Key, Francis Scott

From New World Encyclopedia
 
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[[Image:Key-Francis-Scott-LOC.jpg|thumb|Francis Scott Key]]
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[[Image:ft_mchenry_cannon.750.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fort McHenry]] looking towards the position of the British ships (with the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] in the distance on the upper left)]]
 
  
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'''Francis Scott Key''' (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an [[United States|American]] [[lawyer]] and amateur [[poet]] who wrote the words to the United States [[national anthem]], "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]".
+
[[Image:Key-Francis-Scott-LOC.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Francis Scott Key''']]
 +
'''Francis Scott Key''' (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an [[United States|American]] lawyer and amateur [[poetry|poet]]. While watching the bombardment of Fort McHenry during the [[War of 1812]], Key realized the British were retreating and he was inspired by the strength of the American flag. He took an envelope from his pocket and began proudly writing a poem that would become the United States [[national anthem]], "The Star-Spangled Banner."
 +
{{toc}}
 +
==Early Life==
 +
He was born to Ann Louis Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain John Ross Key on August 1, 1779, in western Maryland. His [[family]] was very wealthy and owned an estate called "Terra Rubra."
  
−
==Life==
+
Key and his younger sister received their early education at home because there were no schools nearby. At the age of ten he was sent to Annapolis to attend St. John’s Grammar School. He graduated seven years later and went on to St. John’s College, where he graduated at the top of his class. His uncle offered him a position in his law firm while he studied to become an [[attorney]]. He started his own practice in Georgetown where he was a well respected. He made his home there from 1804 to around 1833 with his wife Mary and their six sons and five daughters. By 1814, he had appeared many times before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and had been appointed the [[United States]] district attorney. He was renowned as a public speaker.
  
−
He was born to Ann Louis Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Capt [[John Ross Key]] at the family plantation Terra Rubra near [[Frederick, Maryland]]. He was an alumnus of [[St. John's College, U.S.|St. John's College]], [[Annapolis, Maryland]].
+
Francis was a deeply religious man. He thought of leaving his law practice behind at one point to pursue a ministry life. He instead led an active role in his local [[Episcopal]] Church. He received great pleasure from helping people, and even if they couldn’t pay him for his legal services he would still represent them. His family owned slaves; Key, however, thought [[slavery]] was wrong—even to the point of taking court cases for slaves who were trying to win their freedom.
  
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During the [[War of 1812]], Key, accompanied by the American Prisoner Exchange Agent Col. John Stuart Skinner, dined aboard the British ship [[HMS Tonnant (1792)|HMS ''Tonnant'']], as the guests of Vice Adm. [[Alexander Cochrane]], RAdm. Sir [[George Cockburn]] and Major General [[Robert Ross]].  They were there to negotiate the release of a prisoner, Dr. William Beanes.  A resident of [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland]], Beanes had been captured by the British after he placed rowdy stragglers under citizen's arrest.  Skinner, Key and Beanes were allowed to return to their own sloop, but were not allowed to return to Baltimore because they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and of the British intention to attack Baltimore. As a result of this, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of Ft. McHenry during the [[Battle of Baltimore]], and was inspired to write a poem describing the experience.  Entitled <!-- the spelling defence is used in the original —>"The Defence of Fort McHenry", intended to fit the rhythms of [[composer]] [[John Stafford Smith]]'s "[[To Anacreon in Heaven]]", it has become better known as "The [[Star Spangled Banner]]". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President [[Herbert Hoover]].
+
When the [[War of 1812]] began he was conflicted; he loved his country but was strongly opposed to the war. He served for a brief time in the Georgetown field artillery in 1813.
  
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A note in the  Maritime Museum at World Trade Centre, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai, India states the "Seventy-four gun ship 'MINDEN', (built by the famous Wadia family) launched in 1810, became famous when FRANCIS SCOTT KEY briefly improvised onboard in Baltimore, wrote the 'Star Sangled Banner', later to become the American National Anthem".  Probably "briefly improvised onboard" was meant to be "imprisoned."
+
==War of 1812==
  
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In 1832, Key served as the attorney for [[Sam Houston]] during his trial in the [[US House of Representatives]] for assaulting another Congressman <ref>[http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho73.html Sam Houston].  Handbook of Texas Online. </ref>.  
+
Dr. William Beanes, a close friend of Key's, was taken prisoner by the British. Key was asked to help with his release. He left for Baltimore knowing that the British were in the Chesapeake Bay. Colonel John Skinner, a prisoner exchange negotiator, was waiting for him. Together, they set out to meet the Royal Navy.
  
