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| − | [[Category: Holiday]]
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| − | {{Infobox Holiday |
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| − | | holiday_name = Halloween<br/>Hallowe'en | image = Jack-o'-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg
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| − | | caption = A [[jack-o'-lantern]]
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| − | | nickname = All Hallows Eve<br/> All Saints' Eve<br/> [[Samhain]]
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| − | | observedby = Many [[Christian]] nations, including [[England]], [[United States]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], [[Canada]], sometimes [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] and many [[Latin American]] countries where it is known as ''Noche de las Brujas (Night of the [[Witches]])''[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween]
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| − | | date = October 31
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| − | | celebrations = [[Trick-or-treating]], [[Bobbing for apples]], [[Costume party|Costume parties]], Carving [[jack-o'-lantern]]s, [[Bonfire]]s and [[Fireworks]] (in [[Ireland]])
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| − | | longtype = Religious, Cultural (celebrated mostly irrespective of religion)
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| − | | type=Pagan
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| − | | significance = There are many sources of Halloween's significance
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| − | }}
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| − | {{wiktionary|Halloween}}
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| − | '''Halloween''', or '''Hallowe'en''', is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. Traditional activities include [[trick-or-treating]], Halloween festivals, [[Costume party|costume parties]], [[bonfire]]s, visiting [[Haunted attraction|"haunted houses"]], viewing [[horror films]], and participating in traditional [[autumn]] activities such as [[hayride]]s (which may have [[haunted hayride|"haunted" themes]]).
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| − | Halloween originated under the name of ''[[Samhain]]'' as a [[Paganism|Pagan]] festival among the [[Celts]] of [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]]. [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century.
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| − | Halloween is now celebrated in parts of the [[western world]], most commonly in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[United Kingdom]] and sometimes in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. In recent years, the holiday has also been celebrated in various other parts of Western Europe.
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| − | The term ''Halloween'' (and its older rendering ''Hallowe'en'') is shortened from '''All-hallow-even'''<!-- Note to editors: That is "even," not "eve." Both are abbreviations of "evening," but "Halloween" gets its "n" from "even." —>, as it is the evening of/before [[All Saints|"All Hallows' Day"]]<ref name = "OED">{{cite book | first = John | last = Simpson | coauthors = Weiner, Edmund | title = Oxford English Dictionary | edition = second | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = London|id = ISBN 0-19-861186-2}}</ref>, also known as "All Saints' Day." It was a day of religious festivities in various northern [[Europe]]an Pagan traditions{{Fact|date=March 2007}}, until Popes [[Gregory III]] and [[Gregory IV]] moved the old [[Calendar of saints|Christian feast]] of All Saints' Day from May 13 to November 1. In the ninth century, the Church measured the day as starting at sunset, in accordance with the [[Florentine calendar]]. Although All Saints' (or Hallows') Day is now considered to occur one day after Halloween, the two holidays were, at that time, celebrated on the same day. Liturgically, the Church traditionally celebrated that day as the [[Vigil]] of All Saints, and, until 1970, a day of fasting as well. Like other vigils, it was celebrated on the previous day if it fell on a Sunday, although secular celebrations of the holiday remained on the 31st. The Vigil was suppressed in 1955, but was later restored in the post-Vatican II calendar.
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| − | In [[Ireland]], the name of the holiday was '''All Hallows' Eve''' (often shortened to '''Hallow Eve'''), and though seldom used today, the name is still well-accepted, albeit somewhat [[esoteric]]. In [[Irish language|Irish]], the festival is known as ''Oíche Shamhna'' (Night of ''[[Samhain]]''), or simply ''Samhain''; in [[Scottish Gaelic]] it is ''Samhainn'' or ''Samhain''; in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], ''[[Calan Gaeaf]]'' to the Welsh; "[[Allantide]]" to the [[Cornish people|Cornish]] and "[[Hop-tu-Naa]]" to the [[Manx]]. Halloween is also called ''Pooky Night'' in parts of Ireland, presumably named after the [[púca]], a mischievous [[spirit]].
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| − | Many European cultural traditions hold that Halloween is one of the [[Liminality|liminal]] times of the year when [[spirit]]s can make contact with the physical world, and when [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] is most potent (according to, for example, [[Catalan mythology about witches]] and Irish tales of the [[Sídhe]]).
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| − | ==Around the world==
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| − | [[Image:maclise.snap.apple.night.jpg|280px|thumb|left|''Snap-Apple Night'' by [[Daniel Maclise]] portrays a Halloween party in [[Blarney]], Ireland, in 1832. The young people on the left side play various [[divination]] games, while children on the right bob for apples. A couple in the center play "Snap-Apple," which involves retrieving an apple hanging from a string]].
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| − | ===Ireland===
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| − | Halloween is very popular in Ireland, where it is said to have originated, and is known in [[Irish language|Irish]] as "Oíche Shamhna" or "Samhain Night." Pre-Christian Celts had an autumn festival, [http://halloween.whipnet.net/history/samhain.html Samhain]([[Irish phonology|pronounced]] {{IPA|/ˈsˠaunʲ/from the [[Old Irish]] ''samain''}}), "End of Summer," a pastoral and agricultural "fire festival" or feast, when the dead revisited the mortal world, and large communal [[bonfire]]s would hence be lit to ward off evil spirits. (See [[Halloween#Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain|Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain]] below).
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| − | [[Pope Gregory IV]] standardized the date of All Saints' Day, or All Hallows' Day, on November 1 in the name of the entire Western Church in 835. As it now began at sunset, the holiday coincided exactly with Samhain. Although there is no official documentation that Gregory considered Samhain when selecting this date, it seems consistent with the common practice of leaving pagan festivals and buildings intact (e.g., the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]), while overlaying a Christian meaning.<ref name = "BBC_spec">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween.shtml BBC Religion & Ethics - Hallowe'en] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> While [[Celt]]s might have been content to move All Saints' Day from the previous date of April 20, ("...the ''Felire'' of Oengus and the ''Martyrology of Tallaght'' prove that the early medieval churches celebrated the feast of All Saints upon 20 April.")<ref name = "Hutton">{{cite book | last = Hutton | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Hutton | title = Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain | year = 1996 | publisher = Oxford Paperbacks | location = New York | id = ISBN 0-19-285448-8}}</ref> it is speculated without evidence that they were unwilling to give up their pre-existing autumn festival of the dead and continued to celebrate ''Samhain''{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.
