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| − | [[Category:Psychology]]
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| − | {{Submitted}}{{Images OK}}{{Approved}}{{Paid}}{{copyedited}}
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| − | '''Psychokinesis,''' sometimes referred to as "telekinesis" or "mind over matter," is the ability to influence the movement of [[matter]] or [[energy]] through [[mind|mental]] processes. Psychokinesis, abbreviated "PK," is perhaps most well known for such feats as the bending of spoons, but [[parapsychology|parapsychologists]] have found that PK abilities often manifest on a smaller scale. Parapsychology generally refers to these abilities as "[[psi phenomena]]," and use techniques such as random number generators to test for them [[scientific method|scientifically]]. While the results of such research indicate some results that appear not to be attributable to chance, skeptics have continued to expose weaknesses in the design of the tests that can be exploited by [[fraud]]s. The popularity of those claiming such abilities, and the debate about whether or not they have true abilities has continued, indicating at least a desire on the part of many to believe that [[human being]]s are capable of using their minds to directly influence the physical world.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | '''Psychokinesis,''' or PK, is defined as the direct influence of the [[mind]] on a physical system.<ref>Parapsychology Foundation, [http://www.parapsychology.org/dynamic/060100.html Basic Terms in Parapsychology.] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> The first term for the ability to move matter through non-physical means, "telekinesis," came into use in the late 1800s. Literally meaning "distant movement," telekinesis referred to the moving of objects by supernatural forces, including [[spirit]]s and ghosts.
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| − | During the [[Spiritualism|Spiritualist Movement]] of the mid to late nineteenth century, PK phenomena were seemingly everywhere. During [[séance]]s, tables would move, musical instruments would hover mid-air and play melodies, and chalk would write on a sealed slate. Despite the fact that such phenomena would take place only in the presence of a certain [[mediumship|medium]], the movement of objects was attributed to [[spirit]]s and not to any individual ability of the medium. [[Parapsychology|Parapsychologists]] tend to view such movement as originating from the live person, not spirits. Additionally, it must also be mentioned that a great deal of the apparent PK phenomena of the Spiritualist Movement was in actuality nothing more than trickery and conjuring.
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| − | During the 1930s, the term "psychokinesis," coined by American author [[Henry Holt]] in 1914, was taken up by famed [[parapsychology|parapsychologist]] [[J. B. Rhine]], and soon became the preferred term for parapsychologists. While the two terms are often used interchangeably to refer to the psychic movement of objects (including matter as small as air molecules), PK additionally encompasses phenomena like the influencing of random number generations or the softening of the [[metal]] in a [[spoon]] (thus enabling the spoon to be more easily bent). PK is also preferred over the more archaic "telekinesis" because of its lack of spiritualist connotations.
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| − | ==Scientific investigation of PK==
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| − | Starting in 1934, [[J. B. Rhine]], often referred to as the "father of modern [[parapsychology]]," did a number of experiments involving PK at [[Duke University]] in North Carolina involving dice. The validity of Rhine's experiments, in PK as well as in other areas, is often debated. Believers claim that, collectively, Rhine's experiments prove the existence of PK with odds against chance of a billion to one. Critics and skeptics point out flawed methodology in the protocol of Rhine's experiments that may have allowed for [[fraud]] or manipulation by the subjects. Mechanisms have been designed that show a significant deviation from the theoretical laws of chance, even when no human element is introduced. Because of this, skeptics accuse parapsychologists of attaching more importance to any deviation from the laws of chance than is deserved.<ref>Robert Todd Carroll, [http://www.skepdic.com/essays/psihistory.html "A Short History of Psi Research"] ''The Skeptic's Dictionary.'' Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> Depending on the individual protocol of experiments, it is also possible that [[precognition]], or knowledge of the future, could account for the success of some subjects at choosing the correct number of a dice roll.
