Difference between revisions of "Chennakesava Temple" - New World Encyclopedia

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===Pillars and Sculptures===
 
===Pillars and Sculptures===
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The pillars inside the hall are a major attraction and the most popular is the [[Narasimha]] pillar which at one time is said to have been a revolving one (on its ball bearings).<ref name="ball'>{{cite web|title=Belur - A Temple Retreat|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html |author=Shruti Nanavaty|publisher=TempleNet|work=|accessdate=2006-11-12}}</ref> There is a rich diversity about their style. While all the 48 pillars and the many ceilings are well decorated, nothing surpasses the finish of the four central pillars and the central ceiling. These pillars may have been hand churned while the others were lathe turned.<ref name="lathe">This is a common feature of Western Chalukya-Hoysala temples, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', pp 117, S.U. Kamath</ref> All four pillars bear ''madanikas'' (celestial nymphs) and there are 42 of them, 4 inside the hall and the rest outside between the eaves on the outer walls of the hall.<ref name="eave">An eaves is a projecting roof, overhanging the wall, Gerard Foekema, ''A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples'' pp 93</ref> They are also called ''madanakai'', ''salabanjika'' or ''shilabalika'' and epitomise the ideal female form. They are depicted as dancers, musicians, drummers etc. and are rarely erotic in nature. Some ''madanika'' popular with tourists are the ''Darpana Sundari'' (beauty with mirror), "The lady with the parrot," "The huntress" and ''Bhasma mohini''.<ref name="favourite'>{{cite web|title=Belur - A Temple Retreat|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html |author=Shruti Nanavaty|publisher=TempleNet|work=|accessdate=2006-11-12}}</ref> Other interesting sculptures inside the ''mantapa'' are ''Sthamba buttalika'' (pillar images) which are more in the [[Chola]] idiom indicating that the Hoysalas may have employed Chola craftsman along with locals. These images have less decor than regular Hoysala sculptures. The ''mohini'' pillar is an example.<ref name="buttalika">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003|accessdate=2006-11-12}}</ref>
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The pillars inside the hall stand out as a major attraction, the [[Narasimha]] pillar, at one time thought to have revolved (on its ball bearings), the most popular.<ref name="ball'>{{cite web|title=Belur - A Temple Retreat|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html |author=Shruti Nanavaty|publisher=TempleNet|work=|accessdate=2008-6-15}}</ref> A rich diversity exists in their style. While all the 48 pillars and the many ceilings have decorations, nothing surpasses the finish of the four central pillars and the central ceiling. Those pillars may have been hand churned while the others had been lathe turned.<ref name="lathe"> S.U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', p. 117 </ref> All four pillars bear ''madanikas'' (celestial nymphs)42 total, 4 inside the hall and the rest outside between the eaves on the outer walls of the hall.<ref name="eave">Gerard Foekema, ''A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples'' p. 93</ref> Also called ''madanakai'', ''salabanjika'' or ''shilabalika'', they  epitomize the ideal female form, depicted as dancers, musicians, drummers, and rarely erotic in nature. The ''Darpana Sundari'' (beauty with mirror), "The lady with the parrot," "The huntress" and ''Bhasma mohini'' number among the most popular ''madanika'' with tourists.<ref name="favourite'>{{cite web|title=Belur - A Temple Retreat|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html |author=Shruti Nanavaty|publisher=TempleNet|work=|accessdate=2008-6-15}}</ref>  
 +
 
 +
Other interesting sculptures inside the ''mantapa'' include ''Sthamba buttalika'' (pillar images), more in the [[Chola]] idiom indicating that the Hoysalas may have employed Chola craftsman along with locals. Those images have less decor than regular Hoysala sculptures, the  ''mohini'' pillar providing an example.<ref name="buttalika">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |author=S. Settar|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003|accessdate=2008-6-25}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Belur Chennakeshava pillars1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Ornate pillars]]
 
[[Image:Belur Chennakeshava pillars1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Ornate pillars]]
  

Revision as of 00:19, 16 June 2008


Chennakesava Temple, Belur
Chennakesava Temple, Belur, Rear view.

