Difference between revisions of "Cabbage" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Cabbage''' are various plants of the Capitata Group of the species ''Brassica oleracea'' of the mustard family [[Brassicaceae]] (or Cruciferae), as well as the leafy head of these plants, which are popular food items. More generally, the term cabbage also has been used to include  diverse horticultural forms developed from the wild cabbage, ''Brassica oleracea'', which  belong to this same species, but are placed in different groups, such as kale (Acephala Group), cauliflower (Botrytis Group), Brussels sprout (Gemmifera Groupt), and broccoli (Italica Group).
 
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The focus of this article will be true cabbages (''Brassica oleracea'', var. ''capitata'').
 
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Cabbage is [[herbaceous]], plant, and a [[dicot|dicotyledonous]] [[flowering plant]] with leaves forming a characteristic compact cluster.
 
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==Brassica oleracea==
 
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| color = lightgreen
 
| color = lightgreen
Line 16: Line 8:
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
 
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]*
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
 
| ordo = [[Brassicales]]
 
| ordo = [[Brassicales]]
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| familia = [[Brassicaceae]]*
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| familia = [[Brassicaceae]]
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| genus = ''[[Brassica]]*''
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| genus = ''[[Brassica]]''
 
| species = '''''B. oleracea'''''
 
| species = '''''B. oleracea'''''
 
| binomial = ''Brassica oleracea''
 
| binomial = ''Brassica oleracea''
 
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Cabbage''' is any of the various plants of the '''Capitata Group''' of the species ''Brassica oleracea'' of the mustard family [[Brassicaceae]] (or Cruciferae), as well as the leafy head of these plants, which are popular food items. More generally, the term cabbage also has been used to include diverse horticultural forms developed from the wild cabbage, ''Brassica oleracea,'' which belong to this same species, but are placed in distinct groups, such as [[kale]] (Acephala Group), [[cauliflower]] (Botrytis Group), [[brussels sprout]] (Gemmifera Group), and [[broccoli]] (Italica Group). These diverse forms of food plants were a product of human creativity, through artificial selection over the years.
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{{toc}}
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The focus of this article will be "true cabbages" (''Brassica oleracea,'' var. ''capitata'').
  
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'''''Brassica oleracea''''' or '''Wild Cabbage''', is a species of ''Brassica'' native to coastal southern and western [[Europe]], where its tolerance of [[sodium chloride|salt]] and [[calcium carbonate|lime]] but intolerance of competition from other plants typically restricts its natural occurrence to [[limestone]] sea cliffs.
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Cabbage is a [[herbaceous]], [[dicot|dicotyledonous]] [[flowering plant]] with leaves forming a characteristic compact cluster.  
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Wild ''B. olearacea'' is a tall [[biennial plant]], forming a stout rosette of large [[leaf|leaves]] in the first year, the leaves being fleshier and thicker than those of other species of ''Brassica'', adaptations to store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. In its second year, the stored nutrients are used to produce a [[flower]] spike 1–2 m tall bearing numerous yellow flowers.
 
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Although ''B. oleracea'' is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years, its history as a domesticated plant is not clear before [[ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[ancient Rome|Roman]] times, when is known to be a well-established garden vegetable. [[Theophrastus]] mentions three kinds of this species: a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type (Zohary and Hopf 2000)
 
  
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It has been bred into a wide range of [[cultivar]]s, including cabbage, [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], and more, some of which are hardly recognizable as being members of the same species. It is one of the most important human food [[agriculture|crop]] plants. The cultivars of ''B. oleracea'' are grouped by developmental form into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural Wild Cabbage in appearance:
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==''Brassica oleracea''==
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Acephala Group]]* - [[kale]] and [[collard greens]] (borekale)
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The true cabbages (''Brassica oleracea,'' Capitata group) are considered to be descended from the '''wild cabbage''', '''''Brassica oleracea''''', a species of ''Brassica'' native to coastal southern and western [[Europe]]. The tolerance of wild cabbage to [[sodium chloride|salt]] and [[calcium carbonate|lime]], but intolerance of competition from other plants, typically restricts its natural occurrence to [[limestone]] sea cliffs.
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Alboglabra Group]]* - [[kai-lan]]* (Chinese broccoli)
 
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Botrytis Group]]* - [[cauliflower]] (and Chou Romanesco)
 
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Capitata Group]]* - [[cabbage]]
 
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Gemmifera Group]]* - [[Brussels sprout]]s
 
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Gongylodes Group]]* - [[kohlrabi]]  
 
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Italica Group]]* - [[broccoli]]
 
  
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==Origin==
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Wild ''B. olearacea'' is a tall [[biennial plant]], forming a stout rosette of large [[leaf|leaves]] in the first year. The leaves are fleshier and thicker than those of other species of ''Brassica,'' adaptations to store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. In its second year, the stored nutrients are used to produce a [[flower]] spike 1–2 m tall bearing numerous yellow flowers.
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History
 
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The original Brassica oleracea ancestor is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe.  
 