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| − | PK was later differentiated into two distinct categories: Macro-PK, which consisted of observable events like the movement of a matchbook, and micro-PK, which created weak effects only observable through [[statistics|statistical]] evaluation. More and more researchers began to focus on micro-PK, using experiments designed around random event generators. One of the first of such random event generators was designed by American [[physics|physicist]] [[Helmut Schmidt]]. Schmidt's "electronic coin flipper" used the random decay of [[radioactivity|radioactive]] particles to generate a "heads" or "tails" result, a technique that was difficult, if not impossible, to manipulate through fraud. Schmidt tested a number of subjects, some of whom did seem to be able to successfully influence the results.<ref>The Mystica, [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/p/psychokinesis_pk.html "Psychokinesis."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
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| − | ==Skepticism==
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| − | The field of [[parapsychology]] has always had to contend with a certain amount of criticism, and the subject of psychokinesis is no exception. Critics and skeptics both argue that parapsychologists often want to believe in a phenomenon so much that they are blinded to flaws in their research. Subjects tested often attempt to manipulate the experiment to create a more chaotic environment, during which a subject is better able to use [[fraud]]ulent techniques to fool researchers.<ref>Scott Teresi, 2000. [http://www.teresi.us/html/writing/psi.html "The Current State of Parapsychology Research."] Retrieved April 11, 2007.</ref>
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| − | In 1979, $500,000 worth of funding was given to Washington University in Missouri for psychical research. [[James Randi]], a well known [[magician]] and critic of parapsychology, saw this as an opportunity to prove that the lack of properly controlled experiments was not, as many parapsychologists claimed, due to a lack of funding, but rather to flaws in their approach to testing. Randi trained two young magicians, who were then accepted, unknowingly by the investigators, into the experiment. Over the course of four years, the two fake psychics participated in over 160 hours of experiments, and had researchers convinced of their psychic abilities. Once researchers began to institute protocols suggested by Randi to prevent fraud and manipulation, however, the planted subjects were no longer able to create such spectacular results. Randi later commented that the effect of the hoax, termed "Project Alpha," was short lived, and that parapsychologists remain overly susceptible to deception and self-deception.<ref>The Skeptic's Dictionary, [http://www.skepdic.com/projectalpha.html "Project Alpha."] Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Magicians like Randi have often volunteered their time and expertise to help create more stringent experimental conditions to guard against trickery. In many instances, subjects that previously performed well are unable to recreate their success under these more strict guidelines. Many supporters of [[psi phenomena]] claim that introducing a critical environment or a skeptical researcher searching for fraud creates an environment that is not conducive to successful psi demonstration. Much of the research into PK has shifted away from the search for an individual with PK ability, and more towards the search for micro-PK abilities in a larger portion of the population.
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| − | ==PK and poltergeists==
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| − | Many parapsychologists and psychic investigators believe that subconscious PK is often responsible for [[poltergeist]] activity. Poltergeists are believed to be either mischievous or sometimes malevolent [[spirit]]s that make noises, throw objects around the room, and sometimes assault people or animals. Poltergeist activity often begins and ends abruptly, and usually occurs in the vicinity of the same person. Often, this person is a child or adolescent. Researchers theorize that repressed hostilities towards parents or authority can manifest as subconscious PK phenomena in such cases. It has also been suggested that individuals with unresolved [[mental disorder|mental]] or [[emotion]]al issues can create similar effects, which often disappear after the individual goes into [[therapy]].<ref>The Mystica, [http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/p/poltergeist.html "Poltergeist."] Retrieved April 11, 2007.</ref>
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| − | ==Famous individuals with purported PK ability==
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| − | ===Uri Geller===
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| − | [[Uri Geller]] is most famous for his alleged feats of spoon and key bending, as well as a psychic ability to fix broken [[watch]]es. Born in [[Israel]], Geller's successful psychic career began in the late 1960s. Geller has claimed he was responsible when the [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] flame was briefly stuck as it was winched to the top of Stadium Australia during the 2000 Olympics. Geller allegedly focused on the flame for eleven minutes as part of his quest for global nuclear disarmament.<ref>Uri-Geller.com, [http://www.uri-geller.com/articles/Olympic.htm "I Stopped Olympic Flame."] Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref> He has also claimed he brought the famous [[London]] clock tower, [[Big Ben]], to a stop. In 1986, Geller wrote, "It is my intention, as I write this book; to one day bring Big Ben to a dead stop. I will choose my moment carefully because I do not want to damage British heritage." Later, he claims, "…indeed, I stopped the Big Ben [in]…1989 and … 1997!" Big Ben, completed in 1858, stopped again in 1997, and once more in 2005.<ref>Uri-Geller.com, [http://www.uri-geller.com/PK.htm "Interesting PK Stories."] Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref> In 2005, the cause of stoppage was unknown, but unusually high temperatures were thought to contribute.<ref>BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4589527.stm "Big Ben chimes stoppage mystery."] Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Geller has been accused of using [[magician]]'s trickery to create his spectacular effects, particularly by magician James Randi. Geller has defended his inability to produce convincing laboratory results by saying, "When I'm put under pressure, I can't perform. When I'm on stage, I'm not under pressure and it happens. …But in a laboratory where I really want it to happen, it's very hard for me."<ref>Simon Jones, [http://www.simon-jones.org.uk/articles/uri_geller_interview.htm "Uri Geller—A Skeptical Perspective"] Word Smith. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref> Critics claim that spoon bending is not a difficult feat for a talented conjurer. Geller is often accused of using misdirection and sleight of hand to achieve his allegedly psychic results. His claims of being able to psychically repair watches were also brought under scrutiny by researchers Marks and Kammann, who cite jewelers' estimates that over fifty percent of "broken" watches are merely stopped up by dust, dirt, or gummed/badly distributed oil, and that such problems can often be fixed temporarily by bumping them or warming the watch in one's hand.<ref>Simon Jones, [http://www.simon-jones.org.uk/articles/uri_geller_how.htm "How does Uri Geller do it?"] Word Smith. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref> Despite skeptics' claims of fraud, Geller retains a large following of believers.