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| − | Unfortunately, there is frustratingly little [[primary source|primary documentation]] of how Halloween was celebrated in preindustrial Ireland. Historian Nicholas Rogers has written,
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| − | <blockquote>It is not always easy to track the development of Halloween in Ireland and Scotland from the mid-seventeenth century, largely because one has to trace ritual practices from [modern] folkloric evidence that do not necessarily reflect how the holiday might have changed; these rituals may not be "authentic" or "timeless" examples of pre-industrial times.<ref name = "Rogers">{{cite book | first = Nicholas | last = Rogers | title = Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2002 | pages = 411 | id = ISBN 0-19-514691-3 }}</ref></blockquote>
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| − | On Halloween night in present-day Ireland, adults and children dress up as creatures from the underworld (e.g., ghosts, ghouls, zombies, witches and goblins), light bonfires, and enjoy spectacular fireworks displays (despite the fact that such displays are usually illegal). Halloween was perceived as the night during which the division between the world of the living and the otherworld was blurred so spirits of the dead and inhabitants from the underworld were able to walk free on the earth. It was necessary to dress as a spirit or otherworldly creature when venturing outdoors to blend in. The children knock on the neighbors' doors, in order to gather fruit, nuts, and sweets for the Halloween festival. Salt was once sprinkled in the hair of the children to protect against evil spirits.
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| − | The houses are frequently adorned with [[pumpkins]] or [[turnips]] carved into scary faces; lights or candles are sometimes placed inside the carvings to provide an eerie effect. The traditional Halloween cake in Ireland is the [[barmbrack]], which is a fruit bread. Each family member gets one slice. There is a piece of rag, a coin ''or'' a ring in each cake; if one gets the rag, then financial prospects are doubtful. Getting a coin indicates a prosperous future, and getting a ring is a sure sign of impending romance or continued happiness. Nowadays, only the ring is usually included in commercially produced barmbracks.
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| − | Games are often played, such as bobbing for apples, where apples, peanuts and other nuts and fruit and some small coins are placed in a basin of water. The apples and nuts float, but the coins, which sink, are harder to catch. Everyone takes turns catching as many items possible using only their mouths. In some households, the coins are embedded in the fruit for the children to "earn" as they catch each apple. The Scottish and English have adapted the tradition to a game named "ducking," in which a participant quickly dunks in a water-filled container in an attempt to get a prize, without being submerged too long. Another common game involves the hands-free eating of an apple hung on a string attached to the ceiling.
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| − | Irish children have a week-long Halloween break from school; the last Monday in October is a [[public holiday]] given for Halloween even though they often do not fall on the same day. See [[Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland]].
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| − | As of 2006, several County and City Councils around Ireland have imposed bans on bonfires, citing apparent health and safety issues.
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| − | Ghosts and witches are symbols for this holiday. Children like to scare each other.
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| − | ===Scotland===
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| − | [[Scotland]], having a shared Gaelic culture and language with [[Ireland]], has celebrated the festival of Samhain robustly for centuries. [[Robert Burns]] portrayed the varied customs in his poem "Hallowe'en" (1785).
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| − | Halloween, known in [[Scottish Gaelic]] as "Oidhche Shamhna," consists chiefly of children going door to door "guising," i.e., dressed in a disguise (often as a witch or ghost) and offering entertainment of various sorts. If the entertainment is enjoyed, the children are rewarded with gifts of sweets, fruits or money. There is no Scottish 'trick or treat' tradition; on the contrary, 'trick or treat' may have its origins in the guising customs.
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| − | In Scotland a lot of [[folklore]], including that of Halloween, revolves around the belief in [[Fairy|faeries]]. Children dress up in costumes and carry around a ''"Neepy Candle"'' a devil face carved into a hollowed out [[Neep]], lit from inside, to frighten away the evil faeries.
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| − | Popular children's games played on the holiday include "dookin" for apples (i.e., retrieving an apple from a bucket of water using only one's mouth). In places, the game has been replaced (because of fears of contracting saliva-borne illnesses in the water) by standing over the bowl holding a fork in one's mouth, and releasing it in an attempt to skewer an apple using only gravity. Another popular game is attempting to eat, while blindfolded, a treacle-coated scone on a piece of string hanging from the ceiling.
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| − | ===Isle of Man===
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| − | The [[Isle of Man|Manx]] traditionally celebrate [[Hop-tu-Naa]] on October 31. This ancient Celtic tradition has parallels with Scottish and Irish traditions.
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| − | ===England and Wales===
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| − | The [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon invasions]] of the [[5th century|5th]] and [[6th century|6th centuries]] AD pushed the native [[Celt]]s north and westward in [[Great Britain|Britain]], to present-day [[Wales]], [[Scotland]], [[Cornwall]] and [[Cumbria]], taking the festival of All Hallows Eve with them. All Saints Day (All Hallows Day) became fixed on November 1, 835, and All Souls Day on November 2, circa 998. On All Souls Eve, families stayed up late, and little "soul cakes" were eaten by everyone. At the stroke of midnight there was solemn silence among households, which had candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes, and a glass of wine on the table to refresh them. The tradition continued in areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door-to-door "souling" (i.e., singing songs) for cakes or money. The [[English Reformation]] in the 16th century de-emphasised holidays like All Hallows Day and its associated eve. With the rise of [[Guy Fawkes Night]] celebrations in 17th century England, many Halloween practices, especially the building of bonfires, were moved to November 5.
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| − | Halloween celebrations in the UK were repopularized in the 1980s with influence from America, and saw the reintroduction of traditions such as pumpkin carvings and trick-or-treat.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Between 2001 and 2006, consumer spending in the UK for Halloween rose tenfold from £12m to £120m, according to Bryan Roberts from industry analysts Planet Retail, making Halloween the third most profitable holiday for supermarkets.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6099008.stm Boo! Is Halloween too scary?] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Nowadays, adults often dress up to attend [[fancy dress|costume]] parties, pub parties and club parties on Halloween night.
