African Great Lakes
The Great Lakes of Africa are a series of lakes in and around the Great Rift Valley. They include Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world in terms of surface area, and Lake Tanganyika, the world's second largest in volume as well as the second deepest. Despite their beauty, the Great Lakes also rank as one of the world's most endangered water systems.
The term "Great Lakes" is in the African context a rather loose one. Unlike their American counterparts, the three largest lakes have a host of nearby middle-sized and small lakes, though the small ones would be considered very substantial in many countries of the world. There is no accepted size criterion for "Great Lake."
Contrary to early European explorers' assumptions that one lake was the source of the Nile, it is now accepted that glaciers in the Ruwezori Mountains and more than one lake and river feed the Nile's waters. Burundi claims to be the site of the springs that flow into the Kagera River, the largest of the several rivers that feed into Lake Victoria before the water exits the lake at Ripon Falls as the Victoria Nile. But a smaller system of rivers drains the Virungas and Ruwenzori mountains and the land between them and empties into Lake Albert, where the water joins with the Victoria Nile and then flows north as the White Nile.
The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of great biodiversity; 10 percent of the world's fish species are found there. Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi hold a quarter of the planet's freshwater supply.
Geography
The lakes are divided between three different catchments (river basins), and a number have no exit. The following, in order of size from largest down, are included on most lists of the African Great Lakes:
- Lake Victoria
- Lake Tanganyika
- Lake Malawi
- Lake Turkana
- Lake Albert
- Lake Edward
- Lake Kivu
Some call only Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, and Lake Edward the Great Lakes as they are the only three that empty into the White Nile, which feeds into the Nile River. (Lake Kyoga is part of the Great Lakes system but is not itself considered a Great Lake, on size grounds. Lake Tanganyika and Lake Kivu both empty into the Congo River system, while Lake Malawi is drained by the Shire River into the Zambezi. Lake Turkana has no outlet.
Two other lakes close to Lake Tanganyika do not appear on the lists despite being larger than Edward and Kivu: Lake Rukwa and Lake Mweru. Because the term is a loose one, it is often preferable to use other categorizations such as 'African Rift Valley Lakes' or 'East African Lakes'.
The lakes of the Western, or Albertine, Rift, together with Lake Victoria, include the largest, deepest, and oldest of the Rift Valley lakes.
- Lake Albert (5,300 square kilometers; elevation 615 meters) is the northernmost lake in the Western Rift
- Lake Edward (2,325 square kilometers; elevation 912 meters) drains north into Lake Albert
- Lake Kivu (2,220 square kilometers; elevation 1,460 meters) empties into Lake Tanganyika via the Ruzizi River
- Lake Tanganyika (32,000 square kilometers; elevation 773 meters) is the largest and deepest of the Rift Valley lakes (more than 1,400 meters), and is thought to be the second-oldest lake on the planet (after Lake Baikal); part of the Congo River basin, it feeds into it via the Lukuga River
Climate
The highlands are relatively cool, with average temperatures in the mid 60s (Fahrenheit) and abundant rainfall. Major drainage basins include those of the Congo- Zaire, Nile, and Zambezi rivers, which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean, respectively.
Forests are dominant in the lowlands of the Congo-Zaire Basin, while grasslands and savannas are most common in the southern and eastern highlands. Temperatures in the lowlands average a hot mid 90s (Fahrenheit).
A short rainy season in October is followed by a longer one from April to May.
Flora and fauna
The Western Rift Valley lakes are freshwater and home to an extraordinary number of endemic species. Approximately 1,500 cichlid fish species live in the lakes, as well as other fish families. (Cichlids are perch-like fishes that occur only in tropical and subtropical freshwaters. The family contains more species than any other fish family.) The lakes are also important habitats for a number of amphibian species. reptiles include crocodiles. Mammals: elephant, gorilla, hippos.
Vegetation ranges from rainforest to savanna grasses. In some lakes, rapidly growing invasive plants, like the surface-choking water hyacinth and shore-clogging papyrus, are problems. Water hyacinth have thus far only affected Lake Victoria.
Geology
Until 12 million years ago, the bountiful waters of the equatorial plateau either flowed west into the Congo River system or east to the Indian Ocean. Creation of the Great Rift Valley changed that. The basins that resulted from the geological uplifts filled with water that now flowed north.
