Difference between revisions of "Surah" - New World Encyclopedia

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==Types of Surahs==
 
==Types of Surahs==
 
===Madinan Surahs===
 
===Madinan Surahs===
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The '''Madinan surahs''' of the [[Qur'an]] are those [[sura]]s which were revealed at [[Madina]], after [[Muhammad|Muhammad]]'s [[Hijra (Islam)|hijra]] from [[Mecca]], when the [[Muslim]]s were establishing a state rather than being, as at Mecca, an oppressed minority. They are mostly placed at the beginning of the [[Qur'an]], and typically have more and longer [[ayat]]. In accordance with the new situation of the Muslims, these suras more often deal with details of [[legislation]], and every sura which deals with issues of warfare is Madinan, beginning with surat [[al-Baqara]].
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The '''Madinan surahs''' of the [[Qur'an]] are those surahs which were revealed at [[Madina]], after [[Muhammad|Muhammad]]'s [[Hijra (Islam)|hijra]] from [[Mecca]], when the [[Muslim]]s were establishing a state rather than being, as at Mecca, an oppressed minority. They are mostly placed at the beginning of the [[Qur'an]], and typically have more and longer ayat. In accordance with the new situation of the Muslims, these suras more often deal with details of legislation, and every sura which deals with issues of warfare is Madinan, beginning with surat al-Baqara.
  
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The division of surahs into '[[Meccan sura|Meccan surahs]]' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. ''al-Rahman'' as name of God).  
+
The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. ''al-Rahman'' as name of God).<ref>Angelika Neuwirth, ''Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren.'' Reviewed by Andrew Rippin, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149-150.</ref>
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<ref>Angelika Neuwirth, ''Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren.'' Reviewed by Andrew Rippin, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149-150.</ref>
 
  
 
===Meccan surahs===
 
===Meccan surahs===
−
The '''Meccan surahs''' are the chronologically earlier [[sura]]s of the [[Qur'an]] that were revealed at [[Mecca]].  They are typically shorter, with relatively short [[ayat]], and mostly come near the end of the Qur'an.  Most of the suras containing [[Muqatta'at]] are Meccan.  The other type of sura is the [[Madinan sura]].
+
The '''Meccan surahs''' are the chronologically earlier surahs of the [[Qur'an]] that were revealed at [[Mecca]].  They are typically shorter, with relatively short ayat, and mostly come near the end of the Qur'an.  Most of the suras containing Muqatta'at are Meccan.  The other type of sura is the Madinan sura.
  
−
The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. ''al-Rahman'' as name of God).  
+
The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. ''al-Rahman'' as name of God). <ref>Ibid.</ref>
−
<ref>Ibid.</ref>
 
  
 
==List of Suras==
 
==List of Suras==

Revision as of 06:00, 9 December 2007


Surah (sometimes spelt "Sura" سورة sūrah, plural "Suwar" سور) is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded by a fence or wall." The term is commonly used to mean a "chapter" of the Qur'an, each of which is traditionally ordered roughly in order of decreasing length. Each Sura is named for a word or name mentioned in an ayah (section), of that 'Sura'. Some 'Sura' were surprising to Muslims at the time of the 'Revelation'; for example, the elevated status of Mary - a Jewish woman and the mother of the Christian Jesus at the time of the 'Revelation' - which is mentioned in Sura 19 ("Maryam/Mary").

Types of Surahs

Madinan Surahs

The Madinan surahs of the Qur'an are those surahs which were revealed at Madina, after Muhammad's hijra from Mecca, when the Muslims were establishing a state rather than being, as at Mecca, an oppressed minority. They are mostly placed at the beginning of the Qur'an, and typically have more and longer ayat. In accordance with the new situation of the Muslims, these suras more often deal with details of legislation, and every sura which deals with issues of warfare is Madinan, beginning with surat al-Baqara.

The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God).[1]

Meccan surahs

The Meccan surahs are the chronologically earlier surahs of the Qur'an that were revealed at Mecca. They are typically shorter, with relatively short ayat, and mostly come near the end of the Qur'an. Most of the suras containing Muqatta'at are Meccan. The other type of sura is the Madinan sura.