−
In 1835 Key prosecuted [[Richard Lawrence]] for his unsuccessful attempt to assassinate [[President of the United States]] [[Andrew Jackson]].
+
The British officers treated them kindly. They agreed to release Dr. Beanes but did not allow the three men to return to Baltimore until after the bombardment of Fort McHenry. They were put on a small boat without sails. Without sails, all they could do was sit and watch the British attack. Francis and the two others were located approximately eight miles away and watched the British bombard the fort.
  
−
Key was a distant cousin and the namesake of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] whose full name was Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. His direct descendants include geneticist [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], guitarist [[Dana Key]], and the American fashion designer and socialite [[Pauline de Rothschild]].
+
The British finally left after 25 hours of continuous bombing. They were unsuccessful in destroying Fort McHenry. Relieved the attack was over, Key anxiously glanced over to the fort to see if the flag was still there. In 1813 the commander of Ft. McHenry asked for a flag so big that “the British have no trouble seeing it from a distance.” After the attack, the giant flag was still flying and against all odds, the [[United States]] had won the battle.  
  
−
==Monuments and memorials==
+
Key was overwhelmed with pride as he witnessed the victorious flag waving following the British retreat. He quickly wrote down the words to a poem, which was soon handed out as a handbill under the title "Defence [sic] of Fort McHenry." It was renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and became a popular patriotic song. The United States Army and Navy chose the song as their official song, and in 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] declared that the song should be played on all official occasions. However, it was not until 1931, that it became our national anthem under a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President [[Herbert Hoover]].
−
[[Image:key plaque.png|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the death of [[Francis Scott Key]] placed by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution|DAR]] in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]].]]Key died at the home of his daughter Elizabeth, and her husband Charles Howard, in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] from [[pleurisy]], or cancer of the lungs. On the site of the Howard mansion is now the Mount Vernon United Methodist Church. He was initially interred in [[Old Saint Paul's Cemetery]] in the vault of [[John E. Howard|John Eager Howard]]. He was later, in 1866, moved to his family plot in [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]] at [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]]. The Key Monument Association erected a memorial in 1898 and the remains of both Francis Scott Key and his wife Mary were placed in a crypt in the base of the monument.
+
 
 +
== The Star-Spangled Banner ==
 +
[[Image:US flag 15 stars.svg|right|thumb|200px|The fifteen-star, fifteen-stripe “Star-Spangled Banner” flag]]
 +
[[Image:KeysSSB.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Key's original manuscript copy of his “Star-Spangled Banner” poem, now on display at the Maryland Historical Society]]
 +
 
 +
<div style="padding-left:20px;">
 +
O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light, <br />
 +
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming, <br />
 +
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, <br />
 +
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? <br />
 +
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, <br />
 +
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; <br />
 +
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave <br />
 +
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? <br />
 +
<br />
 +
On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep, <br />
 +
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes, <br />
 +
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep, <br />
 +
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? <br />
 +
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam, <br />
 +
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream <br />
 +
’Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave <br />
 +
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave! <br />
 +
<br />
 +
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore <br />
 +
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion <br />
 +
A home and a country should leave us no more? <br />
 +
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep’s pollution. <br />
 +
No refuge could save the hireling and slave <br />
 +
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave, <br />
 +
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave <br />
 +
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. <br />
 +
<br />
 +
Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand <br />
 +
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation, <br />
 +
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land <br />
 +
Praise the Pow’r that hath made and preserved us a nation! <br />
 +
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, <br />
 +
And this be our motto—“In God is our trust.” <br />
 +
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave <br />
 +
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.  
 +
</div>
  
−
[[Image:Howard vault.jpg|thumb|right|The Howard family vault at Saint Paul's Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland.]]The [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] between the [[Rosslyn, Virginia|Rosslyn]] section of [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]], part of the [[Interstate 695 (Maryland)|Baltimore Beltway]] crossing the outer harbor of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], are named in his honor.  Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge is located at the approximate point where the British anchored to shell [[Fort McHenry]].
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==Later Life==
 +
[[Image:Howard vault.jpg|thumb|right|The Howard family vault at Saint Paul's Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland]]
 +
After the war, Key continued to work as a lawyer and was an active and supportive member of the community.
  