Lake Victoria is not actually within the Rift Valley; it occupies a depression between the Eastern and Western Rifts, formed by the uplift of the rifts to either side.
Great Lakes region
The term Great Lake region is likewise somewhat loose. It is used in a narrow sense for the area lying between northern Lake Tanganyika, western Lake Victoria, and lakes Kivu, Edward and Albert. This comprises Burundi, Rwanda, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, and northwestern Kenya and Tanzania. It is used in a wider sense to extend to all of Kenya and Tanzania, but not usually as far south as Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique nor as far north as Ethiopia, though these four countries border one of the Great Lakes.
An estimated 107 million people live in the Great Lakes region. The area described in the narrow sense above is one of the most densely populated areas of Africa. Because of past volcanic activity, this area contains some of Africa's best farmland. Its altitude gives it a sub-tropical climate despite being right on the equator, becoming temperate in the mountains. This makes tropical diseases of humans and livestock, such as trypanosomiasis, less prevalent, so that, for instance, cattle and other susceptible animals thrive. These factors encouraged the growth of human population.
This increased population is now competing for the habitat used by many endangered species, including the mountain gorilla and the forest elephant. Governments in the region are attempting to lessen the impact through integrated conservation and development projects.
Because of the density of population and the agricultural surplus in the region, the area became highly organized into a number of small states. The most powerful of these monarchies were Rwanda, Burundi, Buganda, and Bunyoro. Unusually for sub-Saharan Africa, the traditional borders were largely maintained by the colonial powers.
Being the much-sought-after source of the Nile River, the region had long been of interest to Europeans. The first to arrive in the region in any numbers were missionaries, who had limited success in converting the locals but did open the region to later colonization. The increased contact with the rest of the world led to a series of devastating epidemics affecting both humans and livestock. These decreased the region's population dramatically, by up to 60 percent in some areas. The region did not return to its precolonial population until the 1950s.
While seen as a region with great potential after independence, the region has in recent decades been marred by civil war and conflict, from which only Kenya and Tanzania have largely escaped. The worst affected areas have been left in great poverty.
Four of the countries in the region—the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda—have created a joint commission to facilitate cooperation and resolve conflict in the Great Lakes, with particular attention to the problem of armed groups operating in eastern Congo. One group, the so-called "rasta" rebels, is made up largely of former Rwandan rebels who have been active in the remote mountains and forests of the eastern DRC since the Hutu-led genocide of minority Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
More than 3.5 million people have died as a result of conflict in the eastern DRC. Although conditions have improved, there are continuing incidents of violence in the area and the situation remains volatile. In 2007, the DRC agreed to step up its offensive against the rebels but ruled out intervention by foreign troops.
Burundi, Rwanda, and the DRC have also relaunched the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL), which was created in 1976 but has been inactive because of strife in the region. The organization will permit the free movement of people and goods, and there are plans to create a regional bank and an institute for agricultural research.
Economy
Demographics
Since 1998, regional armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has resulted in an estimated 4 million deaths due to fighting, disease, and malnutrition, and caused the displacement of more than 3 million residents. The 1999 Lusaka Peace Accords laid the foundation for the formation of a transitional government, the adoption of a new constitution, and national and local elections. Armed groups continue, however, to create areas of insecurity in the eastern area.
Due to the effects of conflict and continued insecurity, nearly 1.1 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as 2.2 million former IDPs and refugees returning to their areas of origin, continue to require emergency assistance, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Poverty is widespread, and the health care system has eroded due to a lack of resources and looting. Throughout eastern DRC, insecurity hinders access to agricultural land and traditional markets.
Sources and further reading
- Jean-Pierre Chrétien. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History trans Scott Straus
- Pavitt, Nigel. 2001. Africa's Great Rift Valley. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810906023
- East Africa. 1986. Amsterdam: Time Life Books. ISBN 0809453193
- Holmes, Martha, Gavin Maxwell, and Tim Scoones. 2004. Nile. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0563487135
- [1] "Cichlids of the Great Lakes." Friends of the National Zoo
- [2] United Nations Environment Programme
- [3] ReliefWeb
- [4] International Association for Great Lakes Research
- [5]PBS
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