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Portrait of Bedřich Smetana

Bedřich Smetana March 2, 1824 - 12 May 12, 1884) is considered one of the greatest Czech composers of the 19th century and the country's first nationalist composer. He is best known for his symphonic poem Vltava (The Moldau), the second in a cycle of six which he entitled Má vlast (My Country).part of the Austrian Empire

Life

The Smetana monument in Litomyšl

Early Years

Bedrich Smetana was born as the seventh child of a fairly wealthy man from the third marriage of Master Brewer Frantisek Smetana to Barbora Linkova. The family was constantly on the move, and young Bedrich went to high school in Jindrichuv Hradec, Jihlava, Havlickuv Brod, Prague and Plzen, where he graduated. Although he is the Czech Republic's national composer and wrote several operas in Czech, as a child he was not taught the language. From a very early age he showed a great talent for music, which was encouraged within the family, and he played the piano at his first concert at the age of eight. Throughout his childhood, he also performed in a quartet at home, playing first violin, and his father second, although his father opposed to his son's formal musical training.

A deciding factor in his artistic development was studying under Josef Proksch in Prague, from 1843. Then he moved to Prague to study piano and theory with J. B. Kittl, director of the Prague Conservatory. After completing his studies, he worked four years as a music teahcer for the family of hte famous Count Thun. Then he founded his own private piano school in Prague, with the help of Franz Liszt, and began composing, and a year later married his teenage love Katerina Kolarova, a fine pianist.

Family Tragedies

The 1840s and 1850s were turbulent years in the life of his nation, of Europe, and his personal life, with European nationalist movements of 1848, political oppression, and the death of his second child, his beloved four-year-old daughter Bedřiska, coupled with his inability to establish himself on his home turf. When his third child died nine months later, he committed himself to composition, producing the Piano Trio in G minor. This piece is full of sadness and despair, making use of phrases that are cut short, possibly in resemblance to his daughter's own life.

Sweden

In an attempt to escape a place where everything reminded him of the loss of his daughter, Smetana decided to leave Bohemia, and in 1856 he moved to Goteborg, Sweden. Here he taught, conducted Sweden's Philharmonic Society, and gave chamber music recitals for five years. He achieved recognistion for his conducting, piano playing, and compositions. However, the northern climate accelerated Katerina's illness and she died in 1859. A year later he married again to the 20-year-old Bettina Ferdinandiova.

Back Home

After the easing of the political situation in the Czech lands, he hurried home,He did not settle in Prague permanently at first, and spent his time travelling back and forth to Gothenburg, before making Prague his home in 1863. In 1863, back in Prague, he opened a new school of music dedicated to promoting specifically Czech music. During this time, he composed his historical opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, whose first performance in 1864 was an instant success. This was followed in 1866 by perhaps his most famous opera, the comedy The Bartered Bride. The Bartered Bride was an instant and enduring success. It was in the same year that Smetana became a conductor at the Provisional Theatre, the first theatre in Prague to hold performances in Czech, , where he focused primarily on opera. The opera emerged from his awareness of his responsibility to his nation, and his firm belief in its future. He held this position until he went deaf in 1874 as a result of a long illness. Despite his catastrophe he managed to realize his long-held creative project: to celebrate his homeland and nation with a cycle of symphonic poems.

From 1875 he lived in small village of Jabkenice. As if plain deafness were not enough, Smetana also suffered from tinnitus, which caused him to hear a continuous, maddening high note which he described as the "shrill whistle of a first inversion chord of A-flat in the highest register of the piccolo. "Towards the end of the 1870s, Smetana's health continued to fail, and in 1883 he apparently suffered a mental breakdown, and was placed in a mental asylum in Prague, where he died shortly after his sixtieth birthday, on May 12th 1884. It is widely believed that in actual fact he died of syphilis.

