Difference between revisions of "Gagaku" - New World Encyclopedia
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'''Gagaku''' ({{lang|ja|[[wiktionary:雅|雅]][[wiktionary:楽|楽]]}}, literally "elegant music") is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the Imperial court for several centuries. It consists of three primary bodies: native Shintoist religious music and [[folk]] songs called 'saibara', as well as a Korean and Manchurian form (more precisely, from the old Korean kingdom of Koma, with the Manchu influence being less direct), known as 'komagaku', and a Chinese form (specifically from the Tang Dynasty), known as 'togaku'. By the 7th century, the ''gakuso'' (a zither) and the ''gakubiwa'' (a short-necked lute) had been introduced in Japan from China. Various instruments including these three were the earliest used to play gagaku. | '''Gagaku''' ({{lang|ja|[[wiktionary:雅|雅]][[wiktionary:楽|楽]]}}, literally "elegant music") is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the Imperial court for several centuries. It consists of three primary bodies: native Shintoist religious music and [[folk]] songs called 'saibara', as well as a Korean and Manchurian form (more precisely, from the old Korean kingdom of Koma, with the Manchu influence being less direct), known as 'komagaku', and a Chinese form (specifically from the Tang Dynasty), known as 'togaku'. By the 7th century, the ''gakuso'' (a zither) and the ''gakubiwa'' (a short-necked lute) had been introduced in Japan from China. Various instruments including these three were the earliest used to play gagaku. | ||
Revision as of 20:02, 8 February 2007
Gagaku (雅楽, literally "elegant music") is a type of Japanese classical music that has been performed at the Imperial court for several centuries. It consists of three primary bodies: native Shintoist religious music and folk songs called 'saibara', as well as a Korean and Manchurian form (more precisely, from the old Korean kingdom of Koma, with the Manchu influence being less direct), known as 'komagaku', and a Chinese form (specifically from the Tang Dynasty), known as 'togaku'. By the 7th century, the gakuso (a zither) and the gakubiwa (a short-necked lute) had been introduced in Japan from China. Various instruments including these three were the earliest used to play gagaku.
Komagaku and togaku arrived in Japan during the Nara period (710-794), and settled into the basic modern divisions during the Heian period (794-1185). Gagaku performances were played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), military rule was imposed and gagaku was performed in the homes of the aristocracy, but rarely at court. At this time, there were three guilds based in Osaka, Nara, and Kyoto.
Because of the Ōnin War, which was a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period, gagaku in ensemble had been eliminated from public performance in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the Edo era, the Tokugawa government re-organized the court style ensemble which are the direct roots of the present Gagaku style.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to Tokyo and their descendants make up most of the current Imperial Palace Music Department. By this time, the present ensemble style, which consists of three wind instruments i.e. hichiriki (oboe), ryuteki (flute), and shō (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) and three percussion instruments: kakko (small drum), shoko (metal percussion), and taiko (drum) or dadaiko (huge drum), supplemented by gakubiwa, or gakuso had been established.
Classical dance (called bugaku) also often accompanies gagaku performances. The Tenrikyo religion uses gagaku music as part of its ceremonies.
Contemporary gagaku ensembles, such as 'Reigakusha', perform contemporary compositions for gagaku instruments. Twentieth century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for gagaku ensemble, as well as individual gagaku instruments.
Related to gagaku is theater, which developed in parallel. Noh was developed in the 14th century.
Gagaku, like 'shomyo', employs the 'Yo scale', a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, and two semitones between the five scale tones.[1]
Instruments used in gagaku
Wind
- Hichiriki (篳篥), oboe
- Ryuteki|Ryūteki (龍笛), transverse flute
- Sho (笙), mouth organ
String
- Biwa|Gakubiwa (楽琵琶), lute
- Koto (musical instrument)|Gakuso (koto, 箏), zither of Chinese origin
- Yamatogoto|Wagon (和琴), zither of Japanese origin
Percussion
- Shōko, small gong, struck with a horn beater
- Kakko, small hourglass drum struck with two wooden sticks
- Taiko, drum on a stand, played with a padded stick
Influence on western music
Beginning in the 20th century, several western classical composers became interested in gagaku, and composed works based on gagaku. Most notable among these are Henry Cowell (Ongaku, 1957), Alan Hovhaness (numerous works), Olivier Messiaen (Sept haïkaï, 1962), Lou Harrison (Pacifika Rondo, 1963), and Benjamin Britten (Curlew River, 1964).
One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments.
See also
- Yayue
- Korean court music
- Aak
- Dangak
- Hyangak
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Other references
- Enrico, Eugene Joseph, Smeal, David, et al, "Gagaku the Court Music of Japan", Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 1989. OCLC 21580101
- Masataro, Togi, "gagaku; Court music and dance", NY: Walker/Weatherhill, 1971. ISBN 0-802-72445-0
- Nelson, Steven G., Okado, Kazuo, et al, "Gagaku an important intangible cultural property of Japan", Tokyo: Shimonaka Memorial Foundation, 2000. OCLC 46488452