  
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The cabbage is derived from a leafy [[Mustard plant|wild mustard]] plant, native to the [[Mediterranean]] region. It was known to the ancient [[ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[ancient Rome|Romans]]; [[Cato the Elder]] praised this vegetable for its medicinal properties, declaring that "it is first of all the vegetables".<ref>"Brassica est quae omnibus holeribus antistat" (''[[De Agri Cultura]]'', ch. 156)</ref>. The English name derives from the [[Norman language|Normanno]]-[[Picard language|Picard]] ''caboche'' ("head"). Cabbage was developed by ongoing artificial selection for suppression of the internode length. The dense core of the cabbage is called the babchka.
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Wild cabbage has been bred into a wide range of [[cultivar]]s, including cabbage, [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], and more, some of which are hardly recognizable as being members of the same species. It is one of the most important human food [[agriculture|crop]] plants. The cultivars of ''B. oleracea'' are grouped by developmental form into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural Wild Cabbage in appearance:
 +
*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Acephala Group]] - [[kale]] and [[collard greens]] (borekale)
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Alboglabra Group]] - [[kai-lan]] (Chinese broccoli)
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Botrytis Group]] - [[cauliflower]] (and Chou Romanesco)
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Capitata Group]] - [[cabbage]]
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Gemmifera Group]] - [[Brussels sprout]]s
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Gongylodes Group]] - [[kohlrabi]]  
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*''Brassica oleracea'' [[Italica Group]] - [[broccoli]]
  
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==Origin and history==
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The original ''Brassica oleracea'' ancestor is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. Although wild ''B. oleracea'' is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years, its history as a domesticated plant is not certain before [[ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[ancient Rome|Roman]] times, when is known to be a well-established garden [[vegetable]]. (There is some evidence of cabbage use in the Shensi province in China dating back to 4,000 B.C.E.)
  
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[[Theophrastus]] (c. 370— 285 B.C.E.) mentions three kinds of this species: a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type (Zohary and Hopf 2000). Both [[Cato]] ((234 B.C.E. – 149 B.C.E.) and[[ Pliny]] ((23 – 79 C.E.) extolled the virtues of cabbage. Cato believed it should be eaten raw with vinegar, a precursor to cole slaw. Pliny, in his work, ''Natural History,'' mentions cabbage under the classification "Materia Medica," focusing on its medicinal qualities when taken internally and when used as a poultice.
  
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Soon after the first domestication of plants, ancestral "cabbage" was being grown as a [[leaf]]y [[vegetable]] around the Mediterranean. Because the leaves were the part of the plant consumed, those plants with the largest leaves were selectively propagated for next year's crop.
  
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It is believed that the continued preference for ever-larger leaves led to the vegetable we now know as kale (known botanically as ''Brassica oleracea,'' var. ''acephala'' ("headless cabbage.") Kale is, of course, still grown today. But eventually some developed a taste for those plants with a tight cluster of tender young leaves in the center of the plant, at the top of the stem, and that type, too, came to be selected. Over the centuries, that selecting led to what we think of as cabbages, which were probably a distinct type by as early as the first century C.E. Cabbage is ''Brassica oleracea,'' var. ''capitata,'' "headed cabbage.")
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Soon after the first domestication of plants, that ancestral "cabbage" was being grown as a leafy vegetable around the Mediterranean. Because the leaves were the part of the plant consumed, those plants with the largest leaves were selectively propagated for next year's crop. The continued preference for ever-larger leaves led to the vegetable we now know as kale (known botanically as Brassica oleracea acephala, "headless cabbage." Kale is, of course, still grown today. But eventually some developed a taste for those plants with a tight cluster of tender young leaves in the center of the plant, at the top of the stem, and that type, too, came to be selected for; over the centuries, that selecting led to what we think of as cabbages, which were probably a distinct type by as early as the 1st century C.E. (That's why cabbage is Brassica oleracea capitata, "headed cabbage".)
 
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Cabbage is grown in both East and West and seems to have always been used throughout history. Though early varieties were weedy and loose-leafed, the firm head that we know today was a later development. Resembling kale, to which it is related. This was called wild cabbage, and is still called sea cabbage by the French. Dating back to 4,000 B.C.E. evidence of cabbage use has been found in Shensi province in China. To the ancient Chinese, it was considered a 'cooling' food in[[ Confusian]] terminology. Cabbage is favored for pickling and is considered ts'ai or suitable to go over rice. The pickled cabbage known as Kim Chee is a staple throughout Korea. Greek myth gives us insight to the great story-telling abilities of the Greeks. One interesting fact, one known to the Greeks, is that grape vines, source of wine, do not flourish when grown near cabbage. The Greek myth relates to us Dionysus, the God of wine who wandered into Thrace accompanied by his loyal followers, the Bacchae, in the region now known as Lycurgus. Threatened by Dionysus arrival, Lycurgus captured both Dionysus and his followers, the Bacchae. In retaliation, Dionysus placed a spell on Lycurgus, driving him mad. Now mad, Lycurgus mistook his son for a grape vine and killed him. One the spell wore off, Lycurgus wept, and from the tears that fell to the ground sprang cabbage.
 
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Both [[Cato]] and[[ Pliny]] extolled  the virtues of cabbage. Cato, who lived to be 80, believed it should be eaten raw with vinegar, a precursor to cole slaw. Pliny, in his work, Natural History, mentions cabbage under the classification 'Materia Medica', focusing on its medicinal qualities when taken internally and when used as a poultice.
 
  
 
==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
  
 
[[Image:Cabbages - garden.JPG|thumb|right|Cabbage garden in Shanghai, China.]]
 
