Difference between revisions of "Paul-Henri Spaak" - New World Encyclopedia
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|death_place =[[Braine-l'Alleud]], [[Belgium]] | |death_place =[[Braine-l'Alleud]], [[Belgium]] | ||
|religion = | |religion = | ||
| − | |spouse =Marguerite Malevez<br>Simone Dear | + | |spouse =Marguerite Malevez<br/>Simone Dear |
|party = [[Belgian Socialist Party]] | |party = [[Belgian Socialist Party]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Paul Henri Charles Spaak''' (25 January 1899 - 31 July 1972) was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Socialist]] [[politician]] and [[statesman]]. | + | '''Paul Henri Charles Spaak''' (25 January 1899 - 31 July 1972) was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Socialist]] [[politician]] and [[statesman]]. He became a member of [[parliament]] in 1932 and a member of the cabinet in 1935. He served three times as Foreign Minister (1938-1939, 1939-49 and 1954-1958) interspersed with three terms as Prime Minister, 1938-1939, in March 1946 and from 1947-1949. Internationally, he served as the first President of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], President of the President of the [[Council of Europe]]'s Parliamentary Assembly (1949-51), President of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (1961), Secretary-General of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (1957) and was instrumental in making Brussels the Alliances headquarters. His commitment to [[Europe|European]] integration and co-operation in the post-[[World War II]] space earned him wide respect and the name "Mr. Europe." In he was honored by the [[United States]] with the Medal of Freedom |
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==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
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During [[World War I]], Spaak lied about his age to be accepted in the Army; he subsequently spent two years as a German prisoner of war. | During [[World War I]], Spaak lied about his age to be accepted in the Army; he subsequently spent two years as a German prisoner of war. | ||
| − | Spaak studied law at the [[Free University of Brussels]] (now split into the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]] and the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]). | + | Spaak studied [[law]] at the [[Free University of Brussels]] (now split into the [[Université Libre de Bruxelles]] and the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]). |
== Belgian politics == | == Belgian politics == | ||
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He again was foreign minister from April 1954 to June 1958 in the cabinet of [[Achille Van Acker]] and from April 1961 to March 1966 in the cabinets of [[Théo Lefèvre]] and [[Pierre Harmel]]. | He again was foreign minister from April 1954 to June 1958 in the cabinet of [[Achille Van Acker]] and from April 1961 to March 1966 in the cabinets of [[Théo Lefèvre]] and [[Pierre Harmel]]. | ||
| − | Spaak was an advocate of Belgium's "independence policy" before World War II. | + | Spaak was an advocate of Belgium's "independence policy" before World War II. During the German invasion in May 1940, he fled to France and tried to return during the summer but was prevented by the Germans, even he was Foreign Minister as the time. Against his wishes he settled in Britain until the war ended when he became Foreign Minister again "from the Liberation until the middle of 1949."<ref>Lipgens, page 330.</ref> |
== UN== | == UN== | ||
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Spaak became a staunch supporter of regional co-operation and collective security after 1944. While still in exile in [[London]], he promoted the creation of a customs union uniting [[Belgium]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]] (see [[Benelux]]). In August 1946, he was elected chairman of the first session of the consultative Assembly of the [[Council of Europe]]. From 1952 to 1953, he presided the General Assembly of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]]. | Spaak became a staunch supporter of regional co-operation and collective security after 1944. While still in exile in [[London]], he promoted the creation of a customs union uniting [[Belgium]], [[The Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]] (see [[Benelux]]). In August 1946, he was elected chairman of the first session of the consultative Assembly of the [[Council of Europe]]. From 1952 to 1953, he presided the General Assembly of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]]. | ||
| − | In 1955, the [[Messina Conference]] of European leaders appointed him as chairman of a preparatory committee ([[Spaak Committee]]) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market. The so-called "…[[Spaak Report]] | + | In 1955, the [[Messina Conference]] of European leaders appointed him as chairman of a preparatory committee ([[Spaak Committee]]) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market.<ref>Knapp, page 424.</ref> The so-called "…[[Spaak Report]] formed the cornerstone of the [[Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom]] at [[Castle of the Valley of the Duchess|Val Duchesse]] in 1956 and led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the [[Treaties of Rome]] establishing a [[European Economic Community]] and the [[European Atomic Energy Community]] (Euratom). Paul-Henri Spaak signed the treaty for Belgium, together with [[Jean Charles Snoy et d'Oppuers]]. His role in the creation of the EEC earned Spaak a place among the Founding fathers of the European Union. |
==NATO== | ==NATO== | ||
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In 1956, he was chosen by the Council of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] to succeed [[Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Lord Ismay]] as Secretary General. He held this office from 1957 until 1961, when he was succeeded by [[Dirk Stikker]]. Spaak was also instrumental in the choice of Brussels as the new seat of the Alliance's HQ in 1966. | In 1956, he was chosen by the Council of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] to succeed [[Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Lord Ismay]] as Secretary General. He held this office from 1957 until 1961, when he was succeeded by [[Dirk Stikker]]. Spaak was also instrumental in the choice of Brussels as the new seat of the Alliance's HQ in 1966. | ||