The Chennakesava Temple (Kannada:ಶ್ರೀ ಚೆನ್ನಕೇಶವ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ), originally called Vijayanarayana Temple (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಾರಾಯಣ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ), built on the banks of the Yagachi River in Belur, served as an early capital of the Hoysala Empire. Belur sits 40 km from Hassan city and 220 km from Bangalore, in Hassan district of Karnataka state, India. Chennakesava means "handsome Kesava." Belur has won renown for its marvelous temples built during the rule of Hoysala dynasty. Belur, along with neighboring Halebidu, has become a favorite tourist destination in Karnataka. Belur, an important Vaishnava pilgrim center, often humbles visitors with the beauty of the sculptures that display the high water mark of Hoysala architecture and craftsmanship.

History

Shrine with vertical sections

Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana commissioned the temple in 1117 C.E. The reasons for the construction of the temple have been debated. The popular belief holds the military success of Vishnuvardhana as the reason.[1] Another view holds that Vishnuvardhana commissioned the temple to surpass the Hoysala overlords, the Western Chalukyas who ruled from Basavakalyan, after his victories against the Chalukyas.[2]Another view holds that Vishnuvardhana celebrated his famous victory against the Cholas of Tamil country in the battle of Talakad leading to the Hoysalas taking control of Gangavadi (southern regions of Karnataka).[3] Yet another explanation pertains to Vishnuvardhana's conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism, considering that Chennakesava had been predominantly a Vaishnava temple.[4] The Hoysalas had many brilliant architects who developed a new architectural idiom. A total of 118 inscriptions have been recovered from the temple complex covering a period of 1117 to 18th century which give details of the artists employed, grants made to the temple and renovations.

Temple complex

Shilabalike, Chennakesava temple

A Rayagopura, built during the days of Vijayanagar empire, crowns the main entrance to the complex.[5] The Chennakesava temple stands in the center of the temple complex, facing east and flanked by Kappe Channigraya temple and a small Lakshmi temple on its right. On its left, and to its back, stands an Andal temple. Of the two main Sthambha (pillars) that exist, the one facing the main temple had been built in the Vijayanagar period. The one to the right comes from the Hoysala time. While that represents the first great Hoysala temple, the artistic idiom remains Western Chalukyan. Hence the lack of over decoration, unlike later Hoysala temples, including the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebidu and the Keshava temple at Somanathapura.

Later, Hoysala art inclined towards craftsmanship, with a preference for minutia.[6] The temple has three entrances, the doorways have highly decorated sculptures of doorkeepers (dvarapalaka). While the Kappe Channigraya temple measures smaller than the Chennakesava temple, its architecture stands equal although lacking sculptural features. That became a dvikuta (two shrined) with the addition of a shrine to its original plan. The original shrine has a star shaped plan while the additional shrine forms a simple square. The icon inside, commissioned by Shantala Devi, queen of king Vishnuvardhana follows the Kesava tradition.

Temple plan

Bhumija Towers on minor shrines in Chennakeshava Temple, Belur

Craftsmen built the Chennakesava temple with Chloritic Schist (soapstone)[7] essentially a simple Hoysala plan built with extraordinary detail. The unusually large size of the basic parts of the temple differentiates that temple from other Hoysala temples of the same plan.[8]

The temple follows a ekakuta vimana design (single shrine) of 10.5 m by 10.5 m size. A large vestibule connects the shrine to the mandapa (hall), one of the main attractions of the temple. The mandapa has 60 bays.[9] The superstructure (tower) on top of the vimana has been lost over time. The temple sits on a jagati (platform).[10]

One flight of steps leads to the jagati and another flight of steps to the mantapa. The jagati provides the devotee an opportunity for a pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple before entering it. The jagati carefully follows the staggered square design of the mantapa[11] and the star shape of the shrine. The mantapa originally had an open design. A visitor could see the ornate pillars of the open mantapa from the platform. The mantapa, perhaps the most magnificent one in all of medieval India,[12] the open mantapa converted into a closed one 50 years into the Hoysala rule by erecting walls with pierced window screens. The twenty eight window screens sit on top of 2 m high walls with star shaped piercing and bands of foliage, figures and mythological subjects. On one such screen, king Vishnuvardhana and his queen Shanatala Devi have been depicted. An icon depicts the king in a standing posture.[13]