−
His sister, Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, married [[Roger B. Taney]], future [[Chief Justice of the United States]] and author of the Court's [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott decision]].
+
Key died at the home of his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Charles Howard on January 11, 1843, in Baltimore from pleurisy or [[lung cancer]]. He was initially interred in Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in the vault of John Eager Howard. In 1866, he was moved to his family plot in Frederick at Mount Olivet Cemetery. The Key Monument Association erected a memorial in 1898 and the remains of both Key and his wife Mary were placed in a crypt in the base of the monument.
  
−
Francis Scott Key was inducted into the [[Songwriters' Hall of Fame]] in 1970.
+
==Monuments and memorials==
 +
[[Image:key plaque.png|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the death of Francis Scott Key placed by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] in Baltimore]]
  
−
[[Robert Altman]] credited him with the "title song" of ''[[Brewster McCloud]]'', though it contained only [[John Stafford Smith]]'s instrumentals.
+
The Francis Scott Key Bridge between the Rosslyn section of Arlington County, Virginia, and Georgetown in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the Francis Scott Key Bridge, part of the Baltimore Beltway crossing the outer harbor of Baltimore, Maryland, are named in his honor. Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge is located at the approximate point where the British anchored to shell Fort McHenry.
  
−
He is buried at [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]] in Frederick, next to [[Thomas Johnson (governor)|Thomas Johnson]], the first governor of Maryland, and friend [[Barbara Fritchie (person)|Barbara Fritchie]], who allegedly waved the American flag out of her home in defiance of [[Stonewall Jackson]]'s march through the city during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].
+
Key was inducted into the Songwriters' Hall of Fame in 1970.
  
 
==Media==
 
==Media==
 +
 
{{multi-listen start}}
 
{{multi-listen start}}
−
{{multi-listen item|filename=Star-spangled banner.ogg|title=The Star-Spangled Banner (1942)|description=[[Fred Waring]] and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942|format=[[Ogg]]}}  
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{{multi-listen item|filename=Star-spangled banner.ogg|title=The Star-Spangled Banner (1942)|description=Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing “The Star-Spangled Banner” in 1942|format=[[Ogg]]}}  
 
{{multi-listen end}}
 
{{multi-listen end}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
* Bates, Katharine Lee; Francis Scott Key, Samuel A. Ward and John Stafford Smith. ''America, The Beautiful and The Star-Spangled Banner''. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred, 2001. ISBN 0739024477
 +
* Gregson, Susan R. ''Francis Scott Key: Patriotic Poet''. Mankato, MN: Bridgestone Books, 2003. ISBN 0736815546
 +
* Hedin, Robert. ''Old Glory: American War Poems from the Revolutionary War to the War on Terrorism''. New York: Persea Books, 2004. ISBN 0892553103
 +
* Hollander, John. ''American Poetry''. New York: Library of America. Distributed to the trade in the U.S. and Canada by Viking Press, 1993. ISBN 0940450607
 +
* Lane, Janie Warren Hollingsworth. ''Key and Allied Families''. Baltimore, MD: Reprinted for Clearfield by Genealogical Pub., 2000. ISBN 0806349778
 +
* Leepson, Marc. ‘‘Flag: An American Biography''. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005. ISBN 0312323085
 +
* Molotsky, Irvin. ''The Flag, the Poet, and the Song: The Story of the Star-Spangled Banner''. New York: Dutton, 2001. ISBN 0525946004
 +
* Meyer, Sam. ''Paradoxes of Fame: The Francis Scott Key Story''. Annapolis, MD: Eastwind Pub., 1995. ISBN 1885457065
 +
* Myers, M. ''Francis Scott Key: An Anthology in Memoriam (1779-1843)''. Middlebury, IN: Bristol Banner Books, 2004. ISBN 1879183633
 +
* Philip, Neil. ''Singing America''. New York: Viking, 1995. ISBN 0670861502
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved April 9, 2024.
  
