Difference between revisions of "Buyeo (state)" - New World Encyclopedia

History of Manchuria
	Not based on timeline
	Early tribes
	Gojoseon
	Yan (state) \| Gija Joseon
	Han Dynasty \| Xiongnu
	Donghu \| Wiman Joseon
	Wuhuan \| Sushen \| Buyeo
	Xianbei \| Goguryeo
	Cao Wei
	Jin Dynasty (265-420)
	Yuwen
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History of Korea
	Jeulmun Period ; Mumun Period ; Gojoseon, Jin ; Proto-Three Kingdoms: ; Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye ; Samhan ; Ma, Byeon, Jin ; Three Kingdoms: ; Goguryeo ; Sui wars ; Baekje ; Silla, Gaya ; North-South States: ; Unified Silla ; Balhae ; Later Three Kingdoms ; Goryeo ; Khitan wars ; Mongol invasions ; Joseon ; Japanese invasions ; Manchu invasions ; Korean Empire ; Japanese occupation ; Provisional Gov't ; Division of Korea ; Korean War ; North Korea ; South Korea ; List of monarchs

Revision as of 14:37, 1 August 2007

Buyeo (state)
Korean name
Hangul:	부여
Hanja:	夫餘
McCune-Reischauer:	Puyŏ
Revised Romanization:	Buyeo
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese:	夫餘
Simplified Chinese:	夫餘
Hanyu Pinyin:	Fūyú
Wade-Giles:	Fuyu

Buyeo, Puyo, or Fuyu (Chinese: 夫余) was an ancient kingdom located in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria, from about the 2nd century B.C.E. to 494. Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves its successor.

Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is thought that in 86 B.C.E., Dongbuyeo (East Buyeo) branched out, after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo (North Buyeo). Jolbon buyeo was a continuation of Bukbuyeo under a changed state name. In 538, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (South Buyeo).

"Buyeo" may also refer to a Baekje surname or Buyeo County in South Korea.

History

Origins

In 426 B.C.E., during the 36th year of the reign of Gojoseon's 43rd Dangun (ruler) Mulli, Gojoseon was faced with the uprising of General Wu Hwa-Chung, a bandit leader. Mulli Dangun did not know how to deal with this crisis, as all he did throughout his reign was hunting and enjoying his immense wealth and power. Gojoseon during the reign of Mulli Dangun had lost much of its former glory and was beginning the cycle of decay. Mulli Dangun was eventually killed in battle, and with the throne empty, Gumul, who was governor of Baek-Min Seong, was ordered by the Ohga to defeat Wu Hwa-Chung, who had already taken control of Jang-Dang Seong, the capital of Gojoseon at the time. With reinforcements from 18 fortresses, Gumul led an army of ten thousand and defeated Wu Hwa-Chung. After seeing victory, Gumul was named Dangun of Gojoseon in 425 B.C.E. by the Ohga. Gumul respectively continued the lineage of the first Dangun, but changed the state name to "Great Buyeo." Decades later, long after the death of Gumul Dangun, Gojoseon's final Dangun, Goyeolga abdicated from the throne, and left the empire in the hands of the Ohga. Many of Gojoseon's generals saw this as a chance to build their own empires and left Gojoseon to start rebellions. Some generals remained loyal to the empire, and among these generals was the young General Hae-Mosu. Hae-Mosu fought for Gojoseon and pacified numerous rebellions, but in the end, Hae-Mosu saw that Gojoseon was an empire with no head. Hae-Mosu secretly began to build a palace at Baek-Ak Mountain Fortress, which was a former capital of Gojoseon. Hae-Mosu then brought the Ohga to his new palace and they proclaimed him "Dangun." Hae-Mosu called his new kingdom "Bukbuyeo" to show that he was the true successor to the Danguns of Great Buyeo, and the Danguns of Gojoseon before them.

Dongbuyeo

According to the Samguk Sagi and other accounts, the kingdom of Dongbuyeo (86 B.C.E. - 22 C.E.) developed to the east of Bukbuyeo, near the land of Okjeo.

When Bukbuyeo's 4th Dangun Go Uru of Bukbuyeo died, his brother Hae Buru succeded him and became the 5th Dangun of Bukbuyeo until he got into political and military conflicts with Go Dumak, who was a member of the royal family. A power struggle occurred and resulted in the victory of Go Dumak and the fleeing of Hae Buru to Gaseopwon, where he established Dongbuyeo. Haeburu submitted to Bukbuyeo to avoid conflicts with the kingdom and its 5th Dangun, Go Dumak of Bukbuyeo.

According to the Samguk Sagi, Hae Buru found a golden frog-like child under a large rock. Hae Buru named the child Geumwa, meaning golden frog, and later made him crown prince.

