Difference between revisions of "Ensifera" - New World Encyclopedia
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**[[Tettigoniidae]] - katydids, koringkrieks | **[[Tettigoniidae]] - katydids, koringkrieks | ||
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− | '''Ensifera''' is a suborder of the order [[Orthoptera]], comprising "long-horned" orthopterans commonly known as '''[[Cricket (insect)|cricket]]s''', '''[[Tettigoniidae|katydids]]''' (or [[Tettigoniidae|bush crickets]]) and '''[[weta]]''', and characterized in extant members by long, fine, and threadlike antennae that have well over 30 segments and can reach several times the body length. "Ensifer" means "sword bearer" in [[Latin]], and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like [[ovipositor]] of the females, although several taxa have a reduced or absent ovipositor. There are more than | + | '''Ensifera''' is a suborder of the order [[Orthoptera]], comprising "long-horned" orthopterans commonly known as '''[[Cricket (insect)|cricket]]s''', '''[[Tettigoniidae|katydids]]''' (or [[Tettigoniidae|bush crickets]]) and '''[[weta]]''', and characterized in extant members by long, fine, and threadlike antennae that have well over 30 segments and can reach several times the body length. "Ensifer" means "sword bearer" in [[Latin]], and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like [[ovipositor]] of the females, although several taxa have a reduced or absent ovipositor. There are more than 11,000 described species in Ensifera. |
Members of Ensifera are sometimes collectively known as "[[grasshopper|long-horned grasshopper]]s" although this designation often is limited to members of the family [[Tettigoniidae]] (the katydids, also called bush crickets in some countries) and not the crickets or weta. More commonly, the designation [[grasshopper]] itself refers to members of the orthopteran suborder Caelifera, also known as "short-horned grasshoppers." | Members of Ensifera are sometimes collectively known as "[[grasshopper|long-horned grasshopper]]s" although this designation often is limited to members of the family [[Tettigoniidae]] (the katydids, also called bush crickets in some countries) and not the crickets or weta. More commonly, the designation [[grasshopper]] itself refers to members of the orthopteran suborder Caelifera, also known as "short-horned grasshoppers." | ||
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As members of the insect order [[Orthoptera]], ensiferans are characterized by chewing/biting mouthparts, [[metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]] (hemimetabolism), strong hind limbs for leaping, and two pairs of wings that are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous and folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. | As members of the insect order [[Orthoptera]], ensiferans are characterized by chewing/biting mouthparts, [[metamorphosis|incomplete metamorphosis]] (hemimetabolism), strong hind limbs for leaping, and two pairs of wings that are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous and folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. | ||
− | Orthoptera includes two suborders, Caelifera (short-horned grasshoppers and locusts) and Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and weta). The Ensifera are typified by antennae longer than the body, while the Caelifera have antennae shorter than the body. Characteristics of Ensifera include fine and threadlike antennae with well over 30 segments (except the fossorial Cooloolidae), a sword-like or needle-like six-valved ovipositor (when present), and elongate mandibles with a prominent incisor (Gwynne and Desutter 1996). In singing families, there are stidulatory specializations of the forewings to make sounds and the auditory organs (when present) linked via modified tracheae to the enlarged mesothoracic spiracles. Members of both Caelifera and Ensifera are primarily herbivorous species, but Ensifera includes a few carnivorous species. | + | Orthoptera includes two suborders, Caelifera (short-horned grasshoppers and locusts) and Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and weta). The Ensifera, sometimes collectively known as "long-horned grasshoppers" (Naskrecki 2004), are typified by antennae longer than the body, while the Caelifera have antennae shorter than the body. Characteristics of Ensifera include fine and threadlike antennae with well over 30 segments (except the fossorial Cooloolidae), a sword-like or needle-like six-valved ovipositor (when present), and elongate mandibles with a prominent incisor (Gwynne and Desutter 1996). In singing families, there are stidulatory specializations of the forewings to make sounds and the auditory organs (when present) linked via modified tracheae to the enlarged mesothoracic spiracles. Members of both Caelifera and Ensifera are primarily herbivorous species, but Ensifera includes a few carnivorous species. |
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+ | Auditory organs are on the abdomen, unlike on the forelegs of the family Tettigoniidae. The true grasshoppers produce sounds by rubbing their legs against the abdomen, and there may also be a visual display. | ||
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+ | The males of katydids have sound-producing organs (via stridulation) located on the hind angles of their front wings, | ||
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+ | ==Behavior and reproduction== | ||
Behaviorally, members of Ensifera tend to be largely nocturnal (versus the more diurnal Caelifera) | Behaviorally, members of Ensifera tend to be largely nocturnal (versus the more diurnal Caelifera) | ||
Diurnal activity is prevalent in the short-horned grasshoppers, when they feed and mate, with nighttime activities including molting and egg laying (Grizmek et al. 2004). This is in contrast to katydids and crickets, which tend to be nocturnal (Grzimek et al. 2004). | Diurnal activity is prevalent in the short-horned grasshoppers, when they feed and mate, with nighttime activities including molting and egg laying (Grizmek et al. 2004). This is in contrast to katydids and crickets, which tend to be nocturnal (Grzimek et al. 2004). | ||
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+ | ==Classification== | ||