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| − | ===Nina Kulagina===
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| − | [[Nina Kulagina]], a [[Russia]]n psychic, displayed an impressive range of apparently psychic powers in the mid to late twentieth century, and is perhaps best known for her demonstrations of PK. In front of amazed onlookers, she was allegedly able to move objects with nothing but the power of her [[mind]]. In 1969, film footage of Kulagina's abilities was shown at the First Moscow International Conference on Parapsychology. Kulagina was investigated by a number of scientists, both Soviet and American, and precautions were taken to eliminate the possibility of trickery through concealed [[magnet]]s or threads, as well as drafts of air. On film, she moved matches, a cigarette, and a ping pong ball, among other items. Occasionally, burn marks would appear on her hands or her clothes would catch fire.<ref>Brian Haughton, [http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Nina_Kulagina.htm "The Psychic Powers of Nina Kulagina"] Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Naturally, the validity of Kulagina's abilities has often been a topic of heated debate. Skeptics point out that many of her demonstrations were performed in her own home or a hotel, and that controls were loose as Kulagina often necessitated several hours to prepare before a demonstration; hours that could conceivably be used to set up means of trickery. It has been suggested that such apparent PK effects could be reproduced with threads, concealed magnets, or static electricity. No expert in conjuring tricks was present during the Russian psychic's demonstrations to confirm or deny the likelihood of fraud.
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| − | ==Cultural references==
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| − | The possibility of true psychokinetic ability has long fascinated the public, a fascination that is often expressed in [[novel]]s, film, [[television]], computer games, and comics. In the classic 1976 film ''Carrie,'' based on the [[Stephen King]] novel of the same name, [[Sissy Spacek]] portrayed a troubled [[high school]] student with psychokinetic powers. In the ''Star Wars'' movie series, numerous characters psychokinetically manipulate objects using "the Force." Similar abilities are often found in characters in the long-lived [[comic book]] ''X-Men,'' later made into a popular series of movies.
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Auerbach, Loyd. 1996. ''Mind Over Matter.'' Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-047-4
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| − | *Braud, William G. 1994. [http://integral-inquiry.com/docs/649/intentions.pdf "Can Our Intentions Interact Directly with the Physical World?"] in ''European Journal of Parapsychology''. Vol. 10.
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| − | *Braud, William. 2003. ''Distant Mental Influence.'' Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 1-57174-354-5
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| − | *Braude, Stephen E. 2002. ''Esp and Psychokinesis: A Philosophical Examination.'' Brown Walker Press. ISBN 1581124074
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| − | *de Beauregard, O. Costa. 1998. [http://www.scientificexploration.org/jse/articles/pdf/12.2_costadebeauregard.pdf "The Paranormal is not Excluded from Physics"] in ''Journal of Scientific Exploration.'' Vol. 12, No. 2.
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| − | *Etzold, Eckhard. 2004. [http://m0134.fmg.uva.nl/research/PSI%20research/papers/39.pdf ''Does Psi Exist and Can We prove It: Belief and Disbelief in Psychokinesis Research'']. Presented at the Parapsychological Association Convention 2004.
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| − | *Houck, Jack. 2003. [http://jackhouck.com/mdi.shtml ''Material Deformation by Intention.''] Presented at the Science of Whole Person Healing Conference.
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| − | *Radin, Dean. 1997. ''The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena''. HarperEdge.
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| − | *Radin, Dean. 2006. ''Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality''. Pocket Books.
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| − | *Randi, James. 1982. ''Flim Flam!''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-198-3
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| − | *Randi, James. 1982. ''The Magic of Uri Geller''. (Later editions are titled ''The Truth About Uri Geller''). ISBN 0-87975-199-1
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| − | *Rhine, Louisa E. 1970. ''Mind over Matter: Psychokinesis''. Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0026024209
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| − | *Schmidt, Helmut. 1987. [http://www.fourmilab.ch/rpkp/strange.html "The Strange Properties of Psychokinesis"] in ''Journal of Scientific Exploration''. Vol. 1, No. 2.
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| − | ==External Links==
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| − | *[http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/p/psychokinesis_pk.html Psychokinesis (PK)] ''The Mystica''. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.alternativescience.com/psychokinesis.htm Psychokinesis—Mind over Matter] ''Alternative Science''. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
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| − | *[http://skepdic.com/kinesis.html The Skeptic's Dictionary: "Psychokinesis"] A skeptical commentary article on psychokinesis. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
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| − | {{Credit1|Psychokinesis|115875637|}}
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