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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | name = ''Sorghum''
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| − | | image = Sorghum.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 250px
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| − | | regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Poales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Poaceae]]
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| − | | subfamily=[[Panicoideae]]
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| − | | tribe=[[Andropogoneae]]
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| − | | genus = '''''Sorghum'''''
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| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Species
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | About 30 species, see text
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Sorghum''' is a genus of numerous species of [[Poaceae|grasses]], some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as [[fodder]] plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. The plants are cultivated in warmer climates worldwide. Species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to [[Oceania]] and [[Australasia]]. Sorghum is in the subfamily [[Panicoideae]] and the tribe [[Andropogoneae]] (the tribe of [[big bluestem]] and [[sugar cane]]).
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| − | '''''Forsythia''''' is the genus and common name for a [[taxon]] of [[deciduous]] [[shrub]]s in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Oleaceae]] (olive family), popularly cultivated for their early-blooming, bell-shaped, yellow [[flower]]s, which typically open before the [[leaf|leaves]] appear.
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| − | For more specific details on commercially exploited Sorghum see [[commercial sorghum]].
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| − | South African scientists at the University of the Western Cape have created a system to culture sorghum cells in suspension that they say will boost global sorghum proteomics studies. The researchers, according to the South African Journal of Science, intend to use the method to better understand sorghum's tolerance to drought. [http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html]
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | Sorghum is a member of the grass family, ''Poaceae,'' one of the largest and most important [[plant]] families, which also includes [[wheat]], [[rice]], and sugar cane. There are about 600 genera and perhaps ten thousand species of grasses.
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| − | Grasses, like [[orchid]]s and [[palm]]s, are ''monocotyledons.'' [[Monocotyledon]]s are one of two major groups of [[flowering plant]]s (angiosperms), the other being [[dicotyledon]]s. Monocotyledons have only one ''cotyledon,'' or embryo leaf, rather than the two found in dicotyledons. The largest family in the monocotyledon group (and in the flowering plants) is the orchids. However, the most economically important family in this group is the grasses, which include the true grains (rice, wheat, maize, barley, etc.). Unlike dicotyledons, the true grasses are specialized for wind pollination and produce smaller flowers.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | Most cultivated varieties of sorghum can be traced back to Africa, where they grow on savanna lands. In ancient times sorghum was also grown in [[India]]. During the [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution]], sorghum was planted extensively in parts of the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and [[Europe]].<ref name = W12-14>Watson, p. 12-14.</ref> The name "sorghum" comes from Italian "sorgo", in turn from Latin "Syricum (granum)" meaning "grain of Syria".
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| − | Tenth century records indicate that it was widely grown in [[Iraq]], and became the principal food of [[Kirman]] in [[Persia]]. In addition to the eastern parts of the [[Muslim world]], the crop was also grown in [[Egypt]] and later in [[Islamic Spain]]. From Islamic Spain it was introduced to Christian Spain and then France (by the twelfth century). In the Muslim world, sorghum was grown usually in areas where the soil was poor or the weather too hot and dry to grow other crops.<ref name = W12-14/>
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| − | [[Africa]]n [[Slavery|slaves]] introduced sorghum into the [[United States|U.S.]] in the early 17th century.
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| − | ==Cultivation and uses==
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| − | Numerous ''Sorghum'' species are used for [[food]] (as grain and in [[Sweet sorghum| sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"]]), [[fodder]], the production of [[alcoholic beverage]]s, as well as biofuels. Most species are [[xerophyte|drought tolerant]] and heat tolerant and are especially important in [[arid]] regions. They form an important component of pastures in many tropical regions. ''Sorghum'' species are an important [[food crop]] in [[Africa]], [[Central America]], and [[South Asia]] and is the "fifth most important [[cereal]] crop grown in the world" [http://www.grains.org/index.ww].
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| − | [[Image:2005sorghum.PNG|thumb|left|Sorghum output in 2005]]
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| − | In [[Arab cuisine]], the unmilled grain is often cooked to make cous-cous, porridges, soups, and cakes. Many poor use it, along with other flours or starches, to make bread. The seeds and stalks are fed to cattle and poultry. Some varieties have been used for thatch, fencing, baskets, brushes and brooms, and stalks have been used as fuel. Medieval Islamic texts list medical uses for the plant.<ref>Watson, p. 9</ref>
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| − | A ''sorghum'' species, [[Johnson grass|Johnson Grass]], is classified as a noxious weed.
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| − | The reclaimed stalks of the sorghum plant are used to make a decorative millwork material marketed as [[Kirei board]].
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| − | Some species of sorghum can contain levels of [[hydrogen cyanide]], [[hordenine]] and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plant's growth. Stressed plants, even at later stages of growth, can also contain toxic levels of cyanide.
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| − | == Species ==
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum almum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum amplum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum angustum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum arundinaceum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'' (primary cultivated species)
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum brachypodum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum bulbosum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum burmahicum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum controversum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum drummondii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum ecarinatum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum exstans]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum grande]]''
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| − | * ''[[Johnson grass|Sorghum halepense]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum interjectum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum intrans]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum laxiflorum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum leiocladum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum macrospermum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum matarankense]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum miliaceum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum nigrum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum nitidum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum plumosum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum propinquum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum purpureosericeum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum stipoideum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum timorense]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum trichocladum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum versicolor]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum virgatum]]''
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| − | * ''[[Sorghum vulgare]]''
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| − | == Hybrids ==
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| − | *''Sorghum × almum''
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| − | *''Sorghum × drummondii''
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| − | ==Footnotes==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <!-- Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 131–142, 2001. —>
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| − | *Watson, Andrew. ''Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world''. [[Cambridge University Press]].
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commonscat|Sorghum}}
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| − | * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818e/T0818E00.HTM FAO Report (1995) "Sorghum and millets in human nutrition"]
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| − | * [http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/toc_main.htm#TopOfPage FAO "Compendium on post-harvest operations" — Contains discussion on origin, processing and uses of sorghum]
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| − | * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sorghum.html Alternative Field Crops]
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| − | * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42106 ITIS 42106] 2002-09-22
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| − | * [http://www.icrisat.org/text/research/grep/homepage/sorghum/sorghumhomepage.htm ICRISAT]
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| − | * [http://amarillo.tamu.edu/programs/irrigtce/publications/Grain%20Sorghum%20Irrigation%20B-6152.pdf Grain Sorghum Irrigation]
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| − | *[http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley%2C+Corn+%26+Sorghum&name=Sorghum Sorghum on US Grains Council Web Site]
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| − | *[http://www.sorghumgrowers.com National Grain Sorghum Producers]
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| − | *[http://www.ca.uky.edu/nssppa/production.html National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association]
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| − | *[http://www.grains.org/galleries/default-file/Sorghum%20Handbook.pdf] - Sorghum Handbook
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| − | *[http://weedsoft.unl.edu/documents/GrowthStagesModule/Sorghum/Sorg.htm Sorghum Growth Stages]
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| − | * [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030013 Sequencing of the Sorghum Genome by Methylation Filtration]
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| − | *[http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/health/11762.html Risk management of cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrates in sorghum crops]
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| − | *[http://www.phytozome.net/sorghum Preliminary assembly and annotation of sorghum bicolor genome]
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| − | {{Cereals}}
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| − | [[Category:Life sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants]]
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| − | {{credit|Sorghum|211994278}}
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