Bell, Clive
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{{claimed}}{{epname|Bell, Clive}} | {{claimed}}{{epname|Bell, Clive}} | ||
| − | '''Arthur Clive Heward Bell''' ([[September 16]], [[1881]] – [[September 18]], [[1964]]) was an [[England|English]] [[Art critic]], associated with the [[Bloomsbury group]]. | + | '''Arthur Clive Heward Bell''' ([[September 16]], [[1881]] – [[September 18]], [[1964]]) was an [[England|English]] [[Art critic]], associated with the [[Bloomsbury group]]. Bell grew up in a wealthy family, and continued in a lavish lifestyle until his death. He is best known for his criticism on art works, and involvement with the pacifist movements during the wars. He fathered two children from his wife, [[Vanessa Bell]], and was friends with her family and sister, [[Virginia Woolf]]. Clive Bell died in London on September 18, 1964. |
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
| − | + | ===Childhood=== | |
| + | Duncan Grant was born on September 16, 1881, in East Shefford, Bedfordshire, [[England]]. He grew up in the country, at Cleeve House in Wiltshire, with his family, being the third child of four. His family was wealthy, as his father had found fortune in his coal-mining business. During his childhood, Grant was educated at Marlborough, in England, and followed his education up in attending [[Trinity College]] at [[Cambridge]]. | ||
| − | + | ===Family Life=== | |
| + | In 1907, he returned home to London, where he met [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa Stephen]], who is the sister of [[Virginia Woolf]]. He became fast friends with the Stephen family, forming a life-long bond with them, and their other friends, who would later go on to found the [[Bloomsbury group]]. After a short romance and engagement, Bell married Vanessa, in 1907. The couple had two sons, Julian (1908-1937) and Quentin (1910-1996), who both became writers. Much to his parents' chargin, as they were adamant pacifists, Julian fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]], which resulted in his death in 1937. | ||
| − | + | By [[World War I]], the Bells' marriage was over. Vanessa had begun a lifelong relationship with [[Duncan Grant]], whom she resided with in [[Charestown]], and Clive had a number of liaisons with other women, such as Mary Hutchinson. However, Clive and Vanessa never officially separated or divorced. Not only did they keep visiting each other regularly, they also sometimes spent holidays together and paid "family" visits to Clive's parents. Clive lived in London but often spent long stretches of time at the idyllic farmhouse of [[Charleston, Sussex|Charleston]], where Vanessa lived with Duncan Grant. During this time, Vanessa allowed Bell to bring his mistresses into the house as well, as the couple was incredibly free with the restraints of their marriage. | |
| − | Vanessa | + | On Christmas day in 1918, Vanessa gave birth to [[Angelica Garnett]], who was the biological daughter of Duncan Grant but was raised with Clive's surname, Bell, and under the pretense of being Bell's child. Although Clive fully supported her wish to have a child by Duncan and allowed this daughter to bear his last name, Angelica was embittered with this lie, as she had always been taught to truth and love reigned free in their household. She was informed, by her mother Vanessa, just prior to her own marriage and shortly after her brother Julian's death, that in fact Duncan Grant was her biological father. This deception forms the central message of her memoir, ''Deceived with Kindness'', in which, she states of the man she believed to be her father, Clive Bell: |
| − | "There were in Clive two men, and both were at least a century out of date: one was the man about town, the dilettante, and the writer; the other, the squire, the countryman, and the sportsman. In the latter role he was, I think, more genuinely at ease, since his knowledge, skill and love of country life dated from childhood. In neither character did he quite fit into the world as it was, and one of the things that one loved him for was his refusal to recognise this, his ability to transform his surroundings either into the haunt of a sybarite or into the property of a landed gentleman." Angelica | + | "There were in Clive two men, and both were at least a century out of date: one was the man about town, the dilettante, and the writer; the other, the squire, the countryman, and the sportsman. In the latter role he was, I think, more genuinely at ease, since his knowledge, skill and love of country life dated from childhood. In neither character did he quite fit into the world as it was, and one of the things that one loved him for was his refusal to recognise this, his ability to transform his surroundings either into the haunt of a sybarite or into the property of a landed gentleman."<ref>Grant, Angelica: ''Deceived With Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood'' London, UK: Oxford University Press, New Ed edition, October 1985.</ref>. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Later Years=== | ||
| + | In his later years, Bell continued to write art criticisms and lecture on the importance of art. He, along with fellow Bloomsbury group members, lead pacifist campaigns against wars and injustice towards people. Because of his books on art, he gained popularity, and was well known in England throughout his life time. Clive Bell died on September 17, 1964 in his London home. | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
| − | Bell was one of the founders of the [[formalism (art)|formalist]] theory of art. | + | Bell was one of the founders of the [[formalism (art)|formalist]] theory of art, which he expresses in many of his works. Particularly evident in his work ''Art'', which he claimed that representation and emotion in themselves do not contribute to the aesthetic experience of a painting. Instead it is the ''significant form'' within the painting which determines its artistic content. He defines ''Significant Form'' for painting as "relations and combinations of lines and colours" and considered it to be common to all works of visual art. His theory relies on treating "aesthetic experience" as an emotion distinct from other emotions, and one that is triggered by ''significant form'' - the common quality of any work of art.<ref>Rosenbaum, S.P.: ''The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary''. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Revised edition, December 12, 1995.</ref> He went on to use ''significant form'' as a definition of all art in his later works and criticisms. |