Geumwa became king after Hae Buru's death. Geumwa met Yuhwa, the daughter of Habaek, and brought her back to his palace. She was impregnated by sunlight and laid an egg, from which hatched Jumong. Geumwa's seven sons resented Jumong, and although Geumwa tried to protect him, Jumong ran away to Jolbon Buyeo, where he later established Goguryeo.

Geumwa's eldest son Daeso became the next king. Daeso attacked Goguryeo during the reign of its second king, Yuri Taewang. Goguryeo's third king Daemusin Taewang attacked Dongbuyeo and killed Daeso. After internal strife, Dongbuyeo fell, and its territory was absorbed into Goguryeo.

Dongbuyeo was briefly revived by a small state established around 285 by refugees of Buyeo. This state was conquered by Gwanggaeto Taewang of Goguryeo. According to the Gwanggaeto stele, Dongbuyeo was a tributary of Goguryeo. Although the chronology is inconsistent with the Samguk Sagi, one legend says Wutae, the father of the Baekje king Onjo and his older brother Biryu, was a son of Hae Buru.

Jolbon Buyeo

Some Korean records name a “Jolbon Buyeo” (卒本夫餘, 졸본부여), apparently referring to the incipient Goguryeo or its capital city. Jolbon Buyeo was a continuation of Bukbuyeo during the reign of its 5th Dangun King Dongmyeong. After the death of King Dongmyeong in 60 B.C.E., Go Museo Dangun rose to the throne to become the 6th Dangun of Bukbuyeo. After ruling for two years, Go Museo gave Jolbon Buyeo to King Chumo, who was a direct descendant of Bukbuyeo's founder Haemosu.

Go Museo Dangun gave his second daughter So Seo-No to Jumong in marriage and also abdicated in favor of the latter. In 37 B.C.E., Jumong became the 7th Dangun of Buyeo, but there were some tribes that rebelled against Jumong. Jumong united all of the rebellious tribes and changed the state name to Goguryeo in 58 B.C.E. Goguryeo under Jumong went on to unite all of Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and Haeng-In Guk, regaining most of Gojoseon's former territories.

Under attack

At the end of Eastern Han, Gongsun Du, a Chinese warlord in Liaodong, supported Buyeo to counter Xianbei in the north and Goguryeo in the east. After destroying the Gongsun family, the Kingdom of Wei sent Wuqiu Jian to attack Goguryeo. A squad of the third expeditionary force led by the Governor of the Xuantu commandery was welcomed by Buyeo. It brought detailed information of the kingdom to China.^{[citation needed]}

Since then, Buyeo was torn between big powers, and ravaged during the waves of movement of northern nomadic peoples into China.^{[citation needed]} In 285 the Murong tribe of the Xianbei, led by Murong Hui, invaded Buyeo, pushing King Yilü (依慮) to suicide, and forcing the relocation of the court to Okjeo. Considering its friendly relationship with Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu helped King Yiluo (依羅) revive Buyeo. ^{[citation needed]}

Goguryeo's attack sometime before 347 caused further decline. Having lost its stronghold near Harbin, Buyeo moved southwestward to Nong'an. Around 347, Buyeo was attacked by Murong Huang of the Former Yan, and King Xuan (玄) was captured.

Fall

A remnant of Buyeo seems to have lingered around Harbin under the influence of Goguryeo. Buyeo paid tribute once to Northern Wei in 457, but otherwise seems to have been controlled by Goguryeo. Goguryeo and Buyeo were under attack by the rising Wuji (Mohe, 勿吉, 물길) in 494 and the Buyeo court moved into Goguryeo.

Culture

The Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied the vastest plain in Manchuria. Their manners a nd customs were mostly recorded in Sanguo Zhi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms). They already maintained a complex social structure and named official titled after animals. ^{[citation needed]}

Language

The Buyeo (Puyŏ, Fuyu) languages are a hypothetical language family that would relate the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje with the Japonic languages, and possibly place them together as a family under the hypothetical Altaic family.

The Buyeo language itself is unknown except for a small number of words, but thought to have been similar to languages of Gojoseon, Goguryeo and East Okjeo.

Legacy

In the 1930's, Chinese historian Jin Yufu developed a linear model of descent for the people of Manchuria and northern Korea, from the kingdoms of Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje, to the present Korean nationality. Later historians of Northeast China built upon this influential model. [1]

Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves successors of Buyeo. King Onjo, the founder of Baekje, is said to have been a son of King Dongmyeongseong, founder of Goguryeo. Baekje officially changed its name to Nambuyeo (남부여, 南夫餘 "South Buyeo") in 538.

External links

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