Compositions

His first compositions included pieces for the piano, such as waltzes, bagatelles, and impromptus. But in 1863 he finished the singspiel Branibory v Cechach (Brandenburgers in Bohemia,with a libretto by Karel Sabina), which was a great success - and brought its author some much-needed finances. Described as a Bohemian rebellion against Teutonic invaders, the music is strongly Wagnerian but the Bohemian folk songs and dances are perceptible in it. Wiht the next three opearas—The Bartered Bride, Dalibor and LIbuse—he set the tone of Bohemia's musical theater.

Bohemian folk music was dominant also in his concert works, particularly the six-part My Fatherland, whose Vltava (The Moldau) is universally admited, and in his two autobiagraphical quartets From My Life. Pitts Sanborn said of The Bartered Bride that it is not folk music "in a crapming sense. While distinctively of its native soil... [this music] possesses the universal qualities necessary to give it a world-wide currency. We of other countries delight in Czech rhythms, its national dances, the characteristic contour of its melodies, but we also find in this music more than local color and exotci charm; the flowing humanity is there that transcends limits and boundaries." (ref Ewen 775)

Jan Lowenbach added that "Smetana was privileged not only to hear ad imitate the spirit of the rich melodies and varied rhythms of his nation, but also to invent, to feel,a nd to express it in a new way and to adapt it to the spirit of modern times." (Ewen 775)

Amongst the many compositions from this period were Ma Vlast, My Homeland, possibly Smetana's best known piece, a set of symphonic poems which evoked the beauty of the Czech countryside, plus the opera The Kiss, and a piece called The Czech Dances. in general his works were well received during his lifetime, with a few exceptions, such as his tragic opera Dalibor, written in 1867, which was heavily criticised.

The peak of his production from this period is his Klavirni trio g moll (1855) (Piano trio in g minor), which reflected his grief over the loss of Bedriska.

Smetana was a great admirer of Franz Liszt, and they were in frequent contact through correspondence and personal meetings. He was gripped by Liszt's idea of the symphonic poem. This gave rise to such works as his Richard III., Valdstynuv tabor (Waldstein's Camp) and Hakon Jarl. although things did not immediately go well for him. He completed Prodana nevesta (The Bartered Bride) in 1866 and conducted it himself.

Smetana's Tomb

His string quartet in E minor, Z mého života (From My Life, composed in 1876), the first of only two quartets, is an autobiographical work. The final movement is punctuated by a piercing high E in the first violin which, Smetana explained, represents the devastating effects of his tinnitus. He may also be hinting at this personal misfortune with the piccolo scoring in Má vlast. In 1883 Smetana, suffering further progressive neurological effects of his illness, finally became insane, and was taken to a mental hospital in Prague, where he died the following year. He is interred in the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague.

Smetana is noted as being the first composer to write music that was specifically Czech in character. Many of his operas are based on Czech themes and myths, the best known being the comedy The Bartered Bride (1866). He used many Czech dance rhythms and his melodies sometimes resemble folk songs. He was a great influence on Antonín Dvořák, who similarly used Czech themes in his works.

Czech Music of the Romantic Era

This period saw the advance of the National Revival in the Czech Lands. The greatest display of these revivalist tendencies in the spirit of Romanticism appeared primarily in Czech opera, which was a blend of European influences. In opera it imitated the Italians,a nd in symphonies and chamber music it echoed the styles of German and Austrian masters. In the second part of the 19th century, Europe was flooded by nationalism, which spurred patirotism and national consciousness and the serach for a national art. In 1862, the national theater was founded, financed with donations from rich and poor alike. The theater served as a platform for staging Czech drama and operas. Smetana's first opera, The Brandenbrugers in Bohemia, was written for it.

