Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Raymond Cattell" - New World
(→16MF) |
|||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
From 1927 to 1932 Cattell taught at Exeter University ans served as an advosory psychologist at Dartington Hall, a progressive school that was much discussed in the 1930s. From 1932 through 1936 he served as director of the City of Leicester Child Clinic. In 1937 [[Edward Lee Thorndike]] offered him a research associate position at Columbia University. Cattell accepted the offer, expecting to stay in the United States no more than two years. But in 1938 he won an appointment to the [[G. Stanley Hall]] professorship in genetic psychology at Clark University. He moved from there to a lectureship at Harvard in 1941, where he remained until 1945,when he was appointed to a newly created research professorship in psychology at the University of Illinois and remained in that post until 1973. The next year, he moved to Honolulu, where he was appointed to adjunct professorships at the University of Hawaii and the Hawaii School of Professional Psychology. He continued to publish more than four articles per year and two books per decade through the 1970s and 1980s. and remained active in writing even as he became sick with colon cancer, prostate cancer, and heart disease in the 1990s. He died of congestive heart failure in his sleep at his home in Honolulu on 2 Feruary 1998. | From 1927 to 1932 Cattell taught at Exeter University ans served as an advosory psychologist at Dartington Hall, a progressive school that was much discussed in the 1930s. From 1932 through 1936 he served as director of the City of Leicester Child Clinic. In 1937 [[Edward Lee Thorndike]] offered him a research associate position at Columbia University. Cattell accepted the offer, expecting to stay in the United States no more than two years. But in 1938 he won an appointment to the [[G. Stanley Hall]] professorship in genetic psychology at Clark University. He moved from there to a lectureship at Harvard in 1941, where he remained until 1945,when he was appointed to a newly created research professorship in psychology at the University of Illinois and remained in that post until 1973. The next year, he moved to Honolulu, where he was appointed to adjunct professorships at the University of Hawaii and the Hawaii School of Professional Psychology. He continued to publish more than four articles per year and two books per decade through the 1970s and 1980s. and remained active in writing even as he became sick with colon cancer, prostate cancer, and heart disease in the 1990s. He died of congestive heart failure in his sleep at his home in Honolulu on 2 Feruary 1998. | ||
=Work= | =Work= | ||
| − | The theory that emerged from Cattell's empirical work provides a basis for describing the uniqueness of individuals. It has been classified as trait theory though it deals with much more than merely the enduring characteristics whereby one person can be distinguished from another; it is also an account of states and systematic changes in behavior brought about through motivation and learning. It provides a description of short-term and lifelong changesin behavior associated with neurophysiological, genetic, familial, social, and cultural factors. It is a comprehensive theory of human behavior. | + | The theory that emerged from Cattell's empirical work provides a basis for describing the uniqueness of individuals. It has been classified as '''trait theory''' though it deals with much more than merely the enduring characteristics whereby one person can be distinguished from another; it is also an account of states and systematic changes in behavior brought about through [[motivation]] and [[learning]]. It provides a description of short-term and lifelong changesin behavior associated with ''neurophysiological, genetic, familial, social, and cultural factors''. It is a comprehensive theory of human behavior. |
| − | == | + | ==Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire== |
| − | Cattell | + | Cattell differentiated '''source traits''' from '''surface traits'''. Surface traits are those found by [[Gordon Allport]], representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people. '''Source traits''' are those more basic traits that underlie the '''surface traits'''. E.g., shyness being quiet, and disliking crowds might all be surface traits related to the more basic source trait of [[introversion]], a tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation. |
| − | Using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data called [[factor analysis]], Cattell discovered | + | Using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data called [[factor analysis]], Cattell discovered 16 source traits, and although in 1977, he determined that there might be some other seven source traits to make a total of 23, he developed his assessment questionnaire, The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire or 16PF, based on just 16 source traits. These 16 source traits are seen as trait dimensions or continuum, in which there are two opposite traits at each end with many possible degrees of the traits possible along the dimension. |
| − | These 16 source traits are seen as trait dimensions or continuum, in which there are two opposite traits at each end with many possible degrees of the traits possible along the dimension | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == | + | ==Criticism and the APA Lifetime Achievement Award== |
