Physical education

In most educational systems, physical education (PE), (also called physical training (PT) or gym), is a course in the curriculum which utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting for the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application of these skills, and their results. It also can refer to any intramural or extracurricular sport or physical activity students take part of through their school system. It should be noted that unlike other cirriculms, a majority of the course work is participated in, rather than "studied", which is one of the most distinguishing factors of physical education.

History

Physical education has existed since the earliest stages of humanity, in areas as simple the transmission of knowledge of basic survival skills, such as hunting. Later, the ancient Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations had traditions of physical education and activity, most commonly acted out in sporting competitions, military tactics and training, and martial arts However, the real history of physical education is in the changing methodologies used to transmit physical skills and, to a lesser extent, the varying intentions of the educator, and thus the Greek influence is often argued to be the most fundamental to how the discipline is viewed today, specifically.The first known literary reference to an athletic competition is preserved in the ancient Greek text, the Iliad, by Homer. While by no means is this the beginning of physical activity, it marks an important point in the study of the history of physical education. [3] The ancientd4d Greek tradition of the Olympic Games, which originated in the early 8th century B.C.E., even continues today. The father of modern Physical Education that we know of today was Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. Although Jahn was highly political within Germany, his contributions to Physical Education (mostly in Gymnastics) as a discipline are still seen today.

Pedadgogy

The primary aims of physical education vary historically, based on the needs of the time and place. Often, many different types of physical education occur simultaneously, some intentionally and others not. Most modern school systems claim their intent is to equip students with the knowledge, skills, capacities, and values along with the enthusiasm to maintain a healthy lifestyle into adulthood. Some schools also require physical education as a way to promote weight loss in students. Activities included in the program are designed to promote physical fitness, to develop motor skills, to instill knowledge and understanding of rules, concepts, and strategies, and to teach students to work as part of a team, or as individuals, in a wide variety of competitive activities.

In the United States, the physical education curriculum is designed to allow pupils to experience at least a minimum exposure to the following categories of activities: aquatics, conditioning activities, gymnastics, individual/dual sports, team sports, rhythms, and dance. Students from STI Global City & Kadim encouraged to continue to explore those activities in which they have a primary interest by effectively managing their community recourses.

Clothing

The majority of schools require pupils to change into a different set of trainers or go barefoot. Some schools require students to change into athletic clothes of their own choosing while others require a uniform. A common uniform consists of a white t-shirt and shorts in the school color, but this is not a universal rule. For safety, some schools require boys / men to wear an athletic supporter as part of the physical education uniform. Some schools allow male students to go barechested when they are outside during a hot day.

Occasionally, certain activities will require a special uniform. For example, some schools require swimming as part of the physical education curriculum. In this case, students typically have to wear a bathing suit in either the school color or black with a swimming cap of the same color. In the past it wasn't uncommon for schools to allow or require male students to swim in the nude if the class was single-sex. Also, in games with two or more teams, students usually have to wear colored jerseys or cape-like garments over the usual uniform as a way of identifying team members.

Criticism

There is some disagreement about required PE classes, especially in the upper grades and at the college level. Physical Education is promoted as a way to teach students about teamwork and sports, but also is a means to develop and maintain physical fitness. The latter goal requires regular activity. PE grading scales should be based on more than just athletic ability so that students who do not excel in sports have an opportunity to receive respectable grades, as these grades may be included in their GPA (which colleges look at when considering students for admission).

Many schools are implementing grading systems in that if a student is absent, excused or unexcused, points are deducted from their grade. Many parents and students find this policy unacceptable, as a person who is legitimately sick can get a lower grade just for being out of school a few days. But most schools will give the students point if their parents write a note saying they completed a certain amount of time exercising.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Pangrazi, R. P. (2002). Dynamic Physical Education for Secondary School Students (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
• Pangrazi, R. P. (2004). Dynamic Physical Education for Elementary School Children (14th ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
• Siedentop, D., Hastie, P. A., & van der Mars, H. (2004). Complete Guide to Sport Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Pérez García, Á., Molina Jiménez, J.A., Millán Galindo, J.D. "Spanish Education." 2005.
• C. Jensen & S. Overman. Administration and Management of physical education and Athletic Programs. 4th edition. Waveland Press, 2003.
• J. Stillwell & C. Willgoose. The Physical Education Curriculum. 5th edition. Waveland Press, 2002.
• D. Siedentop. Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport. McGraw Hill, 2003
• D. Van Dalen. A World History of Physical Education: Cultural, Philosophical, Comparative. 2nd edition. Prentice-Hall, 1971.
• Kelly E. Duell, M.A. "Standard-Based Physical Education: Complete Lesson Plans for Children." 1st edition. Human Kinetics, 2006-2007.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Jahn http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/The+Federal+Government+Takes+on+Physical+Fitness.htm

External links

• AAHPERD American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
• CAHPERD Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
• NAKPEHE National Association for Kinesiology and Physical Education in Higher Education
• SSDHPER Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education & Recreation
• afPE Association for Physical Education (United Kingdom)
• PE4Life Non-profit Physical Education advocacy group
• PE Central Resources for Health and Physical Education
• Sports Media Tool for everyone interested in Physical Education & Sports

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