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| − | In parts of [[England]], there is a similar festival called [[holy day]] which falls on the November 4. During the celebration, children play a range of "tricks" (ranging from minor to more serious) on adults. One of the more serious "tricks" might include the unhinging of garden gates (which were often thrown into ponds, or moved far away). In recent years, such acts have occasionally escalated to extreme vandalism, sometimes involving street fires.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/news/2002/11/05/fire.shtml Mischief Night causes havoc across county] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Throughout England (and much of the British Isles), children carve faces or designs into hollowed-out pumpkins.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4385812.stm Pumpkin passions] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> Usually illuminated from within, the lanterns are displayed in windows in keeping with the night's theme of fright and horror. (See article [[Jack-o'-lantern]].) Before the introduction of pumpkin carving from the United States, it was common to carve large swedes (a.k.a. neeps or yellow turnips), which is still done in some areas.
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| − | Bobbing for apples is a well-established Halloween custom, synonymous with the Scottish "dukin." In the game, apples were placed in a water-filled barrel, and a participant would attempt to catch an apple with one's mouth only. Once an apple was caught, it would be peeled and tossed over the shoulder in the hope that the strips would fall into the shape of a letter, which would supposedly be the first initial of the participant's true love. According to another superstition, the longer the peel, the longer the peeler's life would be; some say that the first participant to get an apple would be the first to marry.
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| − | Other Halloween festivities include fireworks, telling [[ghost stories]], and playing children's games such as [[hide and seek|hide-and-seek]]. Apple tarts might be baked with a coin hidden inside, and nuts of all types are traditional Halloween fare. Bolder children may play a game called "thunder and lightning," which involves loudly knocking on a neighbor's door, then running away (like lightning). This game is known as "knock-door-run," "knock-and-run," "knock-knock-zoom-zoom," "ding-dong-ditch," or "postman's knock" in parts of the country, and is also played on [[Mischief Night]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Tradition has been changing, as the majority of today's children will arrive at a door and intone "trick-or-treat" in order to receive money and sweets.
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| − | There has been increasing concern about the potential for antisocial behavior, particularly among older teens, on Halloween. Cases of houses being "egg-bombed" (especially when the occupants do not give money or gifts) have been reported, and the [[BBC]] reports that for Halloween 2006 police forces have stepped up patrols to respond to such mischief.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6093634.stm Fines for Halloween troublemakers] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | ===United States and Canada===
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| − | Halloween did not become a holiday in America until the 19th century, where lingering [[Puritan]] tradition restricted even the observance [[Christmas#The Reformation and modern times|Christmas]] prior to the 1800s. American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th centuries do not include Halloween in their lists of holidays.<ref>Rogers, p. 49.</ref> The transatlantic migration of nearly two million Irish following the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)]] finally brought the holiday to America. Scottish emigration from the [[British Isles]], primarily to Canada before 1870 and to the United States thereafter, brought the Scottish version of the holiday to each country.
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| − | [[Scottish American|Scottish-American]] and [[Irish American|Irish-American]] societies held dinners and balls that celebrated their heritages, with perhaps a recitation of [[Robert Burns]]' poem "Halloween" or a telling of Irish legends, much as [[Columbus Day]] celebrations were more about [[Italian American|Italian-American]] heritage than Columbus per se. Home parties would center around children's activities, such as [[bobbing for apples]], and various [[divination]] games often concerning future romance. Not surprisingly, pranks and mischief were common as well.
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| − | The commercialization of Halloween in America did not start until the 20th century, beginning perhaps with Halloween postcards (featuring hundreds of designs) which were most popular between 1905 and 1915.<ref>[http://www.shaktiweb.com/postcards/ Antique Halloween Postcards and E-cards] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> Dennison Manufacturing Company, which published its first Hallowe'en catalog in 1909, and the Beistle Company were pioneers in commercially made Halloween decorations, particularly die-cut paper items.<ref>[http://www.spookshows.com/beistle/beistle.htm Beistle: An American Halloween Giant] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.halloweencollector.com/history/ A Brief History of Halloween Collectibles] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> German manufacturers specialized in Halloween figurines that were exported to America in the period between the two world wars.
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| − | There is little [[primary source|primary documentation]] of masking or costuming on Halloween in America or elsewhere, prior to 1900.<ref name = "Skal">{{cite book | first = David J. | last = Skal | title = Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween | location = New York | publisher = Bloomsbury | year = 2002 | pages = 34 | id = ISBN 1-58234-230-X }}</ref> Mass-produced Halloween costumes did not appear in stores until the 1930s, and trick-or-treating did not become a fixture of the holiday until the 1950s.
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| − | In the United States, Halloween has become the sixth most profitable holiday (after Christmas, Mother's Day, Valentines Day, Easter, and Father's Day).<ref name = "Mikkelson">[http://www.snopes.com/holidays/halloween/spending.asp Halloween Loot] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> In the 1990s, many manufacturers began producing a larger variety of Halloween yard decorations; prior to this a majority of decorations were homemade. Some of the most popular yard decorations are [[jack-o'-lantern]]s, [[scarecrow]]s, witches, orange and purple string lights, inflatable decorations (such as spiders, pumpkins, mummies and vampires), and [[animatronic]] window and door decorations. Other popular decorations are foam [[tombstones]] and [[gargoyle]]s. Halloween is now America's second most popular holiday (after Christmas) for decorating; the sale of candy and costumes are also extremely common during the holiday, which is marketed to children and adults alike. According to the National Retail Federation, the most popular Halloween costume themes for adults are, in order: witch, pirate, vampire, cat and clown.<ref>2006 Halloween Consumer Intentions and Actions Survey. Washington, DC: The National Retail Federation.</ref> On many college campuses, Halloween is a major celebration, with the Friday and Saturday nearest October 31 hosting many costume parties.
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| − | Universal's [[Halloween Horror Nights]] is one of the largest and most elaborate Halloween events in the world. The month-long event takes place at Universal Studios theme parks in Florida and Hollywood.
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| − | The National Confectioners Association reported, in 2005, that 80 percent of American adults planned to give out candy to trick-or-treaters,<ref name = "candyusa.org1">[http://www.candyusa.org/Media/Seasonal/Halloween/pr_2005.asp Trick-or-treaters can expect Mom or Dad’s favorites in their bags this year] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> and that 93 percent of children planned to go trick-or-treating.<ref name=candyusa.org2>[http://www.candyusa.org/Classroom/Facts/default.asp?Fact=Halloween Fun Facts: Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | [[Anoka, Minnesota]], the self-proclaimed "Halloween Capital of the World," celebrates the holiday with a large civic [[parade]] and several other city-wide events. [[Salem, Massachusetts]], also has laid claim to the "Halloween Capital" title, while trying to dissociate itself from its history of persecuting [[witchcraft]]. At the same time, however, the city does see a great deal of tourism surrounding the [[Salem witch trials]], especially around Halloween. In the 1990s, the city added an official "Haunted Happenings" celebration to the October tourist season.. Nearby [[Keene, New Hampshire]], hosts the annual [[Pumpkin Fest]] each October which previously held the record for having the greatest number of lit [[jack-o'-lantern]]s at once. ([[Boston, Massachusetts]] holds the record as of October 2006).