Cattell has been criticized on the basis of his interests in eugenics, evolution and alternative cultures and political systems. Political critics also note that Cattell is known for laying out a mixture of [[Galton|Galtonian]] eugenics and [[theology]] called [[Beyondism]], which he considered "a new morality from science," and that his work in this area was published numerous times in the [[Pioneer Fund]]'s ''[[Mankind Quarterly]]'' and its editor, [[Roger Pearson]], has published two of Cattell's monographs. Cattell was also a Pioneer Fund recipient. [http://www.bethuneinstitute.org/documents/racialscientestrushton.html] | Cattell has been criticized on the basis of his interests in eugenics, evolution and alternative cultures and political systems. Political critics also note that Cattell is known for laying out a mixture of [[Galton|Galtonian]] eugenics and [[theology]] called [[Beyondism]], which he considered "a new morality from science," and that his work in this area was published numerous times in the [[Pioneer Fund]]'s ''[[Mankind Quarterly]]'' and its editor, [[Roger Pearson]], has published two of Cattell's monographs. Cattell was also a Pioneer Fund recipient. [http://www.bethuneinstitute.org/documents/racialscientestrushton.html] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cattell argued that evidence generally supports the [[hypothesis]] that '''individual differences''' in [[intelligence]] are genetically determined. He also found evidence with the hypothesis that people of lower intelligence were producing more children than people of higher intelligence and concluded that it was important to encourage a higher [[birth rate]] of the more intelligent and lower birth rate of the dull. | ||
In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "[[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]," an editorial written by [[Linda Gottfredson]] and published in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', which defended the findings on [[race and intelligence]] in ''[[The Bell Curve]]''. | In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "[[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]," an editorial written by [[Linda Gottfredson]] and published in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', which defended the findings on [[race and intelligence]] in ''[[The Bell Curve]]''. | ||
| − | In 1997 | + | Cattell was also much critisized for the idea that [[morality]] is branch of [[natural science]] and that evolutionary ethics provides the '''true universal morality''', and that regions — in particular Christianity — have uncritically and falsely failed to recognize this. He reasoned that ethics that apply within groups do not apply between groups. Competitiveness should exist between groups, but the development of large political organizations is inimical to advancement of the human species. Accoring to Cattell, humans should organize into small independent communities that peacefully compete in advancing particular views about the correct way to live. A principle of survival of the fittest communities would then operate to enable human societies to adapt and improve. The more successful of such communities would adopt eugenic policies. Mechanisms that can most safely, effectively, and intelligently control such groups can be created, put in place, maintained only by a government of scientists. Science must become a highly organized major function of national and international life. |
| + | |||
| + | In 1997, at age 92, Cattell was chosen by the American Psychological Association (APA) for its "Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Science of Psychology." However before the medal was presented, a former student at the University of Illinois, [[Barry Mehler]], launched a publicity campaign against Cattell [http://www.ferris.edu/isar/bios/Cattell/gold.htm] through his nonprofit foundation [[ISAR]] accusing Cattell of being sympathetic to racist and fascist ideas [http://www.ferris.edu/isar/bios/Cattell/homepage.htm] and claiming that "it is unconscionable to honor this man whose work helps to dignify the most destructive political ideas of the twentieth century".<ref>Mehler reports that he was mentored by Jerry Hirsch, a colleague and strong critic of Cattell at the University of Illinois, where Cattell and Hirsch spent the majority of their careers. Cattell was also criticized by Rutgers professor William H. "Bill" Tucker, a friend and associate of Mehler's to whom Mehler "generously opened both his files and his home". In Tucker's book published with University of Illinois Press [http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/tucker/acknow.html], Tucker claims that Cattell (in 1937) praised the eugenics laws of the pre-war Third Reich for promoting racial improvement.</ref> A blue-ribbon committee was convened by the APA to investigate the legitimacy of the charges. However, before the committee reached a decision Cattell issued an open letter to the committee saying "I abhor racism and discrimination based on race. Any other belief would be antithetical to my life’s work" and saying that "it is unfortunate that the APA announcement … has brought misguided critics' statements a great deal of publicity." [http://www.cattell.net/devon/openletter.htm] He refused the award, withdrawing his name from consideration. The blue ribbon committee was therefore disbanded and Cattell, in failing health, died months later. | ||
=Legacy= | =Legacy= | ||