The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God). [2]

List of Suras

The 114 suras are:

  1. Al-Fatiha (The Opening), 7 ayats, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  2. Al-Baqara (The Cow), 286 ayat, 40 rukus, Madinan sura
  3. Al-Imran (The Family of Imran), 200 ayat, 20 rukus, Madinan sura
  4. An-Nisa (The Women), 177 ayat, 24 rukus, Madinan sura
  5. Al-Ma'ida (The Table), 120 ayat, 16 rukus, Madinan sura
  6. Al-An'am (The Cattle), 165 ayat, 20 rukus, Makkan sura
  7. Al-A'raf (The Heights), 206 ayat, 24 rukus Makkan sura
  8. Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War), 75 ayat, 10 rukus, Madinan sura
  9. At-Tawba (The Repentance), 129 ayat, 16 rukus, Madinan sura
  10. Yunus (Jonah), 109 ayat, 11 rukus, Makkan sura
  11. Hud (Hud), 123 ayat, 10 rukus, Makkan sura
  12. Yusuf (Joseph), 111 ayat, 12 rukus, Makkan sura
  13. Ar-Ra'd (The Thunder), 43 ayat, 6 rukus, Madinan sura
  14. Ibrahim]] (Abraham), 52 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
  15. Al-Hijr (Al-Hijr, The Stoneland, The Rock City), 99 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  16. An-Nahl (The Bee), 128 ayat, 16 rukus, Makkan sura]]
  17. Al-Isra (Isra, The Night Journey, The Children of Israel), 111 ayat, 12 rukus, Makkan sura
  18. Al-Kahf (The Cave), 110 ayat, 12 rukus Makkan sura
  19. Maryam (Mary), 98 ayat,6 rukus, Makkan sura
  20. Ta-Ha (Ta-Ha), 135 ayat, 8 rukus, Makkan sura
  21. Al-Anbiya (The Prophets), 112 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
  22. Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage, The Hajj), 78 ayat, 10 rukus, Madinan sura
  23. Al-Muminun (The Believers), 118 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  24. An-Noor (The Light), 64 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
  25. Al-Furqan (The Criterion, The Standard), 77 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  26. Ash-Shu'ara (The Poets), 227 ayat, 11 rukus, Makkan sura
  27. An-Naml (The Ant, The Ants), 93 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
  28. Al-Qisas (The Stories), 88 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
  29. Al-Ankabut (The Spider), 69 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
  30. Ar-Rum (The Romans, The Byzantines), 60 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  31. Luqman (Luqman), 34 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
  32. As-Sajda (The Prostration, Worship, Adoration), 30 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  33. Al-Ahzab (The Clans, The Coalition, The Combined Forces), 73 ayat, 9 rukus, Madinan sura
  34. Saba (Saba, Sheba), 54 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  35. Fatir (The Angels, Originator), 45 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
  36. Ya-Seen (Ya-seen), 83 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
  37. As-Saaffat (Those Who Set The Ranks, drawn Up In Ranks), 182 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
  38. ad (The Letter Sad), 88 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
  39. Az-Zumar (The Troops, Throngs), 75 ayat, 8 rukus, Makkan sura
  40. Ghafir (The Forgiver), 85 ayat, 9 rukus, Makkan sura
  41. Fussilat (Explained In Detail), 54 ayat, 6 rukus, Makkan sura
  42. Ash-Shura (Council, Consultation), 53 ayat, 5 rukus, Makkan sura
  43. Az-Zukhruf (Ornaments Of Gold, Luxury), 89 ayat, 7 rukus, Makkan sura
  44. Ad-Dukhan (Smoke), 59 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  45. Al-Jathiya (Crouching), 37 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
  46. Al-Ahqaf (The Wind-curved Sandhills, The Dunes), 35 ayat, 4 rukus, Makkan sura
  47. Muhammad (Muhammad), 38 ayat, 4 rukus, Madinan sura
  48. Al-Fath (Victory, Conquest), 29 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  49. Al-Hujraat (The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments), 18 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  50. Qaf (The Letter Qaf), 45 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  51. Adh-Dhariyat (The Winnowing Winds), 60 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  52. At-Tur (The Mount), 49 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  53. An-Najm (The Star), 62 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  54. Al-Qamar (The Moon), 55 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  55. Ar-Rahman (The Beneficent, The Mercy Giving), 78 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
  56. Al-Waqia (The Event, The Inevitable), 96 ayat, 3 rukus, Makkan sura
  57. Al-Hadid (The Iron), 29 ayat, 4 rukus, Madinan sura
  58. Al-Mujadila (She That Disputeth, The Pleading Woman), 22 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
  59. Al-Hashr (Exile, Banishment), 24 ayat, 3 rukus, Madinan sura
  60. Al-Mumtahina (She That Is To Be Examined, Examining Her), 13 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  61. As-Saff (The Ranks, Battle Array), 14 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  62. Al-Jumua (The Congregation, Friday), 11 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  63. Al-Munafiqoon (The Hypocrites), 11 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  64. At-Taghabun (Mutual Disillusion, Haggling), 18 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  65. At-Talaq (Divorce), 12 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  66. At-Tahrim (Banning, Prohibition), 12 ayat, 2 rukus, Madinan sura