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| − | [[Rutland (city), Vermont|Rutland, Vermont]] has hosted the annual [[Rutland Halloween Parade]] since 1960. Tom Fagan, a local [[comic book]] fan, is credited with having a hand in the parade's early development and [[superhero]] theme. In the early 1970s, the Rutland Halloween Parade achieved a degree of fame when it was used as the setting of a number of superhero [[comic books]], including Batman #237, Justice League of America #103, Amazing Adventures #16 and The Mighty Thor #207.
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| − | [[Image:Ubu-monsters.jpg|thumb|230px|''Ubu Apocalypse'', a presentation of over-sized papier-mâché masks at the [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]] in [[New York City]].]]
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| − | [[New York City]] hosts the United States' largest Halloween celebration, known as The [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]]. Started by [[Greenwich Village]] mask maker [[Ralph Lee]] in 1973, the evening parade now attracts over two million spectators and participants, as well as roughly four million television viewers annually. It is the largest participatory parade in the country if not the world, encouraging spectators to march in the parade as well.
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| − | In many towns and cities, trick-or-treaters are welcomed by lit [[porch]] lights and jack-o'-lanterns. In some large and/or crimeridden areas, however, trick-or-treating is discouraged, or refocused to staged trick-or-treating events within nearby [[shopping mall]]s, in order to prevent potential acts of violence against trick-or-treaters. Even where crime is not an issue, many American towns have designated specific hours for trick-or-treating, e.g., 5-7 pm or 5-8 pm, to discourage late-night trick-or-treating.
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| − | Those living in the [[countryside|country]] may hold Halloween parties, often with bonfires, with the celebrants passing between them. The parties usually involve traditional games (like [[snipe hunt]]ing, bobbing for apples, or searching for candy in a similar manner to Easter egg hunting), [[haunted hayride]]s (often accompanied by scary stories, and costumed people hiding in the dark to jump out and scare the riders), and treats (usually a bag of candy and/or homemade treats). Scary movies may also be viewed. Normally, the children are picked up by their parents at predetermined times. However, it is not uncommon for such parties to include sleepovers.
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| − | Trick-or-treating may often end by early evening, but the nightlife thrives in many urban areas. Halloween costume parties provide an opportunity for young adults to gather and share a keg, while having a good time. The local bars are frequented by people wearing Halloween masks and risqué costumes. Many bars and restaurants hold Costume Contests to attract customers to their establishments.
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| − | In areas with a large [[Mexico|Mexican]] population, Halloween has often merged with celebrations of "Dia De Los Muertos" ("[[Day of the Dead]]").
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| − | ===Mexico===
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| − | In [[Mexico]], Halloween has been celebrated during the last 40 years where the celebrations have been influenced by the American traditions, such as the costuming of children who visit the houses of their neighborhood in search of candy. Though the "trick-or-treat" motif is used, tricks are not generally played on residents not providing candy. Older crowds of preteens, teenagers and adults will sometimes organize Halloween-themed parties, which might be scheduled on the nearest available weekend.
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| − | Halloween in [[Mexico]] begins three days of consecutive holidays, as it is followed by All Saint's Day and then the [[Day of the Dead]] or the "[[Día de Muertos]]." (This might account for initial explanations for the holiday having a traditional Mexican-Catholic slant).
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| − | ===Australia and New Zealand===
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| − | In the [[southern hemisphere]], spring is in full swing by October 31, and the days are rapidly growing longer and brighter. This does not mesh well with the traditional [[Celt]]ic spirit of Halloween, which relies on an atmosphere of the encroaching darkness of winter. <br/>However, Halloween has recently gained a large amount of recognition in Australia and to an extent New Zealand, largely due to American media influences. In 2006, costume shops reported a rise in sales on
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| − | Halloween-themed costumes, on October 31, 2006. On Halloween night, horror films and horror-themed TV episodes are traditionally aired.
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| − | A visitor from overseas expecting to enjoy an Australian or New Zealand Halloween will need to prepare in advance, since most events are private parties. [[Trick-or-treating|Trick-or-treaters]] are usually supervised by adults and remain in their own neighborhoods for safety reasons, a practice often prearranged with neighbors. "Tricks" are not played in Australia, and "treats" of wrapped/sealed lollies (for safety and hygiene purposes) are generally given only by known neighbors and friends; strangers providing treats may be greeted with suspicion or hostility among parents, and discouragement among Australian law enforcement.
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| − | If trick-or-treaters venture beyond these culturally accepted norms, it is mainly in the form of antisocial behaviors by small groups to cause havoc, similar to that which occurs on Halloween in the United States, and, more recently, the United Kingdom. Destructive acts have little to do with the community spirit of Halloween, and perhaps reflect unpleasant societal realities such as unemployment, boredom or lack of social responsibility. Antisocial behavior associated with Halloween have fomented hostility among some Australians, who see "trick-or-treating" as the mindless imitation of American customs, and a tool of an American cultural [[neo-imperialism]] conveyed by popular media. Their aversion to Halloween reflects a wider refusal to accept "senseless or commercial Americanisms."<ref>[http://members.ozemail.com.au/~natinfo@ozemail.com.au/american.htm The Americanisation of Australian Culture] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Vandalism on Halloween has been known to target school and community buildings, cemeteries and places of worship. Such actions have routinely led to charges of petty (often juvenile) crimes.
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| − | [[Image:Bonaire Holloween.jpg|thumb|right|The children of the largest town in [[Bonaire]] all gather together on Halloween day.]]
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| − | ===Caribbean===
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| − | Halloween is largely uncelebrated in the [[Caribbean]]. However, like Australia and New Zealand, the event is not unheard of in the Caribbean and is seeing some increase in popularity.
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| − | In some parts of the [[British West Indies]], there are celebrations commemorating [[Guy Fawkes Night]] that occur around the time of Halloween. The celebrations include using firecrackers, blowing [[bamboo joints]] and similar activities.