| − | He was famously productive throughout his 92 years, and ultimately was able to claim a combined authorship and co-authorship of 55 books and some 500 journal articles in addition to at least 30 standardized tests. His legacy includes not just that intellectual production, but also a spirit of scientific rigor brought to an otherwise soft science and kept burning by his students and co-researchers whom he was survived by. | + | Raymond Cattell ranks at the top among those who have most influenced scientific psychology in the twentieth century. He was famously productive throughout his 92 years, and ultimately was able to claim a combined authorship and co-authorship of 55 books and some 500 journal articles in addition to at least 30 standardized tests. His legacy includes not just that intellectual production, but also a spirit of scientific rigor brought to an otherwise soft science and kept burning by his students and co-researchers whom he was survived by. |
| − | The regularities indicated in Cattell's research, now appearing in many guises, remain among the principlal contributions to theoretical analysis of personality.Many self-report measures of personality stem from Cattell's '''Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'''. Cattell pioneered in developing the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the multiple abstract variance analysis model for sampling and distributing genetic and environmental influences, and the distinction between state and trait anxiety. He invented the covariation chart. | + | The regularities indicated in Cattell's research, now appearing in many guises, remain among the principlal contributions to theoretical analysis of personality. Many self-report measures of personality stem from Cattell's '''Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'''. Cattell pioneered in developing the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the multiple abstract variance analysis model for sampling and distributing genetic and environmental influences, and the distinction between state and trait anxiety. He invented the covariation chart. |
==List of Cattell's innovations and accomplishments== | ==List of Cattell's innovations and accomplishments== | ||
*Definition of the three domains of the personality sphere (the totality of factorial measurements of the personality, ability, and motivation) | *Definition of the three domains of the personality sphere (the totality of factorial measurements of the personality, ability, and motivation) | ||
| Line 54: | Line 55: | ||
==Selected publications== | ==Selected publications== | ||
| − | *Cattell, R.B. | + | *Cattell, R.B. 1933. Psychology and social progress: Mankind and destiny from the standpoint of a scientist. London: C. W. Daniel. |
| − | *Cattell, R. B. | + | *Cattell, R. B. 1937. The fight for our national intelligence. London: P. S. King. |
| − | *Cattell, R. B. | + | * Cattell R. B. 1950. Personaliy: A systematic, theoretical, and factual study. New York McGraw Hill. |
| − | *Cattell, R. B. | + | *Cattell, R. B. 1965. The scientific analysis of personality. Harmondsworth (England): Penguin Books. |
| − | *Cattell, R. B. | + | *Cattell, R. B. 1972. A new morality from science: Beyondism. New York: Pergamon Press. |
| + | *Cattell, R. B. 1987. Beyondism: Religion from science. New York: Praeger. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*Boring, E.G.(1950). A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | *Boring, E.G.(1950). A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | ||
*Brennan, J.F.(1982). History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. | *Brennan, J.F.(1982). History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. | ||
| − | |||
* Cattell R. B. 1994. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (5th edition). Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. | * Cattell R. B. 1994. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (5th edition). Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. | ||
* Cattell R. B.(ed.). 1966. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. | * Cattell R. B.(ed.). 1966. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. | ||
Revision as of 00:55, 17 January 2007
Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March, 1905 - 2 February, 1998) was a British and American psychologist who theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligences to explain human cognitive ability. In keeping with his devotion to rigorous scientific method, Cattell was an early proponent of the application in psychology of factor analytical methods, in place of what he called mere "verbal theorizing." One of the most important results of Cattell's application of factor analysis was the derivation of 16 factors underlying human personality. He called these 16 factors source traits because he believed that they provide the underlying source for the surface behaviors that we think of as personality. ("Psychology and Life, 7 ed." by Richard Gerrig and Philip Zimbardo.) This theory of 16 personality factors and the instruments used to measure them are known collectively as the 16 Personality Factors.
Life
Raymond Bernard Cattell was born on 20 March 1905 in Hilltop, a village on the outskirts of Birmingham, England. He was the second of three sons of Alfred Cattell and Mary Field Cattell, both of whom were born in Hilltop. The family moved to the seaside town of Torquayin South Devonshire when Cattell was 6 years old. There he won a scholarship to Torquay Boy's Grammar School and, in 1921, a county scholarship to University College,London, where he earned a bachelor of science degree with first honors in chemistry in 1924. He then turned to studies principally to psychology. He earned the doctoral program at King's College in 1924. His dissertation topic was "The Subjective Character of Cognition and Presensational Development of Perception,"for which he received a doctorate in 1929. Also from the University of London he earned a master's degree in education in 1932 and an honorary doctor of science degree in 1939.