Shrine

Shilabalika in Chennakeshava Temple, Belur

The vimana (shrine) stands at the back of the mantapa. Each side of the vimana measures 10.5 m and has five vertical sections: a large double storied niche in the center and two heavy pillar like sections on both sides of that niche. The two pillar like sections adjoining the niche have been rotated about their vertical axis to produce a star shaped plan for the shrine.[14] The pillar like section and the niche bear many ornate sculptures, belonging to an early style. Sixty large sculptures of deities, from both Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths, stand in place. The shape of the vimana infers that the tower above would have been of the Bhumija style and not the regular star shaped tower that follows the shape of the vimana. The Bhumija towers on the miniature shrines at the entrance of the hall actually classify as a type of nagara design (being curvilinear in shape),[15] an uncommon shape of tower in pure dravidian design. The shrine has a life size (about 6 ft) image of Kesava (a form of Vishnu) with four hands holding the discus (chakra), mace (gadha), lotus-flower (padma) and conch (Shanka) in clockwise direction. Life size sculptures of door guardians (dvarapalaka) flank the entrance to the shrine.

Pillars and Sculptures

The pillars inside the hall stand out as a major attraction, the Narasimha pillar, at one time thought to have revolved (on its ball bearings), the most popular.[16] A rich diversity exists in their style. While all the 48 pillars and the many ceilings have decorations, nothing surpasses the finish of the four central pillars and the central ceiling. Those pillars may have been hand churned while the others had been lathe turned.[17] All four pillars bear madanikas (celestial nymphs)42 total, 4 inside the hall and the rest outside between the eaves on the outer walls of the hall.[18] Also called madanakai, salabanjika or shilabalika, they epitomize the ideal female form, depicted as dancers, musicians, drummers, and rarely erotic in nature. The Darpana Sundari (beauty with mirror), "The lady with the parrot," "The huntress" and Bhasma mohini number among the most popular madanika with tourists.[19]

Other interesting sculptures inside the mantapa include Sthamba buttalika (pillar images), more in the Chola idiom indicating that the Hoysalas may have employed Chola craftsman along with locals. Those images have less decor than regular Hoysala sculptures, the mohini pillar providing an example.[20]

Ornate pillars

At the base of the outer walls are friezes[21] of charging elephants (650 of them) which symbolise stability and strength, above them are lions which symbolise courage and further up are horses which symbolise speed. There are panels with floral designs signifying beauty. Above these are panels depicting Ramayana and Mahabharata. This is called horizontal treatment with friezes.[22] Hoysala artistry preferred to be discreet about eroticism, mingling miniature erotic sculptures in not very conspicuous places like recesses and niches. Sculptures depict daily life in a broad sense.

The doorways to the mantapa have on both sides the sculpture of Sala slaying a Tiger. These are unusually large images. While Sala is popularly known to be the founder of the empire, there is no support for this myth from scholars. Normally this image is placed on the sukanasi (nose of the main tower formed by a lower tower on top of the vestibule) next to the main tower. The story is that Sala killed the Tiger that was ready to pounce on the meditating muni (saint) who sought Sala's help in killing the Tiger. Some historians speculate that the legend may have gained importance after the victory of Vishnuvardhana over the Cholas at Talakad, the tiger being the royal emblem of the Cholas.[23]

Other important sculptures are the Narasimha image in the south western corner, Shiva-Gajasura (Shiva slaying demon in form of elephant) on the western side, the winged Garuda, consort of Lord Vishnu standing facing the temple, dancing Kali, a seated Ganesha, a pair consisting of a boy with an umbrella and a king (Vamana avatar or incarnation of Vishnu), Ravana shaking Mount Kailash, Durga slaying demon Mahishasura, standing Brahma, Varaha (avatar of Vishnu), Shiva dancing on demon (Andhakasura), Bhairava (avatar of Shiva) and Surya. The sculptural style of the wall images shows close similarity to wall images in contemporary temples in northern Karnataka and adjacent Maharashtra and hence a Western Chalukya idiom.