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| − | On the island of [[Bonaire]], the children of a town typically gather to trick-or-treat for sweets among the town shops (instead of people's homes, as in other countries).
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| − | ===Malta===
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| − | Halloween had never been celebrated in [[Malta]] until recently, with its popularity increasing thanks to the many costume parties, usually for teenagers and young adults, being organized on Halloween night. Trick-or-treating is not widely known in Malta.{{Facts|date=February 2007}}
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| − | ===People's Republic of China===
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| − | There is no Halloween in Chinese tradition, but there is a similar Chinese holiday called [[Ghost Festival]]. The Ghost Festival is a traditional [[China|Chinese]] [[festival]] and [[holiday]], which is celebrated by Chinese people in many countries. In the [[Chinese calendar]] (a [[lunisolar calendar]]), the Ghost Festival is on the 14th night of the seventh lunar month, which is called Ghost Day. In Chinese tradition, the [[ghost]]s and [[spiritual being|spirit]]s, including those of the deceased ancestors, come out from the [[Underworld|lower world]].
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| − | ===Other regions===
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| − | In other regions, Halloween has become popular in the context of American pop culture. Some Catholics and Protestants do not appreciate the resultant de-emphasis of the more spiritual aspects of [[All Hallows]] Eve and [[Reformation Day]], respectively, or of regional festivals occurring around the same time (such as [[Martin of Tours|St Martin's Day]]). Business has a natural tendency to capitalize on the holiday season's more commercial aspects, such as the sale of decorations and costumes.
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| − |
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| − | ==Symbols==
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| − | [[Image:jackolantern.JPG|thumb|left|Jack-o'-lanterns are often carved into silly or scary faces.]]
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| − | The carved [[pumpkin]], lit by a candle inside, is one of Halloween's most prominent symbols. This is an Irish tradition of carving a lantern which goes back centuries. These lanterns are usually carved from a [[turnip]] or [[rutabaga|swede]] (or more uncommonly a [[mangelwurzel]]). The carving of pumpkins was first associated with Halloween in North America,<ref>Skal, David J. (2002). Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury, 34. ISBN 1-58234-230-X.</ref> where the pumpkin was available, and much larger and easier to carve. Many families that celebrate Halloween carve a pumpkin into a frightening or comical face and place it on their home's doorstep after dark.
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| − |
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| − | The [[jack-o'-lantern]] can be traced back to the Irish legend of [http://www.pumpkinnook.com/facts/jack.htm Stingy Jack], a greedy, gambling, hard drinking old farmer who tricked the devil into climbing a tree, and trapped him by carving a cross into the trunk of the tree. In revenge, the devil placed a curse on Jack which dooms him to forever wander the earth at night. For centuries, the bedtime parable was told by Irish parents to their children. At Halloween time, the children carved out turnips, placing a candle inside to symbolize Jack's curse.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!-- A pre-20th century source is needed for this claim. —> But in America the tradition of carving pumpkins is known to have preceded the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)|Great Famine]] period of Irish immigration,<ref>For example, the American poet [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], born in 1807, recalled carving pumpkins in his youth.</ref> and the tradition of carving vegetable lanterns may also have been brought over by the Scottish or English; documentation is unavailable to establish when or by whom. The carved pumpkin was associated generally with harvest time in America, and did not become specifically associated with Halloween until the mid to late 19th century.
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| − |
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| − | The imagery surrounding Halloween is largely an amalgamation of the Halloween season itself, nearly a century of work from American [[filmmaker]]s and [[graphic artist]]s, and a rather commercialized take on the dark and mysterious. Halloween imagery tends to involve death, magic, or mythical [[monster]]s. Common Halloween characters include [[ghost]]s, [[ghoul]]s, [[witchcraft|witches]], [[vampire]]s, [[bat]]s, [[owl]]s, [[crow]]s, [[vulture]]s, [[haunted house]]s, pumpkinmen, [[black cat]]s, [[alien]]s, [[spider]]s, [[goblin]]s, [[zombie]]s, mummies, [[skeleton (undead)|skeleton]]s, [[werewolves]] and [[demon]]s. Particularly in America, symbolism is inspired by classic [[horror film]]s, which contain fictional figures like [[Dracula]], [[Frankenstein's monster]], [[The Wolf Man]], and [[The Mummy]]. More modern horror antagonists like [[Freddy Krueger]], [[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]], [[Leatherface]], [[Jason Voorhees]], and the [[Jigsaw Killer]] have also become associated with the holiday. Homes are often decorated with these symbols around Halloween.
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| − |
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| − | [[Black]] and [[orange (color)|orange]] are the traditional colors of Halloween. In modern Halloween images and products, [[purple]], [[green]] and [[red]] are also prominent. The use of these colors is largely a result of holiday advertising dating back over a century, and tends to be associated with various aspects of Halloween tradition.
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |+ Color associations
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| − | ! Color
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| − | ! Symbolism
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| − | |-
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| − | | Black
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| − | | death, night, witches, black cats, bats, vampires
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| − | |-
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| − | | Orange
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| − | | pumpkins, jack o' lanterns, Autumn, the turning leaves, fire
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| − | |-
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| − | | Purple
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| − | | night, the supernatural, mysticism
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| − | |-
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| − | | Green
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| − | | goblins, monsters, zombies, aliens
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| − | |-
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| − | | White
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| − | | [[Ghosts]], [[mummies]], a full [[moon]]
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| − | |-
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| − | | Red
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| − | | blood, fire, [[demons]], [[Satan]]
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | Elements of the [[autumn]] season, such as [[pumpkin]]s and [[scarecrow]]s, are also reflected in symbols of Halloween.
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| − |
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| − | ==Trick-or-treating and guising==
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| − | {{main | Trick-or-treating}}
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| − | ===United States and Canada===
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| − | [[Image:Trick or Treater.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A "trick-or-treater"]]
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| − | The main event for children of modern Halloween in the United States and Canada is [[trick-or-treating]], in which children disguise themselves in [[Halloween costume|costume]]s and go door-to-door in their neighborhoods, ringing each doorbell and yelling "trick or treat!" to solicit the usual gift of candies. Although the practice resembles the older traditions of ''guising'' in [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], ritual begging on Halloween does not appear in English-speaking North America until the 20th century, and may have developed independently. Upon receiving trick-or-treaters, the house occupants (who might also be in costume) often hand out small [[candy|candies]], miniature [[chocolate bar]]s, loose change, [[soda pop]], or even crayons and pencils (some people even give out their business cards!). Some homes will use [[sound effects]] and [[fog machine]]s to help establish an eerie atmosphere. Other less scary house decoration themes might be used to entertain younger visitors. Children can often accumulate many treats on Halloween night, filling up entire pillow cases, pumpkin-shaped buckets, shopping bags or large plastic containers.