From 1927 to 1932 Cattell taught at Exeter University ans served as an advosory psychologist at Dartington Hall, a progressive school that was much discussed in the 1930s. From 1932 through 1936 he served as director of the City of Leicester Child Clinic. In 1937 Edward Lee Thorndike offered him a research associate position at Columbia University. Cattell accepted the offer, expecting to stay in the United States no more than two years. But in 1938 he won an appointment to the G. Stanley Hall professorship in genetic psychology at Clark University. He moved from there to a lectureship at Harvard in 1941, where he remained until 1945,when he was appointed to a newly created research professorship in psychology at the University of Illinois and remained in that post until 1973. The next year, he moved to Honolulu, where he was appointed to adjunct professorships at the University of Hawaii and the Hawaii School of Professional Psychology. He continued to publish more than four articles per year and two books per decade through the 1970s and 1980s. and remained active in writing even as he became sick with colon cancer, prostate cancer, and heart disease in the 1990s. He died of congestive heart failure in his sleep at his home in Honolulu on 2 Feruary 1998.
Work
The theory that emerged from Cattell's empirical work provides a basis for describing the uniqueness of individuals. It has been classified as trait theory though it deals with much more than merely the enduring characteristics whereby one person can be distinguished from another; it is also an account of states and systematic changes in behavior brought about through motivation and learning. It provides a description of short-term and lifelong changesin behavior associated with neurophysiological, genetic, familial, social, and cultural factors. It is a comprehensive theory of human behavior.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Cattell differentiated source traits from surface traits. Surface traits are those found by Gordon Allport, representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people. Source traits are those more basic traits that underlie the surface traits. E.g., shyness being quiet, and disliking crowds might all be surface traits related to the more basic source trait of introversion, a tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation. Using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data called factor analysis, Cattell discovered 16 source traits, and although in 1977, he determined that there might be some other seven source traits to make a total of 23, he developed his assessment questionnaire, The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire or 16PF, based on just 16 source traits. These 16 source traits are seen as trait dimensions or continuum, in which there are two opposite traits at each end with many possible degrees of the traits possible along the dimension.
Criticism and the APA Lifetime Achievement Award
Cattell has been criticized on the basis of his interests in eugenics, evolution and alternative cultures and political systems. Political critics also note that Cattell is known for laying out a mixture of Galtonian eugenics and theology called Beyondism, which he considered "a new morality from science," and that his work in this area was published numerous times in the Pioneer Fund's Mankind Quarterly and its editor, Roger Pearson, has published two of Cattell's monographs. Cattell was also a Pioneer Fund recipient. [2]
Cattell argued that evidence generally supports the hypothesis that individual differences in intelligence are genetically determined. He also found evidence with the hypothesis that people of lower intelligence were producing more children than people of higher intelligence and concluded that it was important to encourage a higher birth rate of the more intelligent and lower birth rate of the dull.
In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which defended the findings on race and intelligence in The Bell Curve.
Cattell was also much critisized for the idea that morality is branch of natural science and that evolutionary ethics provides the true universal morality, and that regions — in particular Christianity — have uncritically and falsely failed to recognize this. He reasoned that ethics that apply within groups do not apply between groups. Competitiveness should exist between groups, but the development of large political organizations is inimical to advancement of the human species. Accoring to Cattell, humans should organize into small independent communities that peacefully compete in advancing particular views about the correct way to live. A principle of survival of the fittest communities would then operate to enable human societies to adapt and improve. The more successful of such communities would adopt eugenic policies. Mechanisms that can most safely, effectively, and intelligently control such groups can be created, put in place, maintained only by a government of scientists. Science must become a highly organized major function of national and international life.
In 1997, at age 92, Cattell was chosen by the American Psychological Association (APA) for its "Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Science of Psychology." However before the medal was presented, a former student at the University of Illinois, Barry Mehler, launched a publicity campaign against Cattell [3] through his nonprofit foundation ISAR accusing Cattell of being sympathetic to racist and fascist ideas [4] and claiming that "it is unconscionable to honor this man whose work helps to dignify the most destructive political ideas of the twentieth century".[1] A blue-ribbon committee was convened by the APA to investigate the legitimacy of the charges. However, before the committee reached a decision Cattell issued an open letter to the committee saying "I abhor racism and discrimination based on race. Any other belief would be antithetical to my life’s work" and saying that "it is unfortunate that the APA announcement … has brought misguided critics' statements a great deal of publicity." [5] He refused the award, withdrawing his name from consideration. The blue ribbon committee was therefore disbanded and Cattell, in failing health, died months later.