  67. Al-Mulk (The Sovereignty, Control), 30 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  68. Al-Qalam (The Pen), 52 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  69. Al-Haaqqa (The Reality), 52 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  70. Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways), 44 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  71. Nooh (Nooh), 28 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  72. Al-Jinn (The Jinn), 28 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  73. Al-Muzzammil (The Enshrouded One, Bundled Up), 20 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  74. Al-Muddaththir (The Cloaked One, The Man Wearing A Cloak), 56 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  75. Al-Qiyama (The Rising Of The Dead, Resurrection), 40 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  76. Al-Insan (Human), 31 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  77. Al-Mursalat (The Emissaries, Winds Sent Forth), 50 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  78. An-Naba (The Tidings, The Announcement), 40 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  79. An-Naziat (Those Who Drag Forth, Soul-snatchers), 46 ayat, 2 rukus, Makkan sura
  80. Abasa (He Frowned), 42 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  81. At-Takwir (The Overthrowing), 29 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  82. Al-Infitar (The Cleaving, Bursting Apart), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  83. Al-Mutaffifin (Defrauding, The Cheats, Cheating), 36 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  84. Al-Inshiqaq (The Sundering, Splitting Open), 25 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  85. Al-Burooj (The Mansions Of The Stars, Constellations), 22 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  86. At-Tariq (The Morning Star, The Nightcomer), 17 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  87. Al-Ala (The Most High, Glory To Your Lord In The Highest), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  88. Al-Ghashiya (The Overwhelming, The Pall), 26 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  89. Al-Fajr (The Dawn, Daybreak), 30 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  90. Al-Balad (The City, This Countryside), 20 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  91. Ash-Shams (The Sun), 15 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  92. Al-Lail (The Night), 21 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  93. Ad-Dhuha (The Morning Hours, Morning Bright), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  94. Al-Inshirah (Solace, Consolation, Relief), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  95. At-Tin (The Fig, The Figtree), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  96. Al-Alaq (The Clot, Recite), 19 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  97. Al-Qadr (Power, Fate), 5 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  98. Al-Bayyina (The Clear Proof, Evidence), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Madinan sura
  99. Az-Zalzala (The Earthquake), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Madinan sura
  100. Al-Adiyat (The Courser, The Chargers), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  101. Al-Qaria (The Calamity, The Stunning Blow, The Disaster), 11 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  102. At-Takathur (Rivalry In World Increase, Competition), 8 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  103. Al-Asr (The Declining Day, Eventide, The Epoch), 3 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  104. Al-Humaza (The Traducer, The Gossipmonger), 9 ayat, 1 rukus, Makkan sura
  105. Al-Fil (The Elephant), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  106. Quraysh (Quraish), 4 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  107. Al-Ma'un (Small Kindnesses, Almsgiving, Have You Seen), 7 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  108. Al-Kawthar (Abundance, Plenty), 3 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  109. Al-Kafirun (The Disbelievers, The Kafirs), 6 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  110. An-Nasr (Succour, Divine Support, Victory), 3 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  111. Al-Masadd (The Palm Fibre), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  112. Al-Ikhlas (Sincerity), 4 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  113. Al-Falaq (The Daybreak, Dawn), 5 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura
  114. Al-Nas (Mankind), 6 ayat, 1 ruku, Makkan sura

Notes

  1. ↑ Angelika Neuwirth, Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren. Reviewed by Andrew Rippin, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1982), pp. 149-150.
  2. ↑ Ibid.

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External links

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