Works

Operas

Braniboři v Čechách (Brandenburgers in Bohemia) 1863
Prodaná nevěsta (The Bartered Bride) 1866
Dalibor 1867
Libuše 1872
Dvě vdovy (The Two Widows) 1873
Hubička (The Kiss) 1876
Tajemství (The Secret)
Čertova stěna (The Devil's Wall)
Viola (not completed) 1884

Other

Cycle of symphonic poems Ma vlast (My Fatherland) 1874-1879:

Vysehrad

Vltava:

Sarka

Z ceskych luhu a haju (From Czech Fields and Groves)

Tabor

Blanik

String quartet From my Life 1876
Quartet Bohemian Dances
Tone Poem Wallensteins Lager (1859)

Notes

External Links

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Jiří Ramba: Slavné české lebky, antropologicko-lékařské nálezy jako pomocníci historie (Famous Czech Skulls, anthropological-medical findings as helpers of history), Galén, 2005, Prague, ISBN 80-7262-325-7

Credits

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Image:Smetana.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Portrait of Bedřich Smetana]]
 {{epname}}
-'''Bedřich Smetana''' March 2, 1824 - 12 May 12, 1884) is considered one of the greatest [[Czech people|Czech]] [[composer]]s of the 19th century. He is best known for his [[symphonic poem]] ''[[Vltava]]'' (The Moldau), the second in a cycle of six which he entitled ''[[Má vlast]]'' (My Country).
+'''Bedřich Smetana''' March 2, 1824 - 12 May 12, 1884) is considered one of the greatest [[Czech people|Czech]] [[composer]]s of the 19th century and the country's first  nationalist composer. He is best known for his [[symphonic poem]] ''[[Vltava]]'' (The Moldau), the second in a cycle of six which he entitled ''[[Má vlast]]'' (My Country).part of the [[Austrian Empire]]
-==Life and Work==
+==Life==
 [[Image:Bedrich-Smetana-Litomisl.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The Smetana monument in Litomyšl]]
-Bedrich Smetana was born as the seventh child of a fairly wealthy man from the third marriage of Master Brewer Frantisek Smetana to Barbora Linkova. The family was constantly on the move, and young Bedrich went to high school in Jindrichuv Hradec, Jihlava, Havlickuv Brod, Prague and Plzen, where he graduated. Although he is the Czech Republic's national composer and wrote several operas in Czech, as a child he was not taught the language. From a very early age he showed a great talent for music, which was encouraged within the family, and he played the piano at his first concert at the age of eight. Throughout his childhood, he also performed in a quartet at home, playing first violin, and his father second. A deciding factor in his artistic development was studying under Josef Proksch in Prague, from 1843.
+===Early Years===
+Bedrich Smetana was born as the seventh child of a fairly wealthy man from the third marriage of Master Brewer Frantisek Smetana to Barbora Linkova. The family was constantly on the move, and young Bedrich went to high school in Jindrichuv Hradec, Jihlava, Havlickuv Brod, Prague and Plzen, where he graduated. Although he is the Czech Republic's national composer and wrote several operas in
+Czech, as a child he was not taught the language. From a very early age he showed a great talent for music, which was encouraged within the family, and he played the piano at his first concert at the age of eight. Throughout his childhood, he also performed in a quartet at home, playing first violin, and his father second, although his father opposed to his son's formal musical training.
-After completing his studies, he founded his own private piano school in Prague and began composing, and a year later married his teenage love Katerina Kolarova.following the events of 1848, the year of revolutions around Europe, and political oppression in the 1850s, he moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1856, where he became a music teacher
+A deciding factor in his artistic development was studying under Josef Proksch in Prague, from 1843. Then he moved to Prague to study piano and theory with J. B. Kittl, director of the Prague Conservatory. After completing his studies, he worked four years as a music teahcer for the family of hte famous Count Thun. Then he founded his own private piano school in Prague, with the help of Franz Liszt, and began composing, and a year later married his teenage love Katerina Kolarova, a fine pianist.
-When Smetana's thoughts turned to studying music at a higher level, this was, however, not encouraged:
-Smetana's wife died on route to Prague in 1859. He did not settle in Prague permanently at first, and spent his time travelling back and forth to Gothenburg, before making Prague his home in 1863. During this time, he composed his historical opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, whose first performance in 1864 was an instant success. This was followed in 1866 by perhaps his most famous opera, the comedy The Bartered Bride. The Bartered Bride was an instant and enduring success. It was in the same year that Smetana became a conductor at the Provisional Theatre, the first theatre in Prague to hold performances in Czech, and he held this position until he went deaf in 1874.
+===Family Tragedies===
+The 1840s and 1850s were turbulent years in the life of his nation, of Europe, and his personal life, with European nationalist movements of 1848, political oppression, and the death of his second child, his beloved four-year-old daughter Bedřiska, coupled with his inability to establish himself on his home turf. When his third child died nine months later, he committed himself to composition, producing the Piano Trio in G minor. This piece is full of sadness and despair, making use of phrases that are cut short, possibly in resemblance to his daughter's own life.
-Amongst the many compositions from this period were Ma Vlast, My Homeland, possibly Smetana's best known piece, a set of symphonic poems which evoked the beauty of the Czech countryside, plus the opera The Kiss, and a piece called The Czech Dances. Towards the end of the 1870s, Smetana's health continued to fail, and in 1883 he apparently suffered a mental breakdown, and was placed in a mental asylum in Prague, where he died shortly after his sixtieth birthday, on May 12th 1884. It is widely believed that in actual fact he died of syphilis. in general his works were well received during his lifetime, with a few exceptions, such as his tragic opera Dalibor, written in 1867, which was heavily criticised.
+===Sweden===
-http://www.radio.cz/en/article/37465
+In an attempt to escape a place where everything reminded him of the loss of his daughter, Smetana decided to leave Bohemia, and in 1856 he moved to Goteborg, Sweden. Here he taught, [[Conducting|conducted]] Sweden's Philharmonic Society, and gave [[chamber music]] recitals for five years. He achieved recognistion for his conducting, piano playing, and compositions. However, the northern climate accelerated Katerina's illness and she died in 1859. A year later he married again to the 20-year-old Bettina Ferdinandiova.
-born in Litomysl
+===Back Home===
-During this period, he devoted his compositional efforts almost exclusively to the piano. The peak of his production from this period is his Klavirni trio g moll (1855) (Piano trio in g minor), which reflected his grief over the death of his daughter Bedriska. In an attempt to escape a place where everything reminded him of his loss, Smetana decided to move abroad, and in 1856 he moved to Goteborg in Sweden. The northern climate accelerated Katerina's illness and she died in 1859. A year later he married again to the 20-year-old Bettina Ferdinandiova.
+After the easing of the political situation in the Czech lands, he hurried home,He did not settle in Prague permanently at first, and spent his time travelling back and forth to Gothenburg, before making Prague his home in 1863. In 1863, back in Prague, he opened a new school of music dedicated to promoting specifically Czech music. During this time, he composed his historical opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, whose first performance in 1864 was an instant success. This was followed in 1866 by perhaps his most famous opera, the comedy The Bartered Bride. The Bartered Bride was an instant and enduring success. It was in the same year that Smetana became a conductor at the Provisional Theatre, the first theatre in Prague to hold performances in Czech, , where he focused primarily on opera. The opera emerged from his awareness of his responsibility to his nation, and his firm belief in its future. He held this position until he went deaf in 1874 as a result of a long illness. Despite his catastrophe he managed to realize his long-held creative project: to celebrate his homeland and nation with a cycle of symphonic poems.
-Smetana was a great admirer of Franz Liszt, and they were in frequent contact through correspondence and personal meetings. He was gripped by Liszt's idea of the symphonic poem. This gave rise to such works as his Richard III., Valdstynuv tabor (Waldstein's Camp) and Hakon Jarl. After the easing of the political situation in the Czech lands, he hurried home, although things did not immediately go well for him. But in 1863 he finished the singspiel Branibory v Cechach (Brandenburgers in Bohemia,with a libretto by Karel Sabina), which was a great success - and brought its author some much-needed finances. He completed Prodana nevesta (The Bartered Bride) in 1866 and conducted it himself.
