Sun Zi
- For the mathematician, see Sun Tzu (mathematician).
| 128px Portrait of Sun Tzu | |
| Born: | c. 544 B.C.E. Probably in state of Qi |
|---|---|
| Died: | c. 496 B.C.E. Probably in state of Wu |
| Occupation(s): | General |
| Nationality: | Chinese |
| Subject(s): | Military strategy |
| Magnum opus: | The Art of War |
Sun Tzu (Chinese: 孫子; pinyin: Sūn Zǐ; c. 544 – 496 B.C.E.) was a Chinese author of The Art of War (Chinese: 兵法), an immensely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory.
The name Sun Tzu ("Master Sun") is an honorific title bestowed upon Sun Wu (孫武; Sūn Wǔ), the author's name. The character wu, meaning "military", is the same as the character in wu shu, or martial art. Sun Wu also has a courtesy name, Chang Qing (長卿; Cháng Qīng).
Sun Tzu as a historical figure
The only surviving source on the life of Sun Tzu is the biography written in the 2nd century B.C.E. by the historian Sima Qian, who describes him as a general who lived in the state of Wu in the 6th century B.C.E., and therefore a contemporary of one of the great Chinese thinkers of ancient times—Confucius. According to tradition, Sun Tzu was a member of the landless Chinese aristocracy, the shi, descendants of nobility who had lost their dukedoms during the consolidation of the Spring and Autumn Period. Unlike most shi, who were traveling academics, Sun Tzu worked as a mercenary (similar to a modern military consultant).
According to tradition, King Helü of Wu hired Sun Tzu as a general approximately 512 B.C.E. after finishing his military treatise, the Sun Tzu (named after the author as was common in China prior to the Qin era). After his hiring, the kingdom of Wu, previously considered a semi-barbaric state, went on to become the most powerful state of the period by conquering Chu, one of the most powerful states in the Spring and Autumn Period. Sun Tzu suddenly disappeared when King Helu finally conquered Chu. Therefore his date of death remained unknown.
In Chinese Sun Tzu (the original book title) is now commonly called Sunzi bingfa (also transliterated as Sun-tzu ping fa or Sun-tse ping fa). Sunzi is a modern transliteration of Sun Tzu. Bing Fa can be translated as "principal for using forces"[1], "military methods", "army procedures", or "martial arts". Around 298 B.C.E., the historian Zhuang Zi, writing in the state of Zhao, recorded that Sun Tzu’s theory had been incorporated into the martial arts techniques of both offense and defense and of both armed and unarmed combat. His Bing Fa was the philosophical basis of what we now know as the Asian martial arts. Amiot's AD 1722 translation of Sun Tzu into French (the first time it had been translated into a European language) entitled Art Militaire des Chinois is likely to have influenced translations into the English often titled The Art of War.
The historicity of Sun Tzu is discussed extensively in the introduction to Lionel Giles' 1910 translation of The Art of War available as a Project Gutenberg online text. In Giles' introduction to his translation, he expands on the doubt and confusion which has surrounded the historicity of Sun Tzu.
In 1972 a set of bamboo engraved texts were discovered in a grave near Linyi in Shandong.[2] These have helped to confirm parts of the text which were already known and have also added new sections.[3] This version has been dated to between 134–118 B.C.E.,[4] and so rules out older theories that parts of the text had been written much later.
Sun Bin, also known as Sun the Mutilated, allegedly a crippled descendent of Sun Tzu, also wrote a text known as the Art of War. A more accurate title might be the Art of Warfare since this was more directly concerned with the practical matters of warfare, rather than military strategy.[5] At least one translator has used the title The Lost Art of War, referring to the long period of time during which Sun Bin's book was lost. There is, however, no commonality between the content or writing style in Sun Bin and Sun Tzu.
The Art of War has been one of the most popular combat collections in history. Ancient Chinese long viewed this book as one of the entrance test materials, and it is one of the most important collections of books in the Chinese literature. It is said that Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin both read this book while in war.
Sun Tzu's work is also one of the first to recommend the physical conditioning of armies prior to combat. He stated that exercises should be basic in nature, with exercises similar to today's jumping jacks and arm circles, et al.
Sun Tzu also is rumored to be an ancestor of Sun Jian, the founder of the Wu Kingdom, which was one of the three competing dynasties during the Three Kingdoms era.[citation needed]
Books written by Sun Tzu
See also
- Yinqueshan Han Slips
- Famous military writers
- Thirty-Six Strategies, another Chinese strategy book
- The Art of War
- Philosophy of war
Notes
- ↑ J H Huang, Sun Tzu The New Translation, 1993
- ↑ http://membres.lycos.fr/suntsu/Sun_Tzu.htm
- ↑ http://www.sonshi.com/ames.html
- ↑ http://www.fak.dk/Files/Filer/FSMO/Specialer/200304/Military_theory_and_concept_of_Jointness.pdf
- ↑ http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/jul-aug/killigrew.html
External links
- Works by Sun Tzu. Project Gutenberg
- The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), Project Gutenberg edition with considerable (but dated) text on Sun Tzu
- The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), Project Gutenberg edition without the translator's annotations, and including an HTML version.
- The Art of War, Chinese original at Project Gutenberg
- Sun Tzu The Art of War by Sonshi Translation, message board, author interviews
- Sun Tzu The Art of War Modern translation by W. Lidwell, free PDF ebook
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tzu, Sun |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Sun Tzu; 孫子 (Chinese); Sūn Zǐ (pinyin) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Chinese general and writer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | circa 544 B.C.E. |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Probably in state of Qi |
| DATE OF DEATH | circa 496 B.C.E. |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Probably in state of Wu |
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