Legacy
Raymond Cattell ranks at the top among those who have most influenced scientific psychology in the twentieth century. He was famously productive throughout his 92 years, and ultimately was able to claim a combined authorship and co-authorship of 55 books and some 500 journal articles in addition to at least 30 standardized tests. His legacy includes not just that intellectual production, but also a spirit of scientific rigor brought to an otherwise soft science and kept burning by his students and co-researchers whom he was survived by.
The regularities indicated in Cattell's research, now appearing in many guises, remain among the principlal contributions to theoretical analysis of personality. Many self-report measures of personality stem from Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Cattell pioneered in developing the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the multiple abstract variance analysis model for sampling and distributing genetic and environmental influences, and the distinction between state and trait anxiety. He invented the covariation chart.
List of Cattell's innovations and accomplishments
- Definition of the three domains of the personality sphere (the totality of factorial measurements of the personality, ability, and motivation)
- Fluid and crystallized intelligence
- State and trait measurement of personality
- The Scree Test (using the curve of latent roots to judge the number of factors)
- The Procrustes factor analysis rotation program (for testing a hypothesized factor structure)
- The coefficient of profile similarity (taking account of shape, scatter, and level of two score profiles)
- The Dynamic Calculus (for assessing interests and motivation)
- P-technique factor analysis (for an occasion-by-variable matrix)
- The Taxonome program (for ascertaining the number and contents of clusters in a data set)
- The Basic Data Relations Box (the dimensions of experimental designs)
- Sampling of variables, as opposed to or in conjunction with sampling of persons
- Group syntality construct (the "personality" of a group)
- The factoring or repeated measures on single individuals to study fluctuating personality states
- Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis (with "specification equations" embodying genetic and environmental variables and their interactions)
- The founding of the Society for Multivariate Experimental Psychology and the journal Multivariate Behavioral Research
- Developed the CFIT or Culture Fair Intelligence Test
Notes
- ↑ Mehler reports that he was mentored by Jerry Hirsch, a colleague and strong critic of Cattell at the University of Illinois, where Cattell and Hirsch spent the majority of their careers. Cattell was also criticized by Rutgers professor William H. "Bill" Tucker, a friend and associate of Mehler's to whom Mehler "generously opened both his files and his home". In Tucker's book published with University of Illinois Press [1], Tucker claims that Cattell (in 1937) praised the eugenics laws of the pre-war Third Reich for promoting racial improvement.
Selected publications
- Cattell, R.B. 1933. Psychology and social progress: Mankind and destiny from the standpoint of a scientist. London: C. W. Daniel.
- Cattell, R. B. 1937. The fight for our national intelligence. London: P. S. King.
- Cattell R. B. 1950. Personaliy: A systematic, theoretical, and factual study. New York McGraw Hill.
- Cattell, R. B. 1965. The scientific analysis of personality. Harmondsworth (England): Penguin Books.
- Cattell, R. B. 1972. A new morality from science: Beyondism. New York: Pergamon Press.
- Cattell, R. B. 1987. Beyondism: Religion from science. New York: Praeger.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Boring, E.G.(1950). A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Brennan, J.F.(1982). History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Cattell R. B. 1994. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (5th edition). Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.
- Cattell R. B.(ed.). 1966. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
- Cattell R. B. and Kline, P. 1977. The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. New York: Academic Press.
- Cattell R. B. 1995. personality structure and the new fifth edition of the 19PF. Educational & psychological Measurement, 55(6), 926-937.
- Cattell R. B. 1990. Advances in Cattellian personality theory. In I. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp101-110). New York: Guilford.
- Leahey, Th. H. (1991). A History of Modern Psychology. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Tucker, W. H. (1994). "The science and politics of racial research". Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- MacDonald, Marvin J. "Psychology, Eugenics and the Case of Raymond B. Cattell". History and Philosophy of Psychology Bulletin (Volume 10 number 2, 1998) A special issue of the journal reviewed the Cattell controversy.
External links
- A Memorial to Raymond Bernard Cattell
- Human Intelligence: Raymond B. Cattell
- The Psi Cafe: Raymond Cattell
- John Gillis's official biography of Raymond B. Cattell
- A Concise Beyondist Catechism
- Interview With Raymond B. Cattell] from The Eugenics Bulletin, Spring-Summer 1984.
- Raymond B. Cattell and The Fourth Inquisition
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