[[Image:Cabbages - garden.JPG|thumb|right|Cabbage garden in Shanghai, China.]]
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Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups, early and late. The early varieties mature in about 50 days. They produce small heads which do not keep well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 80 days, and produces a larger head.
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Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups, early and late. The early varieties mature in about 50 days. They produce small heads that do not keep well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 80 days, and produces a larger head.
  
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'''Home Production'''
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Cabbage is popular both for commercial production and for home gardens. Commercially, annual world production in 2005 was about 62 million metric tons of fresh heads from 2.8 million hectares. Top producing countries were: [[China]], 34,100 million metric tons; [[India]], 6,000 million metric tons; [[Russian Federation]], 4,051 million metric tons; and [[Korea]], 3,300 million metric tons. (FAO 2007)
  
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Cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Like all brassicae, cabbage is a cool season crop, so early and late plantings do better than those maturing in the heat of the summer.
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For high production, the crop requires a cool, humid climate. The length of the total growing period varies between 90 (spring-sown) and 200 (autumn-sown) days, depending on climate, variety, and planting date, but for good production the growing period is about 120 to 140 days. Most varieties can withstand a short period of frost of -6°C, some down to -l0°C. Long periods (30 to 60 days) of -5°C are harmful. The plants with leaves smaller than 3 cm will survive long periods of low temperature; however, when the leaves are 5 to 7 cm, the plant will initiate a seed stalk and this leads to a poor quality yield. Optimum growth occurs at a mean daily temperature of about 17°C with daily mean maximum of 24°C and minimum of 10°C. Mean relative humidity should be in the range of 60 to 90 percent.
  
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Cabbage can be grown in a variety of climates, is frost tolerant, but the heads crack in excessive heat. Seeds can be started in seed flats, planted 1/4" deep and 4 inches apart. Trnaspant them to your garden by hardening them off (leaving them outside during the day for 3-4 days) before planting them in a sunny, well-drained location. As the plants grow, keep them watered regularly, as they grow quickly.
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Generally, the heavier loam soils are more suited to cabbage production. Under high rainfall conditions, sandy or sandy loam soils are preferable because of improved drainage. The fertilizer requirements are high. Cabbage is moderately sensitive to soil salinity.  
  
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Cabbages keep well and were thus a common winter vegetable before [[refrigeration]] and long-distance shipping of produce.
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Row spacing is dependent on the size of heads required for markets, or between 0.3 and 0.5 m for heads of 1 to 1.5 kg each and 0.5 and 0.9 m for heads up to 3 kg each. An optimum production can be reached with a plant density in the range of 30,000 to 40,000 plants/ha. Planting can be by direct seeding with a seed rate of 3 kg/ha, or by transplanting from open field beds and from cold frames which are used to protect the crop from cold during germination and early plant development.
  
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'''Commercial Crop Production'''
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Cabbage is characterized by slow development during the first half of the growing period, which may be 50 days for early maturing and up to 100 for autumn-sown, late maturing varieties. During the following periods&mdash;yield formation and ripening periods&mdash;the plant doubles its weight approximately every 9 days over a total period of 50 days. In the beginning of the yield formation period, head formation starts, followed by a sudden decrease in the rate of leaf-unfolding. Eventually, leaf unfolding ceases completely, while leaf initiation continues. This results in the formation of a restrictive skin by the oldest folded leaves within which younger leaves continue to grow until the firm, mature head is produced during the ripening period of 10 to 20 days.  
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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) originates from the south and western coast of Europe. Annual world production is about 55 million tons of fresh heads from 2.6 million ha (FAOSTAT, 2001).
 
  
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For high production the crop requires a cool, humid climate. The length of the total growing period varies between 90 (spring-sown) and 200 (autumn-sown) days, depending on climate, variety and planting date, but for good production the growing period is about 120 to 140 days. Most varieties can withstand a short period of frost of -6°C, some down to -l0°C. Long periods (30 to 60 days) of -5°C are harmful. The plants with leaves smaller than 3 cm will survive long periods of low temperature but when the leaves are 5 to 7 cm, the plant will initiate a seed stalk and this leads to a poor quality yield. Optimum growth occurs at a mean daily temperature of about 17°C with daily mean maximum of 24°C and minimum of 10°C. Mean relative humidity should be in the range of 60 to 90 percent.
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Depending on variety, the head can be pointed or round, green or red, smooth or crinkled. Crop rotation of at least three years is recommended to combat soil-borne diseases (FAO 2007).  
  
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Generally, the heavier loam soils are more suited to cabbage production. Under high rainfall conditions, sandy or sandy loam soils are preferable because of improved drainage. The fertilizer requirements are high: 100 to 150 kg/ha N, 50 to 65 kg/ha P and 100 to 130 kg/ha K.
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In home production, cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Cabbage can be grown in a variety of climates and is frost tolerant, but the heads crack in excessive heat. Like all brassicae, early and late plantings do better than those maturing in the heat of the summer.
  
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Cabbage is moderately sensitive to soil salinity. Yield decrease due to soil salinity at different levels of ECe is: 0% at ECe 1.8, 10% at 2.8, 25% at 4.4, 50% at 7.0 and 100% at ECe 12.0 mmhos/cm.
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Cabbages keep well and were thus a common winter vegetable before [[refrigeration]] and long-distance shipping of produce.
  