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| − |
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| − | ===Ireland===
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| − | In places of [[Ireland]], huge bonfires are lit. Young children in disguise are gladly received by the neighbors with "fruit, miniature [[chocolate bar]]s, loose change, peanuts and of course sweets(Candy)" for the "Halloween Party," whilst older male siblings play innocent pranks on their bewildered victims. Some homes will put up decorations including Halloween lights. Since schoolchildren have the week off for Halloween, it is common for teenagers and college students to spend weeknights out with friends pranking and causing mischief, if not trick-or-treating themselves.
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| − |
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| − | ===United Kingdom===
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| − | In [[Scotland]], children or ''guisers'' are more likely to recite "The sky is blue, the grass is green, may we have our Halloween" instead of "trick or treat!" Walking in groups, the children visit neighbors and must impress them with a song, poem, trick, joke or dance in order to earn treats. Traditionally, nuts, oranges, apples and dried fruit were offered, though children might earn a small amount of cash, usually a sixpence. (Participation was also open to very young children, for whom the experience of performing could be more terrifying than ghosts and goblins).
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| − |
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| − | In [[England]], trick-or-treating does occur, particularly in working class neighborhoods. In general, however, the practice is regarded as a nuisance at best and a menacing form of begging at worst.<ref name = "BBC Outfits">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/5354030.stm Halloween outfits 'create fear'] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> In some areas, households have started to put decorations on the front door to indicate that 'trick-or-treaters' are welcome, the idea being that 'trick-or-treaters' avoid a house not 'participating' in the custom. Tricks currently play a less prominent role, though Halloween night is often marked by vandalism such as soaping windows, [[egging]] houses or stringing toilet paper through trees. Before indoor plumbing was ubiquitous, tipping over or displacing [[outhouse]]s was a popular form of vandalism. Casting flour into the faces of feared neighbors was also common practice at one time.
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| − |
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| − | ===Costumes===
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| − | {{main | Halloween costume}}
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| − | [[Image:IMG 145w.jpg|280px|thumb|Traditional Halloween costumes of a witch and a skeleton's head]]
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| − | Halloween costumes are traditionally those of monsters such as [[vampire]]s, [[ghost]]s, [[Skeleton (undead)|skeletons]], [[witch]]es, and [[devil]]s. Costumes are also based on themes other than traditional horror, such as those of characters from television shows or movies.
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| − |
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| − | ===Costume sales===
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| − | BIGresearch conducted a survey for the [[National Retail Federation]] in the United States and found that 53.3% of consumers planned to buy a costume for Halloween 2005, spending $38.11 on average (up 10 dollars from the year before). They were also expected to spend $4.96 billion in 2006, up significantly from just $3.29 billion the previous year.<ref>[http://www.nrf.com/content/default.asp?folder=press/release2006&file=halloween06.htm As Halloween Shifts to Seasonal Celebration, Retailers Not Spooked by Surge in Spending] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ===UNICEF===
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| − | "'Trick-or-Treat for [[UNICEF]]" has become a common sight during Halloween in North America. Started as a local event in a [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] suburb in 1950, and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $119 million ([[United states dollar|US]]) for UNICEF since its inception. In 2006, UNICEF discontinued their Halloween collection boxes in parts of the world, citing safety and administrative concerns. <ref name = "ctv">[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060530/unicef_orange_060530?s_name=&no_ads= UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ==Games and other activities==
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| − | {{Unreferencedsection|date=August 2007}}
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| − | [[Image:Halloween-card-mirror-1904.jpg|thumb|In this Halloween [[greeting card]] from 1904, [[divination]] is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband.]] There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. The most common is dooking or [[bobbing for apples]], in which [[apple (fruit)|apple]]s float in a tub or a large basin of [[water]]; the participants must use their [[tooth|teeth]] to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dooking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up [[treacle]] or [[syrup]]-coated [[scones]] by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity which inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
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| − |
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| − | Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of [[divination]]. In ''Puicíní'' (pronounced "poocheeny"), a game played in Ireland, a blindfolded person is seated in front of a table on which several saucers are placed. The saucers are shuffled and the seated person then chooses one by touch. The contents of the saucer determine the person's life during the following year. A saucer containing earth means someone known to the player will die during the next year, a saucer containing water foretells emigration, a ring foretells marriage, a set of [[Rosary beads]] indicates that the person will take [[Holy Orders]] (becoming a [[nun]] or a [[priest]]). A coin means new wealth, a bean means poverty, and so on. In 19th-century [[Ireland]], young women placed slugs in saucers sprinkled with flour. The wriggling of the slugs and the patterns subsequently left behind on the saucers were believed to portray the faces of the women's future spouses.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} A traditional Irish and Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. This custom has survived among Irish and Scottish immigrants in the rural United States.
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| − | In [[North America]], unmarried women were frequently told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a [[symbols of death|skull]] would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on [[greeting card]]s from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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| − |
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| − | The telling of [[ghost stories]] and viewing of [[horror film]]s are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of TV series and [[Television specials|specials]] with Halloween themes (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before the holiday while new horror films, like the popular [[Saw (film series)]], are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.
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| − |
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| − | Visiting a [[haunted attraction]] like a haunted house or [[hayride]] (especially in the northeastern or midwest of the USA) are other Halloween practices. Notwithstanding the name, such events are not necessarily held in houses, nor are the edifices themselves necessarily regarded to possess actual ghosts. A variant of the haunted house is the "haunted trail," where the public encounters supernatural-themed characters or presentations of scenes from horror films while following a trail through a field or forest. One of the largest Halloween attractions in the United States is [[Knott's Scary Farm]] in California, which features re-themed amusement park rides and a dozen different walkthrough mazes, plus hundreds of costumed roving performers. Among other theme parks, [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Magic Kingdom]] stages a special separate admission event after regular park hours called '''[[Mickey Mouse|Mickey's]] Not-So-Scary Halloween Party''' featuring a parade, stage show featuring Disney villains and a [[Wishes#Happy HalloWishes|Happy HalloWishes]] fireworks show with a Halloween theme. The [[Universal Studios Theme Parks|Universal Studios]] theme parks in Hollywood and Orlando also feature annual Halloween events, dubbed ''[[Halloween Horror Nights]]''.