Artists

The Hoysala artists were unlike many medieval artists and preferred to sign their work in the form of inscriptions. They sometimes revealed fascinating details about themselves, their families, guilds and place of origin.[24] Stone and copper plate inscriptions provide more information about them. Ruvari Mallitamma was a prolific artist and there are more then 40 sculptures here that are attributed to him. Dasoja and his son Chavana were from Balligavi in Shimoga district and contributions are no less. Chavana is credited with the work on five madanika and Dasoja with four. Malliyanna and Nagoja created birds and animals in their sculptures. Artists Chikkahampa and Malloja are credited with some the sculptures in the mantapa.[25]

See Also

Notes

  1. ↑ Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, pp. 47
  2. ↑ S. Settar. Hoysala Heritage. Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Retrieved 2008-6-15.
  3. ↑ According to S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, pp. 124
  4. ↑ According Settar, records do not support that theory, S. Settar. Hoysala Heritage. Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  5. ↑ S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 183
  6. ↑ S. Settar. Hoysala Heritage. Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  7. ↑ S.U. Kamath A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 136. The Western Chalukya carvings on green schist (soapstone) technique had been adopted by the Hoysalas too, Takeo Kamiya. Architecture of the Indian subcontinent, 20 September 1996. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. Retrieved 2008-6-15.
  8. ↑ Its architectural plan follows an innovation of nagara (north Indian) design popular in the imperial city of Basavakalyan in northern Karnataka at that time. Gerard Foekema,Jayashree Kannikeswaran. The Templenet Encyclopedia - Temples of Karnataka-Chennakesava Temple at Belur. TempleNet. Retrieved 2006-11-12..
  9. ↑ A bay forms a square or rectangular compartment in the hall, Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples p. 93
  10. ↑ The jagati serves as a pradakshinapatha or path for circumambulation, as the shrine has no such arrangements, S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 135. That platform follows a uniquely Hoysalas architectural design. Arthikaje, Mangalore. Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture in Hoysala Empire. © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2008-6-15.
  11. ↑ The Hoysala plan for open mantapa almost always follows a staggered square design. That results in many projections and recesses, Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples p. 22
  12. ↑ Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples p. 48
  13. ↑ The pierced windows commonly appear in earlier Western Chalukya temples also, A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 116, S.U. Kamath
  14. ↑ Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, p. 49
  15. ↑ Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, p. 50
  16. ↑ Shruti Nanavaty. Belur - A Temple Retreat. TempleNet. Retrieved 2008-6-15.
  17. ↑ S.U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka, p. 117
  18. ↑ Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples p. 93
  19. ↑ Shruti Nanavaty. Belur - A Temple Retreat. TempleNet. Retrieved 2008-6-15.
  20. ↑ S. Settar. Hoysala Heritage. Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Retrieved 2008-6-25.
  21. ↑ a Frieze is a rectangular band decorated with sculptures, Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples pp 93
  22. ↑ A main feature in Hoysala temples, A Concise History of Karnataka, S.U. Kamath, pp 134
  23. ↑ Historian C. Hayavadhana Rao, J. D. M. Derrett, B. R Joshi surmise that Sala was a mythical founder of the empire, A Concise history of Karnataka pp 123, S.U. Kamath, Arthikaje, Mangalore. The Hoysalas and their contributions. © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  24. ↑ S. Settar. Hoysala Heritage. Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 08, April 12 - 25, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  25. ↑ Jyotsna Kamath, November 04,2006. Hoysala Temples of Belur. © 1996-2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2006-11-12.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Foekema, Gerard. 1996. A complete guide to Hoysaḷa temples. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170173458.
  • Hardy, Adam. 1995. Indian temple architecture: form and transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa tradition, 7th to 13th centuries. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 9788170173120.
  • Kāmat, Sūryanātha. 1980. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. OCLC 7796041.
  • Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 1990. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford India paperbacks. Bombay: Oxford University Press. OCLC 35690171.

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