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Row spacing is dependent on the size of heads required for markets or between 0.3 and 0.5 m for heads of 1 to 1.5 kg each and 0.5 and 0.9 m for heads up to 3 kg each. An optimum production can be reached with a plant density in the range of 30,000 to 40,000 plants/ha. Planting can be by direct seeding with a seed rate of 3 kg/ha, or by transplanting from open field beds and from cold frames which are used to protect the crop from cold during germination and early plant development.
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==Varieties==
  
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Cabbage is characterized by slow development during the first half of the growing period, which may be 50 days for early maturing and up to 100 for autumn-sown, late maturing varieties (establishment and vegetative periods; 0 and 1). During the following periods (yield formation and ripening periods, 3 and 4) the plant doubles its weight approximately every 9 days over a total period of 50 days. In the beginning of the yield formation period (3), head formation starts, followed by a sudden decrease in the rate of leaf-unfolding. Eventually, leaf unfolding ceases completely, whilst leaf initiation continues. This results in the formation of a restrictive skin by the oldest folded leaves within which younger leaves continue to grow until the firm, mature head is produced during the ripening period of 10 to 20 days (4). Depending on variety, the head can be pointed or round, green or red, smooth or crinkled. Crop rotation of at least 3 years is recommended to combat soil-borne diseases. World Food and Agricultural Organization World Food Production www.fao.org Retreived March 16, 2007
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While there are many different varieties of cabbage, the most common are:
  
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==Pests of Cabbage==
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* ''Green cabbage'' is the standard cabbage grown commercially, available in grocery stores and from home gardens.
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* ''Red cabbage'' tastes like green cabbage. When cooked it tends to bleed its color into other foods.
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* ''Savoy cabbage'' is similar to ordinary cabbage, but with a milder flavor.
  
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CABBAGE INSECTS
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==Diseases==
  
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'''Cutworms''', imported cabbage worm, cabbage looper, diamondback moth larvae, and cross-striped cabbage worm can be early season pests of cabbage. These pests can cause serious damage to young transplants as well as causing serious leaf feeding damage to older plants.
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A few of the most common [[disease]]s that affect cabbage are listed below (Doubrava et al. 2004).
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* ''Damping Off'' - This soil-borne [[fungus]] commonly affects seeds and young transplants. Infected seeds decay in the soil, while young seedlings and transplants rot at the soil line.  
  
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'''Cabbage Looper''' Watch for cabbage loopers particularly on the undersides of leaves along leaf margins, but they can be found anywhere on the plant. The larvae are light green in color with a pale white stripe along each side and two thin white stripes down the back. The body tapers toward the head. There are three pairs of slender legs near the head and two pair of club-shaped prolegs toward the other end. When mature, the larvae reach 1-1/2 inches in length. The ridged, white, round eggs are usually laid singly on the underside of the outer leaves. The pupae are brown, about 3/4 inch long and wrapped in a delicate cocoon of white tangled threads.  
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* ''Downy Mildew'' - This disease, caused by a fungus, attacks both seedlings and mature vegetable plants. Infected plants develop a gray [[mold]] on the underside of the [[leaf]]. The leaf top first turns yellow and then brown. Eventually, the leaves wither and die, thus killing the plant.
  
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'''Diamondback Moth''' Diamondback moth larvae, despite their small size, can be very destructive to cole crops. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the undersides of lower leaves. Eggs are small, yellowish-white and somewhat football-shaped. Larvae are small, yellowish-green, spindle shaped, and have a forked tail. When mature, larvae are 5/16 inch in length. The pupae are found in a gauze-like cocoon attached to leaves or stems of the cabbage plant. The moth has a small, slender, grayish-brown body with folded wings.  
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* ''Alternia Leaf Spot'' - This fungus causes spots to form on the stems of seedlings, causing damping-off or stunting of the plant growth. Spots develop with concentric rings and eventually kill the leaves.
  
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'''Imported Cabbageworm''' The bullet-shaped eggs have distinct ridges and are initially white when laid but turn dark yellow as they mature. The larvae are velvety green with an narrow, light yellow stripe down the middle of the back and have four pairs of prolegs in addition to the three pairs of legs toward the head. When mature the larvae reach 1-1/4 inches in length. The pupae is greenish-brown in color and attached to the undersides of cabbage leaves. The adult is a white butterfly about 1-3/4 inches long tinged with yellow on the undersides of the wings and black spots-on the front wing. Imported cabbageworm cause similar damage as loopers, but feed closer to the center of the plant.
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* ''Black Rot'' - This [[bacteria]] affects all members of the ''cricifer family.'' In general, V shaped lesions appear on the leaf tips. As these lesions enlarge, they wilt the leaf tissue and can spread to the stems as well.
  
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'''Cross-Striped Cabbageworm''' When mature the larvae reach 3/4 inch in length. The larvae drop to the soil to pupate in a tight cocoon just below the soil surface. The scale-like eggs are light yellow and laid in masses of 20 to 30 on the undersides of the leaves. The moth is yellowish-brown to brown with dark zigzag markings and has a wingspan of about 1 inch. Because eggs are laid in clusters, individual plants scattered over a field may be infested with large numbers of cross striped cabbage worms. Larvae feed on all tender parts of the plant, but prefer terminal buds. Young leaves and buds are often riddled with holes.  
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* ''Black Leg'' - This fungus causes ash gray spots with tiny dots on the leaves and stems. The stems become girdled, wither and die.
  