| − | + | ==Legacy== | |
| + | Bell was an early champion of modern art and an important art critic as a result of his objective style. Bell's friendship with Roger Fry contributed to the development of Bell's artistic theory of "significant form" which he explained in his book Art (1914). Bell's other volumes of art criticism include Since Cezanne (1922), Account of French Painting (1932) and Enjoying Pictures: Meditations in the National Gallery and Elsewhere (1934) | ||
| − | |||
===Bibliography=== | ===Bibliography=== | ||
| + | ===Books=== | ||
*''Art'' (1914) | *''Art'' (1914) | ||
*''Peace at Once'' (1915) | *''Peace at Once'' (1915) | ||
| Line 37: | Line 43: | ||
*''Warmongers'' (1938) | *''Warmongers'' (1938) | ||
*''Old Friends: Personal Recollections'' (1956)<ref>Clive Bell wrote and lectured many critical works on other artists as well.</ref> | *''Old Friends: Personal Recollections'' (1956)<ref>Clive Bell wrote and lectured many critical works on other artists as well.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Articles=== | ||
| + | <ref>Most of these articles were published posthumonously from manuscripts found at his home.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''The Long-Run Economic Costs of aids: A Model with an Application to South Africa,''<ref>In collaberation with Shantayanan Devarajan & Hans Gersbach.</ref> (2006) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''The desire for land: Strategic lending with adverse selection''<ref>In collaboration with Gerhard Clemenz.</ref> (2006) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''The Desire for Land: Strategic Lending with Adverse Selection'' (1984) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Output, prices, and the distribution of consumption in rural India''<ref> In collabortation with Stefan Klonner.</ref> (2005) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''The Economic Implications of Epidemics Old and New''<ref> In collaberation with Maureen Lewis.</ref> (2004) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Post-independence India: a case of finance-led industrialization?''<ref> In collaberation with Peter L. Rousseau.</ref> (2001) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Interlinkage, limited liability and strategic interaction''<ref> In collaberation with Kaushik Basu and Pinaki Bose.</ref> (2000) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Credit markets with moral hazard and heterogeneous valuations of collateral''<ref> In collaboration with Gerhard Clemenz.</ref> (1998) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Rationing, Spillover, and Interlinking in Credit Markets: The Case of Rural Punjab''<ref> In collaboration with Srinivasan.</ref> (1997) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Project Appraisal and Foreign Exchange Constraints: A Rejoinder''<ref> In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.</ref> (1989) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Interlinked Transactions in Rural Markets: An Empirical Study of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab,''<ref> In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.</ref> (1989) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Intertemporally consistent shadow prices in an open economy : Estimates for Cyprus''<ref> In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.</ref> (1987) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Shadow Prices for Project Evaluation under Alternative Macroeconomic Specifications''<ref> In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.</ref> (1987) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Semi-Input-Output and Shadow Prices: A Critical Note [The Integration of Project and Sector Analysis: Some Further Remarks] [Shadow Prices for Chile]''<ref> In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.</ref> (1980) | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 48: | Line 85: | ||
* Bell, Quentin: ''Bloomsbury Recalled''. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press, January 15, 1997. ISBN 0231105657. | * Bell, Quentin: ''Bloomsbury Recalled''. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press, January 15, 1997. ISBN 0231105657. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Bradshaw, Tony and James Beechey: ''A Bloomsbury Canvas: Reflections on the Bloomsbury Group''. Lund Humphries Publishers, March 2002. ISBN 0853318395. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Grant, Angelica: ''Deceived With Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood'' London, UK: Oxford University Press, New Ed edition, October 1985. ISBN 0192819127. | ||
* Rosenbaum, S.P.: ''The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary''. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Revised edition, December 12, 1995. ISBN 0802076408. | * Rosenbaum, S.P.: ''The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary''. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Revised edition, December 12, 1995. ISBN 0802076408. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 22:57, 29 August 2007
Arthur Clive Heward Bell (September 16, 1881 – September 18, 1964) was an English Art critic, associated with the Bloomsbury group. Bell grew up in a wealthy family, and continued in a lavish lifestyle until his death. He is best known for his criticism on art works, and involvement with the pacifist movements during the wars. He fathered two children from his wife, Vanessa Bell, and was friends with her family and sister, Virginia Woolf. Clive Bell died in London on September 18, 1964.
