nothing party, whose candidate Levi Boone was elected Chicago mayor the following month (Keefe 1975, p. 233-4). By mid-1855 Joseph Medill and Charles Ray had bought shares in the paper and taken over editorial policy. Under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party (Wendt 1979, p. 57-65). However, the paper continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials (Cole 1948, p. 66). The Tribune absorbed three other Chicago publications under the new editors: the Free West in 1855, the Democratic Press in 1858, and the Chicago Democrat in 1861, whose editor, John Wentworth, left his position to become Chicago Mayor. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune. After November 1860 it became the Chicago Daily Tribune (Wendt 1979, p. 28, 69, 84-86, 127-128). Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, whom Medill helped secure the Presidency in 1860. The paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards.
In 1861 the Tribune published new lyrics for the song "John Brown's Body" by William W. Patton, rivaling the ones published two months later by Julia Ward Howe. Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.
Under the 20th century editorship of Colonel Robert R. McCormick the paper was strongly isolationist and actively biased in its coverage of political news and social trends, calling itself "The American Paper for Americans," excoriating the Democrats and the New Deal, resolutely disdainful of the British and French, and greatly enthusiastic for Chiang Kai-shek and Sen. Joseph McCarthy. McCormick died in 1955, just four days before Richard J. Daley was elected mayor for the first time.
One of the great scoops in Tribune history came when it obtained the text of the Treaty of Versailles in June of 1919. Another was its revelation of United States war plans on the eve of the Pearl Harbor attack. Its June 7, 1942 front page announced that America had broken Japan's military code PURPLE or Magic.
The paper is also well known for a mistake it made during the 1948 presidential election. At that time, much of its composing room staff was on strike, and early returns led the paper to believe that the Republican candidate Thomas Dewey would win. An early edition of the next day's paper carried the headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN", turning the paper into a collector's item when it turned out that Harry S. Truman won and proudly brandished it in a famous photo.
The Tribune's legendary sports editor Arch Ward created the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1933 as part of the city's Century of Progress exposition.
The Tribune's reputation for innovation extended to radio — it bought an early station, WDAP, in 1924 and renamed it WGN (AM), the station call letters standing for the paper's self-description as the "World's Greatest Newspaper." WGN Television was launched April 5, 1948. These broadcast stations remain Tribune properties to this day and are among the oldest newspaper/broadcasting cross-ownerships in the country. (Later, the Tribune's East Coast sibling, the New York Daily News, would establish WPIX television and radio.)
In 1969 under the leadership of Publisher Harold Grumhaus and editor Clayton Kirkpatrick, the Tribune's past conservative partisanship became history; though the paper continued its Republican and conservative perspective, the paper's news reporting no longer had the conservative slant it had in the McCormick years. The paper began to publish perspectives that represented a spectrum of diverse opinions, while its editorials presented the Tribune's own views.
In early 1974, in what was a major feat of journalism, the Tribune printed the complete 246,000-word text of the Watergate tapes in a 44-page supplement that hit the streets a mere 24 hours after the transcripts' release by the Nixon White House. Not only was the Tribune the first newspaper to publish the transcripts, but it beat the Government Printing Office's own printed version, and made headlines doing so.
A week later, after studying the transcripts, the paper's editorial board observed that "the high dedication to grand principles that Americans have a right to expect from a President is missing from the transcript record." The Tribune's editors concluded that "nobody of sound mind can read [the transcripts] and continue to think that Mr. Nixon has upheld the standards and dignity of the Presidency," and called for Nixon's resignation. The Tribune call for Nixon to resign made news, reflecting not only the change in the type of conservativism practiced by the paper, but as a watershed event in terms of Nixon's hopes for survival in office. The White House reportedly saw the Tribune's editorial as a loss of a long-time supporter and as a blow to Nixon's hopes to weather the scandal.
Although under Colonel McCormick, the Tribune for years refused to participate in the Pulitzer Prize competition, it has won 24 of the awards over the years, including many for editorial writing.
Subsequently the Tribune has been a leader on the Internet, acquiring 10 percent of America Online in the early 1990's, then launching such Web sites as chicagotribune.com (1995), metromix.com (1996), and ChicagoSports.com (1999). In 2002 it launched a tabloid newspaper targeted at 18- to 34-year-olds known as RedEye.
Editorial policy
In a recent statement of principles published in the Tribune's print and online editions, the paper's editorial board described the newspaper's philosophy, from which is excerpted the following:
- The Chicago Tribune believes in the traditional principles of limited government; maximum individual responsibility; minimum restriction of personal liberty, opportunity and enterprise. It believes in free markets, free will and freedom of expression. These principles, while traditionally conservative, are guidelines and not reflexive dogmas.
- The Tribune brings a Midwestern sensibility to public debate. It is suspicious of untested ideas.
- The Tribune places great emphasis on the integrity of government and the private institutions that play a significant role in society. The newspaper does this in the belief that the people cannot consent to be governed unless they have knowledge of, and faith in, the leaders and operations of government. The Tribune embraces the diversity of people and perspectives in its community. It is dedicated to the future of the Chicago region.
In 2004, the Tribune endorsed President Bush for re-election, a decision at odds with the paper's reporting but consistent with its unwaivering support for the Republican Party (it has not endorsed a Democrat for President since 1872, when it backed Horace Greeley, a former Republican Party newspaper editor). It has endorsed Democrats for lesser offices, including recent endorsements of Barack Obama for the Senate and Democrat Melissa Bean, who defeated Philip Crane, the House of Representatives' longest-serving Republican. The Tribune also reported on the scandals surrounding Illinois governor George Ryan (a Republican) during Ryan's previous term as Secretary of State. The Tribune endorsed Ryan for Governor despite this reporting.
Apart from electoral endorsements, the Tribune has taken on a centrist editorial position in recent years. It has, for example, criticized the Bush administration's record on civil liberties, the environment, and many portions of its foreign policy. At the same time, it has remained economically conservative, being widely skeptical of increasing the minimum wage and entitlement spending. In many ways, this has given the modern Tribune editorial page a libertarian bent.
Tribune Company
The Chicago Tribune is the founding business unit of Tribune Company, which includes many newspapers and television stations around the country. In Chicago, Tribune owns the WGN radio station (720 AM) and WGN-TV (Channel 9). Tribune Company also owns the Los Angeles Times — which displaced the Tribune as the company's largest property — and the Chicago Cubs baseball team. Rumors swirled in 2005 that the Cubs will be sold.
Tribune Company owned The New York Daily News from its 1919 founding until its 1991 sale to Robert Maxwell. The founder of the News, Capt. Joseph Patterson and Col. McCormick, were both descendants of Medill. Both were also enthusiasts of simplified spelling, another hallmark of their papers for many years.
Since 1925, the Chicago Tribune has been housed in the Tribune Tower on North Michigan Avenue. The building is neo-Gothic in style, and the design was the winner of an international competition hosted by the Tribune.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cole, Bruce M. (1948), The Chicago Press and the Know Nothings 1850-1856, M.A. Dissertation, University of Chicago
- Keefe, Thomas M. (1971), "Chicago's Flirtation With Political Nativism", Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, vol. 82, pp. 131-158
- Keefe, Thomas M. (1975), "The Catholic Issue in the Chicago Tribune Before the Civil War", Mid-America, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 227-245
- Wendt, Lloyd (1979), Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper, Rand McNally
External links
- Chicago Tribune Tribune newspaper web site
- Tribune Company Tribune corporate web site
- Chicago Cubune Watch Monitors Tribune coverage of its own assets
- Tribune Group Overview External corporate profile
Credits
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