Friendly society

A friendly society (sometimes called a mutual society, benevolent society or fraternal organization) is a mutual association for insurance-like purposes, and often, especially in the past, serving ceremonial and friendship purposes also. It is a benefit society composed of a body of people who join together for a common financial or social purpose. Before modern insurance, and the welfare state, friendly societies provided social services to individuals, often according to their religious or political affiliations. Unlike guilds, society members do not necessarily share a common profession.

Each lodge was generally responsible for its own affairs, but it was associated with an order of lodges such as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, or the Independent Order of Foresters. There were typically reciprocal agreements between lodges within an order, so that if a member moved cities or countries they could join a new lodge without having to serve any initiation time. The ceremonies were also fairly uniform throughout an order. Occasionally a lodge might change the order that it was associated with, or a group of lodges would break away from their order and form a new order, or two orders might merge. Consequentially, the history of any particular friendly society is difficult to follow. Often there were unassociated orders with similar names.

Function

A benefit society or mutual aid society is an organization or voluntary association formed to provide mutual aid, benefit or insurance for relief from sundry difficulties. Such organizations may be formally organized with charters and established customs, or may arise ad hoc to meet unique needs of a particular time and place.

Benefit societies can be organized around a shared ethnic background, religion, occupation, geographical region or other basis. Benefits may include money or assistance for sickness, retirement, education, birth of a baby, funeral and medical expenses, unemployment. Often benefit societies provide a social or educational framework for members and their families to support each other and contribute to the wider community.

Examples of benefit societies include trade unions, friendly societies, credit unions, self-help groups, landsmanshaftn, Fraternal organizations such as Freemasons and Oddfellows and many others. Peter Kropotkin posited early in the 20th century that mutual aid affiliations predate human culture and are as much a factor in evolution as is survival of the fittest.

A benefit society can be characterized by all members having an equal say in the organization. People who are part of these societies would have certain benefits. These benefits would include monetary, occupational, and possible legal supports. This was especially true in friendly societies, where money would cover medical expenses. There would be a collection of funds on some timely basis to keep the society afloat, and in order to influence others about the society's best interests and traditions.

At the height of their popularity, members of a friendly society typically paid a regular membership fee and went to lodge meetings to take part in ceremonies. If a member became sick they would receive an allowance to help them meet their financial obligations. The society would have a regular doctor who the member could visit for free. Members of the lodge would visit to provide emotional support (and possibly to check that the sick member was not malingering). When a member died, their funeral would be paid for and the members of their lodge would attend in ceremonial dress—often there was some money left over from the funeral for the widow. Friendly societies also had social functions such as dances, and some had sporting teams for members to participate in. They occasionally became involved in political issues that were of interest to their members.

History

Examples of benefit societies can be found throughout history, including among secret societies of the Tang Dynasty in China and among African-Americans during the post-revolutionary years, such as those who organized the Free African Society of Philadedelphia. Mutual aid was a foundation of social welfare in the United States until the early twentieth century. Early societies not only shared material resources, but often advanced social values related to self-reliance and moral character. Many fraternal organizations were first organized as mutual aid societies.

Medieval guilds were an early basis for many Western benefit societies. A guild charter document from the year 1200 states:

"To become a gildsman,..it was necessary to pay certain initiation fees,..(and to take) an oath of fealty to the fraternity, swearing to observe its laws, to uphold its privileges, not to divulge its counsels, to obey its officers, and not to aid any non-gildsman under cover of the newly-acquired 'freedom.'"

This charter shows the importance of 'brotherhood', and the principles of discipline, conviviality and benevolence. The structure of fraternity in the guild forms the basis for the emerging benefit societies. Joining such an organisation, a member gained the 'freedom' of the craft; and the exclusive benefits that the organisation could confer on members.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries benefit societies in the form of friendly societies emerged throughout Europe and the United States. Friendly societies were essential in providing social assistance for sickness and unemployment for its members, often improving social conditions for its membership. With the introduction in the early twentieth century of state social welfare programs, and health and welfare regulation, the influence and membership of benefit societies have declined in importance.

Contemporary

Many of the features of benefit organizations today have been assimilated into organizations that rely on the corporate and political structures of our time. Insurance companies, religious charities, credit unions and democratic governments now perform many of the same functions that were once the purview of ethnic or culturally affiliated mutual benefit associations.

But new technologies have provided yet more new opportunities for humanity to support itself through mutual aid. Recent authors have described the networked affiliations that produce collaborative projects such as Wikipedia as mutual aid societies. In modern Asia rotating credit associations organized within communities or workplaces were widespread through the early 20th Century and continue in our time. Habitat for Humanity in the United States is a leading example of shared credit and labor pooled to help low-income people afford adequate housing.

In post-disaster reactions, formal benefit societies of our time often lend aid to others outside their immediate membership, while ad hoc benefit associations form among neighbors or refugees. Ad hoc mutual aid associations have been seen organized among strangers facing shared challenges at such disparate settings as the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival in New York in 1969, during the Beijing Tiananmen square protests of 1989 and for neighborhood defense during the Los Angeles Riots of 1992. The Rainbow Family organizes gatherings in National Forests of the United States each year around age old models of ad hoc mutual aid.

Before large-scale government and employer health insurance, friendly societies played an important part in many people's lives. Friendly societies covered significant portions of many nation's populations, and some of these societies still exist today, although in a different form than they were founded in. In some countries, they have been incorporated into the health system and become like insurance companies and lost their ceremonial aspect; in others they have taken on a more charitable or social aspect.

List of some friendly societies

• Police Mutual Assurance Society
• Knights of Columbus
• Wiltshire Friendly Society
• Liverpool Victoria
• The Children's Mutual
• Family Investments
• Independent Order of Foresters
• Metropolitan Police Friendly Society
• Independent Order of Odd Fellows
• Knights of the Maccabees
• Manchester Unity, Australia
• Polish Roman Catholic Union of America
• Australian Natives Association
• Wesleyan

Selected past and present benefit societies

• Russian Orthodox Mutual Aid Society
• United Order of True Reformers
• Independent Order of Saint Luke
• The Ladies of the Maccabees
• Security Benefit Association
• Mennonite Mutual Aid
• Canadian Arab Friendship Society
• Thrivent Financial For Lutherans
• Army and Air Force Mutual Aid Association

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bacharach, Samuel. Bamberger, Peter. Sonnenstuhl, William. 2001. Mutual Aid and Union Renewal: Cycles of Logics of Action. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801487347.
• Beito, David. 2000. From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807825310.
• Cordery, Simon. 2003. British Friendly Societies, 1750-1914. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333990315.

External Links

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• friendly_society  ^history
• Benefit_society  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Friendly society"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.