Life
Childhood
Duncan Grant was born on September 16, 1881, in East Shefford, Bedfordshire, England. He grew up in the country, at Cleeve House in Wiltshire, with his family, being the third child of four. His family was wealthy, as his father had found fortune in his coal-mining business. During his childhood, Grant was educated at Marlborough, in England, and followed his education up in attending Trinity College at Cambridge.
Family Life
In 1907, he returned home to London, where he met Vanessa Stephen, who is the sister of Virginia Woolf. He became fast friends with the Stephen family, forming a life-long bond with them, and their other friends, who would later go on to found the Bloomsbury group. After a short romance and engagement, Bell married Vanessa, in 1907. The couple had two sons, Julian (1908-1937) and Quentin (1910-1996), who both became writers. Much to his parents' chargin, as they were adamant pacifists, Julian fought in the Spanish Civil War, which resulted in his death in 1937.
By World War I, the Bells' marriage was over. Vanessa had begun a lifelong relationship with Duncan Grant, whom she resided with in Charestown, and Clive had a number of liaisons with other women, such as Mary Hutchinson. However, Clive and Vanessa never officially separated or divorced. Not only did they keep visiting each other regularly, they also sometimes spent holidays together and paid "family" visits to Clive's parents. Clive lived in London but often spent long stretches of time at the idyllic farmhouse of Charleston, where Vanessa lived with Duncan Grant. During this time, Vanessa allowed Bell to bring his mistresses into the house as well, as the couple was incredibly free with the restraints of their marriage.
On Christmas day in 1918, Vanessa gave birth to Angelica Garnett, who was the biological daughter of Duncan Grant but was raised with Clive's surname, Bell, and under the pretense of being Bell's child. Although Clive fully supported her wish to have a child by Duncan and allowed this daughter to bear his last name, Angelica was embittered with this lie, as she had always been taught to truth and love reigned free in their household. She was informed, by her mother Vanessa, just prior to her own marriage and shortly after her brother Julian's death, that in fact Duncan Grant was her biological father. This deception forms the central message of her memoir, Deceived with Kindness, in which, she states of the man she believed to be her father, Clive Bell:
"There were in Clive two men, and both were at least a century out of date: one was the man about town, the dilettante, and the writer; the other, the squire, the countryman, and the sportsman. In the latter role he was, I think, more genuinely at ease, since his knowledge, skill and love of country life dated from childhood. In neither character did he quite fit into the world as it was, and one of the things that one loved him for was his refusal to recognise this, his ability to transform his surroundings either into the haunt of a sybarite or into the property of a landed gentleman."[1].
Later Years
In his later years, Bell continued to write art criticisms and lecture on the importance of art. He, along with fellow Bloomsbury group members, lead pacifist campaigns against wars and injustice towards people. Because of his books on art, he gained popularity, and was well known in England throughout his life time. Clive Bell died on September 17, 1964 in his London home.
Works
Bell was one of the founders of the formalist theory of art, which he expresses in many of his works. Particularly evident in his work Art, which he claimed that representation and emotion in themselves do not contribute to the aesthetic experience of a painting. Instead it is the significant form within the painting which determines its artistic content. He defines Significant Form for painting as "relations and combinations of lines and colours" and considered it to be common to all works of visual art. His theory relies on treating "aesthetic experience" as an emotion distinct from other emotions, and one that is triggered by significant form - the common quality of any work of art.[2] He went on to use significant form as a definition of all art in his later works and criticisms.