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| − |
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| − | ====Foods====
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| − | [[Image:Candyapple.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Candy apple]]
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| − | Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, [[candy apple]]s (also known as toffee, taffy or caramel apples) are a common Halloween treat made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, and sometimes rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples. While there is evidence of such incidents,<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/mayhem/needles.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant; at the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free x-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy, while there have been occasional reports of children putting needles in their own (and other children's) candy in a mere bid for attention.
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| − |
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| − | One Halloween custom which persists in modern-day day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays the purchase) of a [[barmbrack]] (Irish "báirín breac"), which is a light [[fruit cake]] into which a plain ring is placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. ''See also [[king cake]].''
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| − |
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| − | Other foods associated with the holiday:
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| − | * [[Candy corn]]
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| − | * Báirín Breac (Ireland)
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| − | * [[Colcannon]] (Ireland)
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| − | * [[Bonfire toffee]] (in the UK)
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| − | * [[Candy Apple|Toffee Apple]] (Australia when celebrated, England, Wales and Scotland, instead of "Candy Apples")
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| − | * [[Apple cider]]
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| − | * [[Cider]]
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| − | * Roasted [[sweetcorn]]
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| − | * [[Popcorn]]
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| − | * Roasted [[pumpkin]] seeds
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| − | * [[Pumpkin pie]] and [[pumpkin bread]]
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| − | * "Fun-sized" or individually wrapped pieces of small candy, typically in Halloween colors of orange, and brown/black.
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| − | * Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
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| − | * Small bags of chips, pretzels and cheese corn
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| − | * Chocolates, caramels, and gum
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| − |
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| − | ==Cultural history==
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| − | ===Origin: Celtic observation of Samhain===<!-- This section is linked from [[Halloween]] —>
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| − | According to what can be reconstructed of the beliefs of the ancient Celts, the bright half of the year ended around November 1 or on a moon-phase near that date, or at the time of first frost. The day is referred to in modern Gaelic as [[Samhain]] ("Sow-in" or alternatively "Sa-ven," meaning: End of the Summer). After the adoption of the Roman calendar with its fixed months, the date began to be celebrated independently of the Moon's phases.
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| − |
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| − | As October 31 is the last day of the bright half of the year, the next day also marked the beginning of winter, which the Celts often associated with death, and with the slaughter of livestock to provide meat for the coming winter. The Celts believed that on October 31, the boundary separating the dead from the living became blurred. There is a rich and unusual myth system at work here; the spirit world, the residence of the "[[Sídhe]]," as well as of the dead, was accessible through burial mounds. These mounds were opened twice during the year, on Samhain and [[Beltane]], making the beginning and end of summer spiritually resonant.
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| − |
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| − | The Celts' survival during the harsh winters depended on the prophecies of their priests and priestesses ([[druids]]), and the accurate prediction of how much food would be needed to sustain the populace before the next harvest. They believed that spirits would aid in making accurate predictions about the coming year.
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| − | The exact customs observed in each Celtic region differ, but generally involved the lighting of bonfires and the reinforcement of boundaries, across which malicious spirits might be prevented from threatening the community.
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| − | Like most observances around this season, warmth and comfort were emphasized, while indulgence was not. Stores of preserved food were needed to last through the winter, and were not intended for parties.
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| − | ====Samhain possibly mistaken as New Year====
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| − | Popular literature over the last century has given birth to the near universal assumption that Samhain/Hallowe'en was the "Celtic New Year." However, recent research by historians has begun to scrutinize the assertion. Historian [[Ronald Hutton]], in his study of the folk calendar of the British Isles writes that there are no references which attest to this usage earlier than the 18th century, neither in church nor civic records.<ref name = "Hutton"/> Although it may be correct to refer to Samhain as "Summer's End," this point of descent into the year's darkness may require better proof for us to cite this "end" as a "beginning" as well. Whether or not the ancient Celts considered Samhain to be the beginning of the new year, or just one point in the cycle of the seasons, the living traditions in the [[Celtic Nations|Celtic lands]] and the diaspora regard it as the "Celtic New Year" and it continues to be celebrated as such. For instance, the calendars produced by the [[Celtic League (political organisation)|Celtic League]] begin and end at Samhain/Halloween.<ref name = Calendar>[http://www.celticleague.org/calendar.html The Celtic League Calendar] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | ===Norse Elven Blót===
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| − | In the old [[Norse paganism|Norse religion]], an event believed to occur around the same time of the year as Halloween was the ''[[Blót#Elven blót|álfablót]]'' (elven ''[[blót]]''), which involved sacrifices to the [[Elf|elves]] and the blessing of food. The elves were powers connected to the ancestors, and it can be assumed that the blót related to a cult of the ancestors. The álfablót is also celebrated in the modern revival of Norse religion, [[Ásatrú]].
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| − | ==Religious perspectives==
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| − | In [[Ireland]], Halloween is far more traditional an event than in [[North America]], with more cultural and historical significance, as opposed to the [[commercialized]] importance on the other side of the [[Atlantic]]. Therefore, even amongst most conservative [[Christians]], it is a far more accepted holiday with hardly any moral objections, in particular amongst [[Roman Catholics]]. However some people do find an [[Americanization]] occurring towards Halloween, which in turn could affect some traditions, notably the [[Samhain]] origins of the festival. It should also be noted that [[Guy Fawkes]] night is not celebrated in the [[Republic of Ireland]] at all. (In fact it is prohibited as it is a British [[protestant]] celebration of Catholic failure to overthrow the [[Monarchy]] in the 1605 [[Gunpowder Plot]]. In the past, it was used in Britain as a celebration of [[Protestant Ascendancy]]). Therefore Halloween replaces the celebrations that are experienced in the [[UK]] on November 5, whereas in Britain [[Guy Fawkes Night]] is culturally more important.