−
* Gregson, Susan R: ''Francis Scott Key : patriotic poet'' Mankato, Minn. : Bridgestone Books, 2003 ISBN 0736815546
+
* [http://www.usflag.org/history/francisscottkey.html Short biography] from USFlag.org
−
* Molotsky, Irvin:  T''he flag, the poet, and the song : the story of the Star-Spangled Banner'' New York : Dutton, 2001 ISBN 0525946004
 
−
* Hedin, Robert:  ''Old Glory : American war poems from the Revolutionary War to the war on terrorism ''  New York : Persea Books, 2004 ISBN 0892553103
 
−
* Meyer, Sam:  ''Paradoxes of fame : the Francis Scott Key story'' Annapolis : Eastwind Pub., 1995 ISBN 1885457065
 
−
* Myers, M:  ''Francis Scott Key : an anthology in memoriam (1779-1843)'' Middlebury, IN : Bristol Banner Books, 2004 ISBN 1879183633
 
−
* Leepson, Marc: ''Flag : an American biography'' New York : Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005 ISBN  0312323085
 
−
* Lane,Janie Warren Hollingsworth:  ''Key and allied families'' Baltimore, Md. : Reprinted for Clearfield by Genealogical Pub., 2000 ISBN 0806349778
 
−
* Bates,Katharine Lee; Key,Francis Scott; Ward, Samuel A; Smith,John Stafford:  ''America, the beautiful ; and the star-spangled banner'' Van Nuys, Calif. : Alfred, 2001 ISBN 0739024477
 
−
* Philip, Neil: ''Singing America'' New York : Viking, 1995 ISBN 0670861502
 
−
* Hollander, John:  ''American poetry''  New York : Library of America : Distributed to the trade in the U.S. and Canada by Viking Press, 1993 ISBN 0940450607
 
  
−
==External links==
 
−
*[http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibit_home_page.asp?exhibitId=191  Francis Scott Key's entry at the Songwriters' Hall of Fame]
 
−
*[http://www.usflag.org/history/francisscottkey.html Short biography]
 
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<!--[[Image:francis_scott_key.jpg]]—>
 
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* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=578 Francis Scott Keys's biographic sketch] at Find A Grave
 
  
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[[Category:History and biography]]
 
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
  
 
{{credit|90256955}}
 
{{credit|90256955}}

Latest revision as of 04:51, 9 April 2024

Francis Scott Key

Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and amateur poet. While watching the bombardment of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812, Key realized the British were retreating and he was inspired by the strength of the American flag. He took an envelope from his pocket and began proudly writing a poem that would become the United States national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Early Life

He was born to Ann Louis Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain John Ross Key on August 1, 1779, in western Maryland. His family was very wealthy and owned an estate called "Terra Rubra."

Key and his younger sister received their early education at home because there were no schools nearby. At the age of ten he was sent to Annapolis to attend St. John’s Grammar School. He graduated seven years later and went on to St. John’s College, where he graduated at the top of his class. His uncle offered him a position in his law firm while he studied to become an attorney. He started his own practice in Georgetown where he was a well respected. He made his home there from 1804 to around 1833 with his wife Mary and their six sons and five daughters. By 1814, he had appeared many times before the Supreme Court and had been appointed the United States district attorney. He was renowned as a public speaker.

Francis was a deeply religious man. He thought of leaving his law practice behind at one point to pursue a ministry life. He instead led an active role in his local Episcopal Church. He received great pleasure from helping people, and even if they couldn’t pay him for his legal services he would still represent them. His family owned slaves; Key, however, thought slavery was wrong—even to the point of taking court cases for slaves who were trying to win their freedom.

When the War of 1812 began he was conflicted; he loved his country but was strongly opposed to the war. He served for a brief time in the Georgetown field artillery in 1813.

War of 1812

Dr. William Beanes, a close friend of Key's, was taken prisoner by the British. Key was asked to help with his release. He left for Baltimore knowing that the British were in the Chesapeake Bay. Colonel John Skinner, a prisoner exchange negotiator, was waiting for him. Together, they set out to meet the Royal Navy.