Legacy
Bell was an early champion of modern art and an important art critic as a result of his objective style. Bell's friendship with Roger Fry contributed to the development of Bell's artistic theory of "significant form" which he explained in his book Art (1914). Bell's other volumes of art criticism include Since Cezanne (1922), Account of French Painting (1932) and Enjoying Pictures: Meditations in the National Gallery and Elsewhere (1934)
Bibliography
Books
- Art (1914)
- Peace at Once (1915)
- Ad Familiares (1917)
- Pot-Boilers (1918)
- Poems (1921)
- Since Cézanne (1922)
- On British Freedom (1923)
- Landmarks in Nineteenth-Century Painting (1927)
- Civilization: An Essay (1928)
- Proust (1928)
- An Account of French Painting (1931)
- Enjoying Pictures: Meditations in the National Gallery and Elsewhere (1934)
- Warmongers (1938)
- Old Friends: Personal Recollections (1956)[3]
Articles
- The Long-Run Economic Costs of aids: A Model with an Application to South Africa,[5] (2006)
- The desire for land: Strategic lending with adverse selection[6] (2006)
- The Desire for Land: Strategic Lending with Adverse Selection (1984)
- Output, prices, and the distribution of consumption in rural India[7] (2005)
- The Economic Implications of Epidemics Old and New[8] (2004)
- Post-independence India: a case of finance-led industrialization?[9] (2001)
- Interlinkage, limited liability and strategic interaction[10] (2000)
- Credit markets with moral hazard and heterogeneous valuations of collateral[11] (1998)
- Rationing, Spillover, and Interlinking in Credit Markets: The Case of Rural Punjab[12] (1997)
- Project Appraisal and Foreign Exchange Constraints: A Rejoinder[13] (1989)
- Interlinked Transactions in Rural Markets: An Empirical Study of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab,[14] (1989)
- Intertemporally consistent shadow prices in an open economy : Estimates for Cyprus[15] (1987)
- Shadow Prices for Project Evaluation under Alternative Macroeconomic Specifications[16] (1987)
- Semi-Input-Output and Shadow Prices: A Critical Note [The Integration of Project and Sector Analysis: Some Further Remarks] [Shadow Prices for Chile][17] (1980)
Notes
- ↑ Grant, Angelica: Deceived With Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood London, UK: Oxford University Press, New Ed edition, October 1985.
- ↑ Rosenbaum, S.P.: The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Revised edition, December 12, 1995.
- ↑ Clive Bell wrote and lectured many critical works on other artists as well.
- ↑ Most of these articles were published posthumonously from manuscripts found at his home.
- ↑ In collaberation with Shantayanan Devarajan & Hans Gersbach.
- ↑ In collaboration with Gerhard Clemenz.
- ↑ In collabortation with Stefan Klonner.
- ↑ In collaberation with Maureen Lewis.
- ↑ In collaberation with Peter L. Rousseau.
- ↑ In collaberation with Kaushik Basu and Pinaki Bose.
- ↑ In collaboration with Gerhard Clemenz.
- ↑ In collaboration with Srinivasan.
- ↑ In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.
- ↑ In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.
- ↑ In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.
- ↑ In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.
- ↑ In collaboration with Shantayanan Devarajan.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bell, Clive: Art (Illustrated Edition). London, UK: Dodo Press, June 29, 2007. ISBN 1406547522.
- Bell, Quentin: Bloomsbury Recalled. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press, January 15, 1997. ISBN 0231105657.
- Bradshaw, Tony and James Beechey: A Bloomsbury Canvas: Reflections on the Bloomsbury Group. Lund Humphries Publishers, March 2002. ISBN 0853318395.
- Grant, Angelica: Deceived With Kindness: A Bloomsbury Childhood London, UK: Oxford University Press, New Ed edition, October 1985. ISBN 0192819127.
- Rosenbaum, S.P.: The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Revised edition, December 12, 1995. ISBN 0802076408.
External links
- Clive Bell Biography Retrieved August 29, 2007.
- Clive Bell Works Retrieved August 27, 2007.
- Bloomsbury Group Art and Thinkers Retrieved August 27, 2007.
- Encyclopedia Britanica Article on Clive Bell Retrieved August 27, 2007.
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