+From 1875 he lived in small village of Jabkenice. As if plain deafness were not enough, Smetana also suffered from [[tinnitus]], which caused him to hear a continuous, maddening high note which he described as the "shrill whistle of a first [[inversion (music)|inversion]] [[Chord (music)|chord]] of A-flat in the highest register of the [[piccolo]]. "Towards the end of the 1870s, Smetana's health continued to fail, and in 1883 he apparently suffered a mental breakdown, and was placed in a mental asylum in Prague, where he died shortly after his sixtieth birthday, on May 12th 1884. It is widely believed that in actual fact he died of syphilis.
-In 1873, Smetana also became the chief director of opera and drama atthe Provisional Theater, where he focused primarily on opera. The fruit of these efforts are such works as Dalibor, Rolnicka, Libusin soud and others. During this period, after three years of work, he completed his masterpiece Libuse. The opera emerged from his awareness of his responsibility to his nation, and his firm belief in its future.
+==Compositions==
+His first compositions included pieces for the piano, such as waltzes, bagatelles, and impromptus. But in 1863 he finished the singspiel Branibory v Cechach (Brandenburgers in Bohemia,with a libretto by Karel Sabina), which was a great success - and brought its author some much-needed finances. Described as a Bohemian rebellion against Teutonic invaders, the music is strongly Wagnerian but the Bohemian folk songs and dances are perceptible in it. Wiht the next three opearas&mdash;The Bartered Bride, Dalibor and LIbuse&mdash;he set the tone of Bohemia's musical theater.
-On the night of October 19 to 20, 1874, as a result of a long illness, Smetana was inflicted with the worst misfortune that can befall a composer: absolute deafness. Despite his catastrophe he managed to realize his long-held creative project: to celebrate his homeland and nation with a cycle of symphonic poems. The result was Towards the end of his life, he composed another great string of operas, Hubicka (1876) (The Kiss), Tajemstvi (1877) (The Secret) a Certova stena (1879 - 82) (The Devil's Wall). Bedrich Smetana died on May 12, 1884 in the Prague Institute for the Mentally Ill.
+Bohemian folk music was dominant also in his concert works, particularly the six-part My Fatherland, whose Vltava (The Moldau) is universally admited, and in his two autobiagraphical quartets From My Life. Pitts Sanborn said of The Bartered Bride that it is not folk music "in a crapming sense. While distinctively of its native soil... [this music] possesses the universal qualities necessary to give it a world-wide currency. We of other countries delight in Czech rhythms, its national dances, the characteristic contour of its melodies, but we also find in this music more than local color and exotci charm; the flowing humanity is there that transcends limits and boundaries." (ref Ewen 775)
-http://www.radio.cz/en/html/hudba_romantismus.html
-Smetana was the son of a [[brewing|brewer]] in [[Litomyšl]] in [[Bohemia]], then part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. He studied [[piano]] and [[violin]] from an early age, and played in an amateur [[string quartet]] with other members of his family. Smetana attended a high school in [[Pilsen]] from 1840-1843. He studied [[music]] in [[Prague]], despite initial resistance from his father. He secured a post as music master to a noble family, and in 1848 received funds from [[Franz Liszt]] to establish his own music school.
-September 1855 marked the death of his second child, his beloved four-year-old daughter Bedřiska. When his third child died nine months later, he committed himself to composition, producing the Piano Trio in G minor. This piece is full of sadness and despair, making use of phrases that are cut short, possibly in resemblance to his daughter's own life.
+Jan Lowenbach added that "Smetana was privileged not only to hear ad imitate the spirit of the rich melodies and varied rhythms of his nation, but also to invent, to feel,a nd to express it in a new way and to adapt it to the spirit of modern times." (Ewen 775)