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| − | In [[North America]], [[Christian]] attitudes towards Halloween are quite diverse. The fact that [[All Saints Day]] and Halloween occur on two consecutive days has left some Christians uncertain of how they should treat this holiday. In the [[Anglican Church]], some [[dioceses]] have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions of All Saints Day,<ref name = "www.manchester.anglican.org">[http://www.manchester.anglican.org/News/news.asp?ID=352 Bishop challenges supermarkets to lighten up Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref><ref name = "newadvent.org">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm Halloween and All Saints Day] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> while some [[Protestantism|Protestants]] celebrate the holiday as [[Reformation Day]], a day of remembrance and prayers for unity.<ref name = "RefDay">[http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52 Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christian]]s may have Samhain services that focus on the cultural aspects of the holiday, in the belief that many ancient Celtic customs are "compatible with the new Christian religion. Christianity embraced the Celtic notions of family, community, the bond among all people, and respect for the dead. Throughout the centuries, pagan and Christian beliefs intertwine in a ''gallimaufry'' (hodgepodge) of celebrations from October 31 through November 5, all of which appear both to challenge the ascendancy of the dark and to revel in its mystery."<ref name = "CelticChristians">[http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints November 1] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref>
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| − | Some Christian churches commonly offer a fall festival or harvest-themed alternative to Halloween. Most Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating “imaginary spooks” and handing out [[candy]]. Halloween celebrations are common among Roman Catholic parochial schools throughout North America, and in Ireland, the Roman Catholic Church sees it as a “harmless ancient custom”.{{Citequote}} Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed [[exorcist]] in Rome, has said, "[I]f English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/11/03/tldevl03.xml&page=1 The Devil is gaining ground] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> Most Christians hold the view that the tradition is far from being "satanic" in origin or practice and that it holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about [[death]] and mortality, and the ways of the [[Celt]]ic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.<ref name = "CelticChristians">
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| − |
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| − | Other Christians, primarily of the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Fundamentalist]] variety, are concerned about Halloween, and reject the holiday because they believe it trivializes (and celebrates) “the occult” and what they perceive as [[evil]].<ref>''Halloween: Satan's New Year'' (2006) by Billye Dymally, ''Halloween: Counterfeit Holy Day'' (2005) by Kele Gershom, and ''Halloween: What's a Christian to Do?'' (1998) by Steve Russo. An opposing viewpoint is found in ''The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky'' (2006) by Lint Hatcher.</ref>
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| − | A response among some fundamentalists in recent years has been the use of ''[[Hell house]]s'' or themed pamphlets (such as those of [[Jack T. Chick]]) which attempt to make use of Halloween as an opportunity for evangelism.<ref name = "www.rcab.org">[http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith<ref name = "www.thercg.org">[http://www.thercg.org/articles/totuh.html “Trick?” or “Treat?” - Unmasking Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> due to its origin as a Pagan "festival of the dead." In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organised a "Saint Fest" on the holiday.<ref name = "www.rcab.org" /> People of diverse religions (or no religion at all) may naturally be concerned about the vandalism that can occur on the holiday. Also, some [[Wicca]]ns feel that the tradition is offensive to "real witches" for promoting stereotypical caricatures of "wicked witches".<ref name = "Reece">[http://www.komotv.com/news/story.asp?ID=33602 School District Bans Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.</ref> However, other Neopagans, perhaps most of them, see it as a harmless holiday in which some of the old traditions are celebrated by the mainstream culture, albeit in a different manner.
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| − | ==Fiction==
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| − | [[Ray Bradbury]]'s ''[[The Halloween Tree]]'' features the holiday prominently. Halloween is frequently mentioned as an important date in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' book series by [[J.K. Rowling]], whose central themes are wizardry and magic. In [[Alan Moore]]'s [[graphic novel]] ''[[Watchmen]]'', several pivotal events occur on Halloween night, including the death of the original '[[Nite-Owl]]'. [[Washington Irving]]'s ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'' and the character of the [[Headless Horseman]] are often linked to the holiday in the public mindset due to later adaptations (though Halloween is not actually mentioned in the original work).
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| − |
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| − | Films in which Halloween plays a major role include adaptations of the above works, plus the ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' film series, [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'', ''[[Donnie Darko]]'', and ''[[Hocus Pocus (film)|Hocus Pocus]]''.
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| − |
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| − | Numerous [[Halloween television specials]] have been broadcast, notably ''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' and the annual ''[[Simpsons]]'' "[[The Simpsons Halloween episodes|Treehouse of Horror]]" episodes.
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| − |
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| − | ==Books==
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| − | * Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear'', Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
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| − | * Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past'', Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
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| − | * Lesley Bannatyne, ''Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History'', Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
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| − | * Lesley Bannatyne, ''A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past'', Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
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| − | * Phyllis Galembo, ''Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade'', [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
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| − | * Lint Hatcher, ''The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky'', Lulu.com (2006). ISBN 978-1847287564
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| − | * Ronald Hutton, ''Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain'', Oxford Paperbacks (2001). 560 pages. ISBN 0-19-285448-8
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| − | * Jean Markale, ''The Pagan Mysteries of Halloween: Celebrating the Dark Half of the Year'' (translation of ''Halloween, histoire et traditions''), Inner Traditions (2001). 160 pages. ISBN 0-89281-900-6
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| − | * Lisa Morton, ''The Halloween Encyclopedia'', McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
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| − | * Nicholas Rogers, ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', Oxford University Press (2002). 198 pages. ISBN 0-19-514691-3
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| − | * Jack Santino (ed.), ''Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life'', University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
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| − | * David J. Skal, ''Death Makes A Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween'', Bloomsbury USA (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
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| − | * Ben Truwe, ''The Halloween Catalog Collection''. Portland, Oregon: Talky Tina Press (2003). ISBN 0-9703448-5-6.
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| − |
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | {{portalpar|Holidays|Jack-o-lantern.svg}}
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| − |
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| − | *[[Fakelore]]
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| − | *[[Friday the 13]]
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| − |
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{Reflist|2}}
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| − |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{commonscat|Halloween}}
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| − | *[http://www.history.com/minisites/halloween The History Channel: The History of Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.nrf.com/modules.php?name=News&op=viewlive&sp_id=147 National Retail Foundation costume statistics on Halloween] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010511.html U.S. Census data about Halloween in the United States] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Halloween/ American Catholic: All Hallows Eve] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.chabad.org/434666 Halloween and Judaism] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.imbas.org/articles/samhain.html Samhain: Season of Death and Renewal] - Retrieved October 13, 2007.
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| − | [[Category:Politics and social sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion]]
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| − | {{credits|164103775}}
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