| − | This was also the year of his last European campaign, when he played an important conciliatory role in resolving the "empty chair crisis" by helping to bring France back into the European fold | + | This was also the year of his last European campaign, when he played an important conciliatory role in resolving the "empty chair crisis" by helping to bring [[France]] back into the European fold. |
== Retirement == | == Retirement == | ||
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[[Image:2002 Belgium 100 euro 3 Pioneers back.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)#2002 coinage|3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin]]]] | [[Image:2002 Belgium 100 euro 3 Pioneers back.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)#2002 coinage|3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin]]]] | ||
| + | ==Honors== | ||
| + | In 1957 he received the [[Karlspreis]] (engl.: Charlemagne Award) an Award by the German city of [[Aachen]] to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace. | ||
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| + | On February 21, 1961 he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by [[John F. Kennedy]]. | ||
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| + | In 1981, the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at [[Harvard University]] named the annual Paul-Henri Spaak in his honor.<ref>[http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/lectureships/spaak Paul-Henri Spaak Lecture Series.] Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Legacy== | ||
| + | With [[Robert Schuman]], [[Jean Monnet]] and [[ ]] Spaak is widely acknowledged as one of the main architects of the new European space after World War II. | ||
== Spaak in numismatics == | == Spaak in numismatics == | ||
Spaak has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)#2002 coinage|3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin]], minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names [[Robert Schuman]], Paul-Henri Spaak and [[Konrad Adenauer]]. | Spaak has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)#2002 coinage|3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin]], minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names [[Robert Schuman]], Paul-Henri Spaak and [[Konrad Adenauer]]. | ||
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| − | + | == Notes == | |
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{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | + | * Dumoulin, Michel. 1999. ''Spaak.'' Bruxelles: Racine. ISBN 9782873861629 (French) | |
| − | + | * Huizinga, J. H. 1961. ''Mr. Europe; a political biography of Paul Henri Spaak.'' Books that matter. New York: Praeger. {{OCLC|252851}} | |
| − | + | * Lipgens, Walter, and Wilfried Loth. 1988. ''Documents on the history of European integration. Vol. 3, The struggle for European union by political parties and pressure groups in Western European countries 1945-1950: (including 252 documents in their original languages on 6 microfiches).'' Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110114294. | |
| − | + | * Spaak, Paul-Henri. 1971. ''The continuing battle: memoirs of a European, 1936-1966.'' London: Weidenfeld. ISBN 9780297993520. | |
| − | {{ | + | * Spaak, Paul-Henri, and Andrew Moravcsik. 2005. ''Europe without illusions: the Paul-Henri Spaak lectures, 1994-1999.'' Paul-Henri Spaack lectures. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. ISBN 9780761831280. |
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| − | + | ==External Links== | |
| − | [ | + | * [http://www.ena.lu/speech_paul-henri_spaak_washington_april_1949-022600039.html Speech on role of NATO.] |
| − | + | * [http://www.medaloffreedom.com/PaulHenriSpaak.htm US Medal of Freedom.] | |
| − | + | * [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19650101faessay43201/paul-henri-spaak/the-search-for-consensus.html Article by Spaak in ''Foreign Affairs'', January 1965.] | |
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{{Credit|259764734}} | {{Credit|259764734}} | ||
Revision as of 21:35, 12 January 2009
| Paul-Henri Spaak | |
| |
Prime Minister of Belgium
| |
| In office 15 May 1938 – 22 February 1939 | |
| Preceded by | Paul-Émile Janson |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Hubert Pierlot |
| In office 13 March 1946 – 31 March 1946 | |
| Preceded by | Achille van Acker |
| Succeeded by | Achille van Acker |
| In office 20 March 1947 – 11 August 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Camille Huysmans |
| Succeeded by | Gaston Eyskens |
President of the United Nations General Assembly
| |
| In office 1946 – 1947 | |
| Preceded by | post created |
| Succeeded by | Oswaldo Aranha |
President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal Steel Community
| |
| In office 1952 – 1954 | |
| Preceded by | post created |
| Succeeded by | Alcide De Gasperi |
2nd Secretary General of NATO
| |
| In office 1957 – 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay |
| Succeeded by | Dirk Stikker |
| Born | 25 January 1899 Schaerbeek, Belgium |
| Died | 31 July 1972 (aged 73) Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium |
| Political party | Belgian Socialist Party |
| Spouse | Marguerite Malevez Simone Dear |
Paul Henri Charles Spaak (25 January 1899 - 31 July 1972) was a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman. He became a member of parliament in 1932 and a member of the cabinet in 1935. He served three times as Foreign Minister (1938-1939, 1939-49 and 1954-1958) interspersed with three terms as Prime Minister, 1938-1939, in March 1946 and from 1947-1949. Internationally, he served as the first President of the United Nations General Assembly, President of the President of the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly (1949-51), President of the European Coal and Steel Community (1961), Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1957) and was instrumental in making Brussels the Alliances headquarters. His commitment to European integration and co-operation in the post-World War II space earned him wide respect and the name "Mr. Europe." In he was honored by the United States with the Medal of Freedom
Early life
He was born in Schaerbeek to Paul Spaak and Marie Janson. His mother - the daughter of Paul Janson and sister to Paul-Émile Janson, both Liberal politicians - was the country's first female Senator.