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'''Flea Beetles''' Flea beetles are very small brown to black beetles that may have some yellow markings on their wing covers. The eggs are laid at the base of the plants. The white, brown-headed larva has three pairs of legs and is about 1/4 long when mature. Flea beetles over winter as adults in plant debris in and around the field. Flea beetles can cause serious damage to seedlings and small plants. Look for "shot-hole" damage on the leaves. Severe infestations may stunt or even kill young plants. These beetles will jump when disturbed. Larvae are found in the soil and attack roots, but it is the adult feeding that is usually the primary damage.  
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* ''Wirestem'' - This fungus affects the stem near the soil line, causing it to constrict and to rot.
  
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'''Cutworms''' Early detection of cutworm infestations means that controls can be applied before serious stand reduction occurs. Cutworms are recognized by their smooth skin, greasy gray color and "C-shaped" posture when disturbed. Eggs are laid by the night flying moths on grasses, weeds, and other host plants. Subterranean cutworms feed at night causing serious damage to stems and foliage of young plants, during the day they retreat to their underground burrows. Stalks of plants may be cut. The variegated cutworm climbs the plants to feed on foliage and the bud. It may be found feeding on the developing head after cupping. 
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* ''Viruses'' - The most common[[ virus]] affecting cole crops, including cabbage, is ''Turnip mosiac virus,', along with ''Cauliflower mosiac virus.'' Affected plants develop black spots, causing stunted plant growth. (CLEMSON EXTENSION SERVICE)
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'''Cabbage Aphids''' Aphids of any of several species present either dead or alive in sufficient numbers to reduce the marketability of cabbage. The pale-green cabbage aphid looks like other aphids but with a grayish waxy coat similar to cigarette ash. These aphids infest the undersides of leaves and suck sap. Infested plants may show signs of curling, wrinkling, or cupping of the leaves.
 
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'''Cabbage Maggots''' Eggs are deposited at the base of plants or crevices in the soil. The white, legless maggots feed or burrow into the roots and stems of the plant. They are blunt at the rear and pointed toward the head. The brown pupal cases are hard and egg-shaped. The adult is a dark-gray fly with smoky-gray wings, black legs, and three stripes on its back. by Ric Bessin, Extension Entomologist University of Kentucky www.ca.uky.edu Retreived March 16, 2007
 
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University of Kentucky College of Agriculture
 
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==Diseases==
 
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'''Damping Off'''
 
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This soil-bourn [[fungus]] commonly affects seeds and young transplants. Infected seeds decay in the soil, while young seedlings and transplants rot at the soil line.
 
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'''Downy Mildew'''
 
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This disease, caused by a [[fungus]] attacks both seedlings and mature vegetable plants. Infected plants develop a gray mold on the underside of the leaf. The leaf top first turns yellow and then brown. Eventually, the leaves wither and die, thus killing the plant.
 
−
 
 
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'''Alternia Leaf Spot'''
 
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This [[fungus]] causes spots to form on the stems of seedlings, causing damping-off or stunting of the plant growth. Spots develop with concentric rings and eventually kill the leaves.
 
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'''Black Rot'''
 
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This bacteria affects all members of the ''cricifer family''. In general, V shaped lesions appear on the leaf tips. As these lesions enlarge, they wilt the leaf tissue and can spread to the stems as well.
 
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'''Black Leg'''
 
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This [[fungus]] causes ash gray spots with tiny dots on the leaves and stems. The stems become girdled, wither and die.
 
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'''Wirestem'''
 
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This [[fungus]] affects the stem near the soil line, causing it to constrict and to rot.
 
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'''Viruses'''
 
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The most common[[ virus]] affecting cole crops, including cabbage is ''Turnip mosiac virus'' along with ''Cauliflower mosiac virus.'' Affected plants develop black spots, causing stunted plant growth.
 
  
 
==Uses==
 
==Uses==
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The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy head; more precisely, the spherical cluster of immature leaves, excluding the partially unfolded outer leaves. The so-called 'cabbage head' is widely consumed &mdash; raw, cooked, or preserved &mdash; in a great variety of dishes, and is thus a [[leaf vegetable]]. While raw cabbage can be eaten in hand, for most uses it is sliced into thin strips or shredded into salads or chopped, as in [[coleslaw]]. Cabbage is often prepared by boiling, usually as part of [[soup]]s or [[stew]]s such as the [[Central European cuisine|Central Europe]] and [[Eastern European cuisine|Eastern Europe]]an [[borscht]]. Boiling tenderizes the leaves, and releases [[sugar]]s, and develops a characteristic "cabbage" aroma. Indeed, boiled cabbage seems to have fallen out of favor in North America, possibly due to the strong smell released during the cooking, or to its reputation for promoting [[flatulence]]. Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of [[umami]], [[sugar]]s and [[dietary fiber]].
+
The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy head; more precisely, the spherical cluster of immature [[leaf|leaves]], excluding the partially unfolded outer leaves. The so-called 'cabbage head' is widely consumed&mdash;raw, cooked, or preserved&mdash;in a great variety of dishes, and is thus a leaf [[vegetable]].  
  
 +
While raw cabbage can be eaten in hand, for most uses it is sliced into thin strips or shredded and used in salads, or chopped as in [[coleslaw]].
  