The British officers treated them kindly. They agreed to release Dr. Beanes but did not allow the three men to return to Baltimore until after the bombardment of Fort McHenry. They were put on a small boat without sails. Without sails, all they could do was sit and watch the British attack. Francis and the two others were located approximately eight miles away and watched the British bombard the fort.

The British finally left after 25 hours of continuous bombing. They were unsuccessful in destroying Fort McHenry. Relieved the attack was over, Key anxiously glanced over to the fort to see if the flag was still there. In 1813 the commander of Ft. McHenry asked for a flag so big that “the British have no trouble seeing it from a distance.” After the attack, the giant flag was still flying and against all odds, the United States had won the battle.

Key was overwhelmed with pride as he witnessed the victorious flag waving following the British retreat. He quickly wrote down the words to a poem, which was soon handed out as a handbill under the title "Defence [sic] of Fort McHenry." It was renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and became a popular patriotic song. The United States Army and Navy chose the song as their official song, and in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson declared that the song should be played on all official occasions. However, it was not until 1931, that it became our national anthem under a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover.

The Star-Spangled Banner

The fifteen-star, fifteen-stripe “Star-Spangled Banner” flag
Key's original manuscript copy of his “Star-Spangled Banner” poem, now on display at the Maryland Historical Society

O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream
’Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep’s pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation,
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land
Praise the Pow’r that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto—“In God is our trust.”
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Later Life

The Howard family vault at Saint Paul's Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland

After the war, Key continued to work as a lawyer and was an active and supportive member of the community.

Key died at the home of his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Charles Howard on January 11, 1843, in Baltimore from pleurisy or lung cancer. He was initially interred in Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in the vault of John Eager Howard. In 1866, he was moved to his family plot in Frederick at Mount Olivet Cemetery. The Key Monument Association erected a memorial in 1898 and the remains of both Key and his wife Mary were placed in a crypt in the base of the monument.

Monuments and memorials

Plaque commemorating the death of Francis Scott Key placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Baltimore

The Francis Scott Key Bridge between the Rosslyn section of Arlington County, Virginia, and Georgetown in Washington, D.C., and the Francis Scott Key Bridge, part of the Baltimore Beltway crossing the outer harbor of Baltimore, Maryland, are named in his honor. Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge is located at the approximate point where the British anchored to shell Fort McHenry.

Key was inducted into the Songwriters' Hall of Fame in 1970.

Media

(audio)
The Star-Spangled Banner (1942) (file info)
Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing “The Star-Spangled Banner” in 1942
Problems listening to the files? See media help.


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bates, Katharine Lee; Francis Scott Key, Samuel A. Ward and John Stafford Smith. America, The Beautiful and The Star-Spangled Banner. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred, 2001. ISBN 0739024477
  • Gregson, Susan R. Francis Scott Key: Patriotic Poet. Mankato, MN: Bridgestone Books, 2003. ISBN 0736815546
  • Hedin, Robert. Old Glory: American War Poems from the Revolutionary War to the War on Terrorism. New York: Persea Books, 2004. ISBN 0892553103
  • Hollander, John. American Poetry. New York: Library of America. Distributed to the trade in the U.S. and Canada by Viking Press, 1993. ISBN 0940450607
  • Lane, Janie Warren Hollingsworth. Key and Allied Families. Baltimore, MD: Reprinted for Clearfield by Genealogical Pub., 2000. ISBN 0806349778
  • Leepson, Marc. ‘‘Flag: An American Biography. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005. ISBN 0312323085
  • Molotsky, Irvin. The Flag, the Poet, and the Song: The Story of the Star-Spangled Banner. New York: Dutton, 2001. ISBN 0525946004
  • Meyer, Sam. Paradoxes of Fame: The Francis Scott Key Story. Annapolis, MD: Eastwind Pub., 1995. ISBN 1885457065
  • Myers, M. Francis Scott Key: An Anthology in Memoriam (1779-1843). Middlebury, IN: Bristol Banner Books, 2004. ISBN 1879183633
  • Philip, Neil. Singing America. New York: Viking, 1995. ISBN 0670861502

External links

All links retrieved April 9, 2024.

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