During World War I, Spaak lied about his age to be accepted in the Army; he subsequently spent two years as a German prisoner of war.
Spaak studied law at the Free University of Brussels (now split into the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel).
Belgian politics
He became a member of the Socialist Belgian Labour Party in 1920. He was elected deputy in 1932.
In 1935 he entered the cabinet of Paul Van Zeeland as Minister of Transport. In February 1936 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving first under Zeeland and then under his uncle, Paul-Émile Janson. From May 1938 to February 1939 he was Prime Minister for the first time.
He was Foreign Minister again from September 1939 until August 1949 under the subsequent Prime Ministers Hubert Pierlot, Achille Van Acker and Camille Huysmans. During this time he twice was appointed Prime Minister as well, first from 13 to 31 March 1946 - the shortest government in Belgian history, and again from March 1947 to August 1949.
He again was foreign minister from April 1954 to June 1958 in the cabinet of Achille Van Acker and from April 1961 to March 1966 in the cabinets of Théo Lefèvre and Pierre Harmel.
Spaak was an advocate of Belgium's "independence policy" before World War II. During the German invasion in May 1940, he fled to France and tried to return during the summer but was prevented by the Germans, even he was Foreign Minister as the time. Against his wishes he settled in Britain until the war ended when he became Foreign Minister again "from the Liberation until the middle of 1949."[1]
UN
Spaak gained international prominence in 1945, when he was elected chairman of the first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. During the third session of the UN General Assembly in Paris, Spaak apostrophized the delegation of the Soviet Union with the famous words: "Messieurs, nous avons peur de vous" (Sirs, we are afraid of you).
Europe
Spaak became a staunch supporter of regional co-operation and collective security after 1944. While still in exile in London, he promoted the creation of a customs union uniting Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg (see Benelux). In August 1946, he was elected chairman of the first session of the consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. From 1952 to 1953, he presided the General Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community.
In 1955, the Messina Conference of European leaders appointed him as chairman of a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market.[2] The so-called "…Spaak Report formed the cornerstone of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956 and led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaties of Rome establishing a European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Paul-Henri Spaak signed the treaty for Belgium, together with Jean Charles Snoy et d'Oppuers. His role in the creation of the EEC earned Spaak a place among the Founding fathers of the European Union.
NATO
In 1956, he was chosen by the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation to succeed Lord Ismay as Secretary General. He held this office from 1957 until 1961, when he was succeeded by Dirk Stikker. Spaak was also instrumental in the choice of Brussels as the new seat of the Alliance's HQ in 1966.
This was also the year of his last European campaign, when he played an important conciliatory role in resolving the "empty chair crisis" by helping to bring France back into the European fold.
Retirement
Paul-Henri Spaak retired from politics in 1966. He was member of the Royal Belgian Academy of French Language and Literature. In 1969, he published his memoirs in two volumes titled Combats inachevés ("The Continuing Battle"). Spaak died aged 73, on 31 July 1972 in his home in Braine-l'Alleud near Brussels, and was buried at the Foriest graveyard in Braine-l'Alleud.
Family
He and his wife Marguerite Malevez had two daughters—Antoinette Spaak led the Democratic Front of Francophones—and a son, the diplomat Fernand Spaak. After her death in August 1964, he married Simone Dear in April 1965. His niece was the actress Catherine Spaak. During the 1940s, during his time in New York with the United Nations, he also had an affair with the American fashion designer Pauline Fairfax Potter (1908-1976).
Honors
In 1957 he received the Karlspreis (engl.: Charlemagne Award) an Award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace.
On February 21, 1961 he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by John F. Kennedy.
In 1981, the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University named the annual Paul-Henri Spaak in his honor.[3]
Legacy
With Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet and [[ ]] Spaak is widely acknowledged as one of the main architects of the new European space after World War II.
Spaak in numismatics
Spaak has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer.
Notes
- ↑ Lipgens, page 330.
- ↑ Knapp, page 424.
- ↑ Paul-Henri Spaak Lecture Series. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Dumoulin, Michel. 1999. Spaak. Bruxelles: Racine. ISBN 9782873861629 (French)
- Huizinga, J. H. 1961. Mr. Europe; a political biography of Paul Henri Spaak. Books that matter. New York: Praeger. OCLC 252851
- Lipgens, Walter, and Wilfried Loth. 1988. Documents on the history of European integration. Vol. 3, The struggle for European union by political parties and pressure groups in Western European countries 1945-1950: (including 252 documents in their original languages on 6 microfiches). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110114294.
- Spaak, Paul-Henri. 1971. The continuing battle: memoirs of a European, 1936-1966. London: Weidenfeld. ISBN 9780297993520.
- Spaak, Paul-Henri, and Andrew Moravcsik. 2005. Europe without illusions: the Paul-Henri Spaak lectures, 1994-1999. Paul-Henri Spaack lectures. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. ISBN 9780761831280.
External Links
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