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Cabbage is often consumed as the German [[sauerkraut]] and Korean [[kimchi]]. Finely sliced cabbage is mixed with salt and undergoes lactic acid fermentation. Sauerkraut was historically prepared at home, as a way of storing food for the winter; but like other canned and pickled foods is nowadays mainly an industrialized product. Cabbage is known to have been used in European folk medicine to treat acute inflammation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Helen M Woodman|title=Cabbage leaves are poor man's poultice|publisher=British Medical Journal|url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7412/451-c|accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref> A paste of raw cabbage may be placed in a cabbage leaf and wrapped around the affected area to reduce discomfort. It may also be effective in the relief of painfully engorged breasts in breastfeeding women.<ref>{{cite web|author=Alison Munns|title=Cabbage leaves can help inflammation of any body part|publisher=British Medical Journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7412/451-b|accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref>
+
Cabbage is often prepared by boiling, usually as part of [[soup]]s or [[stew]]s, such as the Central European and Eastern European [[borscht]]. Boiling tenderizes the leaves, releases [[sugar]]s, and develops a characteristic "cabbage" aroma. Boiled cabbage seems to have fallen out of favor in North America, possibly due to the strong smell released during the cooking, or to its reputation for promoting [[flatulence]]. Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of [[umami]], sugars, and [[dietary fiber]].  
  
−
==Varieties==
+
Cabbage is favored for pickling and is considered ''ts'ai,'' or suitable to go over rice. The pickled cabbage known as ''kim-chi'' or ''kim-chee'' is a staple throughout [[Korea]].
  
−
'''Red Cabbage'''  tastes like green cabbage. It is used as a garnish but can tend to bleed its color into other foods when cooked.
+
Cabbage is often consumed as the German [[sauerkraut]]. Finely sliced cabbage is mixed with salt and undergoes lactic acid fermentation. Sauerkraut was historically prepared at home, as a way of storing food for the winter; but like other canned and pickled foods is nowadays mainly an industrialized product.  
−
 
−
'''Savoy cabbage''' is like ordinary cabbage, but with a milder flavor.  
 
  
−
'''Green Cabbage''' is the standard cabbage grown commercially and available n grocery stores and from home gardens.  
+
Cabbage is fairly low in calories, a good source of many minerals (particularly [[potassium]], and relatively high in [[vitamin]]s A and C, but is also low in [[protein]] content (Bewick 1994). Green cultivars tend to be higher in vitamin A than red cabbage cultivars, while savoy types tend toward more vitamin A than smooth types (Bewick 1994).
  
−
'''Bok Choi''' is also known as Chineese cabbage, is milder than green or red and used in many oriental dishes.
+
Cabbage is known to have been used in European folk medicine to treat acute inflammation (Woodman 2003). A paste of raw cabbage may be placed in a cabbage leaf and wrapped around the affected area to reduce discomfort. It may also be effective in the relief of painfully engorged breasts in breastfeeding women (Munns 2003).
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references />
+
* Bewick, T. A. 1994. [http://www.geocities.com/habbage/cab.pdf Cabbage: Uses and production]. ''University of Florida: Florida Cooperative Extension Service'' Fact Sheet HS-712. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
−
 
+
* Doubrava, N., J. H. Blake, and J. Williamson. 2004. http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC2202.htm Cabbage, broccoli and other cole crop diseases]. ''Clemson extension, Home and Garden Information Center''. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
−
.<ref>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 199.</ref>
+
* Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2007. [http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx FAOSTAT]. ''FAO''. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
 +
* Munns, A. 2003. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7412/451-b Cabbage leaves can help inflammation of any body part]. ''British Medical Journal'' 327: 451. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
 +
* University of Illinois Extension. 2007. [http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/veggies/cabbage1.html Cabbage]. ''URBANEXT''. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
 +
* Woodman, H. M. 2003. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7412/451-c Cabbage leaves are poor man's poultice]. ''British Medical Journal'' 327: 451. Retrieved March 18, 1007. 
 +
* Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. 2000. ''Domestication of Plants in the Old World,'' third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198503571.
 +
* The Clemson University Extension Service {http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC2202.htm]. Clemson University: ''The Clemson University Extension Service'' Home & Garden Information Center HGIC-2002. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
* [http://growingtaste.com Cabbage for the home gardener]
+
All links retrieved November 24, 2023.
  
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* [http://www.garden.org National Gardening Association]
+
* [http://www.foodsubs.com/Cabbage.html#napa Varieties of cabbage].
 +
* [http://www.sauerkrautrecipes.com/ Sauerkraut recipes].
  
−
* [http://www.gardenweb.com iVillage.com Garden Site]
+
==Credits==
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* [http://www.gardenguides.com Garden Guides]
 
−
 
 
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* [http://www.hgtv.com HGTV]
 
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* [http://www.organicgardening.com/ Organic Gardening]
 
−
 
 
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* [http://www.foodsubs.com/Cabbage.html#napa Varieties of cabbage]
 
−
 
 
−
*  [http://korean.allfoodrecipe.com/kimchi.shtml Recipes for kimchi]
 
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*  [http://www.sauerkrautrecipes.com/ Sauerkraut recipes]
 
  
 
{{credit2|Cabbage|115582494|Brassica_oleracea|115285444}}
 
{{credit2|Cabbage|115582494|Brassica_oleracea|115285444}}
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
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[[Category:Plants]]
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[[Category:Food]]
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There are many food crops closely related to cabbage, including kale ''(a form of cabbage, Brassica oleracea Acephala Group),'' Brussels sprouts''(Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group),'' kohlrabi ''(Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group),'' broccoli ''(Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae),'' cauliflower ''(Botrytis Group, Brassica oleracea, family Brassicaceae),'' radishes ''(edible roots vegetable of the Brassicaceae family),'' turnips ''(Brassica rapa var. rapa),'' rutabagas ''(Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var. napobrassica)'', watercress ''(Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum, N. microphyllum, formerly Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, of the Family Brassicaceae)'', and mustard ''(Brassica juncea).''
 