+ | The taxonomy of the suborder Ensifera is not settled. Naskrecki (2004) recognized 11,000 described species placed in approximately 1,900 genera, 21 families, and 6 superfamilies. The largest subfamily was Tettigonioidea, comprising the kaydids (or bush-crickets), with over 7,000 known species and placed in 1,000 genera. Naskrecki also recognized the supefamilies Grylloidea (crickets), with over 3,500 species and 500 genera, Stenopelmatoidea (Jerusalem and camel crickets), ** | ||
The classification of the suborder was drastically revised in December 2005 by the [[Orthopterists' Society]]. | The classification of the suborder was drastically revised in December 2005 by the [[Orthopterists' Society]]. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
− | * | + | * Naskrecki, P. 2004. Orthoptera. In B. Grzimek, D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade, ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657883. |
* Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris. 2002. [http://tolweb.org/Tettigoniidae/13298/2002.11.26 Tettigoniidae. Katydids, Long-horned grasshoppers and bushcrickets]. ''Tree of Life Web Project'' Version 26 November 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2008. | * Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris. 2002. [http://tolweb.org/Tettigoniidae/13298/2002.11.26 Tettigoniidae. Katydids, Long-horned grasshoppers and bushcrickets]. ''Tree of Life Web Project'' Version 26 November 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2008. |
Revision as of 16:14, 15 November 2008
Ensifera
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Ensifera is a suborder of the order Orthoptera, comprising "long-horned" orthopterans commonly known as crickets, katydids (or bush crickets) and weta, and characterized in extant members by long, fine, and threadlike antennae that have well over 30 segments and can reach several times the body length. "Ensifer" means "sword bearer" in Latin, and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females, although several taxa have a reduced or absent ovipositor. There are more than 11,000 described species in Ensifera.
Members of Ensifera are sometimes collectively known as "long-horned grasshoppers" although this designation often is limited to members of the family Tettigoniidae (the katydids, also called bush crickets in some countries) and not the crickets or weta. More commonly, the designation grasshopper itself refers to members of the orthopteran suborder Caelifera, also known as "short-horned grasshoppers."
Ensiderans are particularly well known as singing insects, with the males calling mates via stridulation, either involving rubbing together portions of their forewings (katydids and crickets) or a femur-abdominal mechanism (some weta).
Overview and description
As members of the insect order Orthoptera, ensiferans are characterized by chewing/biting mouthparts, incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolism), strong hind limbs for leaping, and two pairs of wings that are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous and folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest.
Orthoptera includes two suborders, Caelifera (short-horned grasshoppers and locusts) and Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and weta). The Ensifera, sometimes collectively known as "long-horned grasshoppers" (Naskrecki 2004), are typified by antennae longer than the body, while the Caelifera have antennae shorter than the body. Characteristics of Ensifera include fine and threadlike antennae with well over 30 segments (except the fossorial Cooloolidae), a sword-like or needle-like six-valved ovipositor (when present), and elongate mandibles with a prominent incisor (Gwynne and Desutter 1996). In singing families, there are stidulatory specializations of the forewings to make sounds and the auditory organs (when present) linked via modified tracheae to the enlarged mesothoracic spiracles. Members of both Caelifera and Ensifera are primarily herbivorous species, but Ensifera includes a few carnivorous species.
Auditory organs are on the abdomen, unlike on the forelegs of the family Tettigoniidae. The true grasshoppers produce sounds by rubbing their legs against the abdomen, and there may also be a visual display.
The males of katydids have sound-producing organs (via stridulation) located on the hind angles of their front wings,
Behavior and reproduction
Behaviorally, members of Ensifera tend to be largely nocturnal (versus the more diurnal Caelifera)
Diurnal activity is prevalent in the short-horned grasshoppers, when they feed and mate, with nighttime activities including molting and egg laying (Grizmek et al. 2004). This is in contrast to katydids and crickets, which tend to be nocturnal (Grzimek et al. 2004).
Classification
The taxonomy of the suborder Ensifera is not settled. Naskrecki (2004) recognized 11,000 described species placed in approximately 1,900 genera, 21 families, and 6 superfamilies. The largest subfamily was Tettigonioidea, comprising the kaydids (or bush-crickets), with over 7,000 known species and placed in 1,000 genera. Naskrecki also recognized the supefamilies Grylloidea (crickets), with over 3,500 species and 500 genera, Stenopelmatoidea (Jerusalem and camel crickets), **
The classification of the suborder was drastically revised in December 2005 by the Orthopterists' Society.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Naskrecki, P. 2004. Orthoptera. In B. Grzimek, D. G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M. C. McDade, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657883.
- Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris. 2002. Tettigoniidae. Katydids, Long-horned grasshoppers and bushcrickets. Tree of Life Web Project Version 26 November 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- Gwynne, D. T. and L. DeSutter. 1996. Ensifera. Crickets, katydids and weta. Tree of Life Web Project Version 01 January 1996. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- Gwynne, D. T., L. DeSutter, P. Flook, and H. Rowell. 1996. Orthoptera. Crickets, kaytdids, grasshoppers, etc.. Tree of Life Web Project Version 01 January 1996. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
External links
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