Latest revision as of 21:18, 24 November 2023

Brassica oleracea
Wild Cabbage plants
Wild Cabbage plants
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Brassica
Species: B. oleracea
Binomial name
Brassica oleracea
L.

Cabbage is any of the various plants of the Capitata Group of the species Brassica oleracea of the mustard family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae), as well as the leafy head of these plants, which are popular food items. More generally, the term cabbage also has been used to include diverse horticultural forms developed from the wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, which belong to this same species, but are placed in distinct groups, such as kale (Acephala Group), cauliflower (Botrytis Group), brussels sprout (Gemmifera Group), and broccoli (Italica Group). These diverse forms of food plants were a product of human creativity, through artificial selection over the years.

The focus of this article will be "true cabbages" (Brassica oleracea, var. capitata).

Cabbage is a herbaceous, dicotyledonous flowering plant with leaves forming a characteristic compact cluster.

Brassica oleracea

The true cabbages (Brassica oleracea, Capitata group) are considered to be descended from the wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe. The tolerance of wild cabbage to salt and lime, but intolerance of competition from other plants, typically restricts its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs.

Wild B. olearacea is a tall biennial plant, forming a stout rosette of large leaves in the first year. The leaves are fleshier and thicker than those of other species of Brassica, adaptations to store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. In its second year, the stored nutrients are used to produce a flower spike 1–2 m tall bearing numerous yellow flowers.

Wild cabbage has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and more, some of which are hardly recognizable as being members of the same species. It is one of the most important human food crop plants. The cultivars of B. oleracea are grouped by developmental form into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural Wild Cabbage in appearance:

  • Brassica oleracea Acephala Group - kale and collard greens (borekale)
  • Brassica oleracea Alboglabra Group - kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
  • Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group - cauliflower (and Chou Romanesco)
  • Brassica oleracea Capitata Group - cabbage
  • Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group - Brussels sprouts
  • Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group - kohlrabi
  • Brassica oleracea Italica Group - broccoli

Origin and history

The original Brassica oleracea ancestor is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. Although wild B. oleracea is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years, its history as a domesticated plant is not certain before Greek and Roman times, when is known to be a well-established garden vegetable. (There is some evidence of cabbage use in the Shensi province in China dating back to 4,000 B.C.E.)

Theophrastus (c. 370— 285 B.C.E.) mentions three kinds of this species: a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type (Zohary and Hopf 2000). Both Cato ((234 B.C.E. – 149 B.C.E.) andPliny ((23 – 79 C.E.) extolled the virtues of cabbage. Cato believed it should be eaten raw with vinegar, a precursor to cole slaw. Pliny, in his work, Natural History, mentions cabbage under the classification "Materia Medica," focusing on its medicinal qualities when taken internally and when used as a poultice.

Soon after the first domestication of plants, ancestral "cabbage" was being grown as a leafy vegetable around the Mediterranean. Because the leaves were the part of the plant consumed, those plants with the largest leaves were selectively propagated for next year's crop.

It is believed that the continued preference for ever-larger leaves led to the vegetable we now know as kale (known botanically as Brassica oleracea, var. acephala ("headless cabbage.") Kale is, of course, still grown today. But eventually some developed a taste for those plants with a tight cluster of tender young leaves in the center of the plant, at the top of the stem, and that type, too, came to be selected. Over the centuries, that selecting led to what we think of as cabbages, which were probably a distinct type by as early as the first century C.E. Cabbage is Brassica oleracea, var. capitata, "headed cabbage.")

Cultivation

Cabbage garden in Shanghai, China.

Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups, early and late. The early varieties mature in about 50 days. They produce small heads that do not keep well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 80 days, and produces a larger head.

Cabbage is popular both for commercial production and for home gardens. Commercially, annual world production in 2005 was about 62 million metric tons of fresh heads from 2.8 million hectares. Top producing countries were: China, 34,100 million metric tons; India, 6,000 million metric tons; Russian Federation, 4,051 million metric tons; and Korea, 3,300 million metric tons. (FAO 2007)

For high production, the crop requires a cool, humid climate. The length of the total growing period varies between 90 (spring-sown) and 200 (autumn-sown) days, depending on climate, variety, and planting date, but for good production the growing period is about 120 to 140 days. Most varieties can withstand a short period of frost of -6°C, some down to -l0°C. Long periods (30 to 60 days) of -5°C are harmful. The plants with leaves smaller than 3 cm will survive long periods of low temperature; however, when the leaves are 5 to 7 cm, the plant will initiate a seed stalk and this leads to a poor quality yield. Optimum growth occurs at a mean daily temperature of about 17°C with daily mean maximum of 24°C and minimum of 10°C. Mean relative humidity should be in the range of 60 to 90 percent.

Generally, the heavier loam soils are more suited to cabbage production. Under high rainfall conditions, sandy or sandy loam soils are preferable because of improved drainage. The fertilizer requirements are high. Cabbage is moderately sensitive to soil salinity.

Row spacing is dependent on the size of heads required for markets, or between 0.3 and 0.5 m for heads of 1 to 1.5 kg each and 0.5 and 0.9 m for heads up to 3 kg each. An optimum production can be reached with a plant density in the range of 30,000 to 40,000 plants/ha. Planting can be by direct seeding with a seed rate of 3 kg/ha, or by transplanting from open field beds and from cold frames which are used to protect the crop from cold during germination and early plant development.

Cabbage is characterized by slow development during the first half of the growing period, which may be 50 days for early maturing and up to 100 for autumn-sown, late maturing varieties. During the following periods—yield formation and ripening periods—the plant doubles its weight approximately every 9 days over a total period of 50 days. In the beginning of the yield formation period, head formation starts, followed by a sudden decrease in the rate of leaf-unfolding. Eventually, leaf unfolding ceases completely, while leaf initiation continues. This results in the formation of a restrictive skin by the oldest folded leaves within which younger leaves continue to grow until the firm, mature head is produced during the ripening period of 10 to 20 days.

Depending on variety, the head can be pointed or round, green or red, smooth or crinkled. Crop rotation of at least three years is recommended to combat soil-borne diseases (FAO 2007).

In home production, cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Cabbage can be grown in a variety of climates and is frost tolerant, but the heads crack in excessive heat. Like all brassicae, early and late plantings do better than those maturing in the heat of the summer.

Cabbages keep well and were thus a common winter vegetable before refrigeration and long-distance shipping of produce.

Varieties

While there are many different varieties of cabbage, the most common are:

  • Green cabbage is the standard cabbage grown commercially, available in grocery stores and from home gardens.
  • Red cabbage tastes like green cabbage. When cooked it tends to bleed its color into other foods.
  • Savoy cabbage is similar to ordinary cabbage, but with a milder flavor.

Diseases

A few of the most common diseases that affect cabbage are listed below (Doubrava et al. 2004).

  • Damping Off - This soil-borne fungus commonly affects seeds and young transplants. Infected seeds decay in the soil, while young seedlings and transplants rot at the soil line.
  • Downy Mildew - This disease, caused by a fungus, attacks both seedlings and mature vegetable plants. Infected plants develop a gray mold on the underside of the leaf. The leaf top first turns yellow and then brown. Eventually, the leaves wither and die, thus killing the plant.
  • Alternia Leaf Spot - This fungus causes spots to form on the stems of seedlings, causing damping-off or stunting of the plant growth. Spots develop with concentric rings and eventually kill the leaves.
  • Black Rot - This bacteria affects all members of the cricifer family. In general, V shaped lesions appear on the leaf tips. As these lesions enlarge, they wilt the leaf tissue and can spread to the stems as well.
  • Black Leg - This fungus causes ash gray spots with tiny dots on the leaves and stems. The stems become girdled, wither and die.
  • Wirestem - This fungus affects the stem near the soil line, causing it to constrict and to rot.
  • Viruses - The most commonvirus affecting cole crops, including cabbage, is Turnip mosiac virus,', along with Cauliflower mosiac virus. Affected plants develop black spots, causing stunted plant growth. (CLEMSON EXTENSION SERVICE)

Uses

The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy head; more precisely, the spherical cluster of immature leaves, excluding the partially unfolded outer leaves. The so-called 'cabbage head' is widely consumed—raw, cooked, or preserved—in a great variety of dishes, and is thus a leaf vegetable.

While raw cabbage can be eaten in hand, for most uses it is sliced into thin strips or shredded and used in salads, or chopped as in coleslaw.

Cabbage is often prepared by boiling, usually as part of soups or stews, such as the Central European and Eastern European borscht. Boiling tenderizes the leaves, releases sugars, and develops a characteristic "cabbage" aroma. Boiled cabbage seems to have fallen out of favor in North America, possibly due to the strong smell released during the cooking, or to its reputation for promoting flatulence. Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of umami, sugars, and dietary fiber.

Cabbage is favored for pickling and is considered ts'ai, or suitable to go over rice. The pickled cabbage known as kim-chi or kim-chee is a staple throughout Korea.

Cabbage is often consumed as the German sauerkraut. Finely sliced cabbage is mixed with salt and undergoes lactic acid fermentation. Sauerkraut was historically prepared at home, as a way of storing food for the winter; but like other canned and pickled foods is nowadays mainly an industrialized product.

Cabbage is fairly low in calories, a good source of many minerals (particularly potassium, and relatively high in vitamins A and C, but is also low in protein content (Bewick 1994). Green cultivars tend to be higher in vitamin A than red cabbage cultivars, while savoy types tend toward more vitamin A than smooth types (Bewick 1994).

Cabbage is known to have been used in European folk medicine to treat acute inflammation (Woodman 2003). A paste of raw cabbage may be placed in a cabbage leaf and wrapped around the affected area to reduce discomfort. It may also be effective in the relief of painfully engorged breasts in breastfeeding women (Munns 2003).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

All links retrieved November 24, 2023.

Credits

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