-In 1856, Smetana moved to [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], where he taught, [[Conducting|conducted]] and gave [[chamber music]] recitals. In 1863, back in Prague, he opened a new school of music dedicated to promoting specifically Czech music. By 1874 he had become [[deaf]] from [[syphilis]], but he continued to compose; ''Má vlast'' was written after his deafness had developed. As if plain deafness were not enough, Smetana also suffered from [[tinnitus]], which caused him to hear a continuous, maddening high note which he described as the "shrill whistle of a first [[inversion (music)|inversion]] [[Chord (music)|chord]] of A-flat in the highest register of the [[piccolo]]."
+Amongst the many compositions from this period were Ma Vlast, My Homeland, possibly Smetana's best known piece, a set of symphonic poems which evoked the beauty of the Czech countryside, plus the opera The Kiss, and a piece called The Czech Dances. in general his works were well received during his lifetime, with a few exceptions, such as his tragic opera Dalibor, written in 1867, which was heavily criticised.
+The peak of his production from this period is his Klavirni trio g moll (1855) (Piano trio in g minor), which reflected his grief over the loss of Bedriska.
+Smetana was a great admirer of Franz Liszt, and they were in frequent contact through correspondence and personal meetings. He was gripped by Liszt's idea of the symphonic poem. This gave rise to such works as his ''Richard III.'', ''Valdstynuv tabor'' (''Waldstein's Camp'') and ''Hakon Jarl''.  although things did not immediately go well for him. He completed Prodana nevesta (The Bartered Bride) in 1866 and conducted it himself.
 [[Image:B_Smetana.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Smetana's Tomb]]
-From 1875 he lived in small village of [[Jabkenice]].
 His string quartet in E minor, ''[[String Quartet No. 1 (Smetana)|Z mého života]]'' (From My Life, composed in 1876), the first of only two quartets, is an autobiographical work. The final movement is punctuated by a piercing high E in the first violin which, Smetana explained, represents the devastating effects of his tinnitus. He may also be hinting at this personal misfortune with the piccolo scoring in ''Má vlast''. In 1883 Smetana, suffering further progressive neurological effects of his illness, finally became [[mental illness|insane]], and was taken to a [[psychiatric hospital|mental hospital]] in Prague, where he died the following year. He is interred in the [[Vyšehrad cemetery]] in Prague.
@@ Line 40: / Line 44: @@
 Smetana is noted as being the first composer to write music that was specifically Czech in character. Many of his [[opera]]s are based on Czech themes and myths, the best known being the comedy ''[[The Bartered Bride]]'' (1866). He used many Czech dance rhythms and his [[melody|melodies]] sometimes resemble [[folk music|folk songs]]. He was a great influence on [[Antonín Dvořák]], who similarly used Czech themes in his works.
-Bedrich Smetana
-[26-01-2000] By Nick Carey
 ==Czech Music of the Romantic Era==
-This period saw the advance of the National Revival in the Czech Lands. The greatest display of these revivalist tendencies in the spirit of Romanticism appeared primarily in Czech opera. The resounding success of Weigl's "singspiel" Swiss Family in 1823 inspired Cto compose their own Czech variations of the genre. One of the most important authors of this period is Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)
+This period saw the advance of the National Revival in the Czech Lands. The greatest display of these revivalist tendencies in the spirit of Romanticism appeared primarily in Czech opera, which was a blend of European influences. In opera it imitated the Italians,a nd in symphonies and chamber music it echoed the styles of German and Austrian masters. In the second part of the 19th century, Europe was flooded by nationalism, which spurred patirotism and national consciousness and the serach for a national art. In 1862, the national theater was founded, financed with donations from rich and poor alike. The theater served as a platform for staging Czech drama and operas. Smetana's first opera, The Brandenbrugers in Bohemia, was written for it.
 ==Works==
-A complete chronological list of Smetana's operas:
+===Operas===
-* ''Braniboři v Čechách ([[Brandenburgers in Bohemia]])''
+* ''Braniboři v Čechách ([[Brandenburgers in Bohemia]])'' 1863
-* ''Prodaná nevěsta ([[The Bartered Bride]])''
+* ''Prodaná nevěsta ([[The Bartered Bride]])'' 1866
-* ''[[Dalibor (opera)|Dalibor]]''
+* ''[[Dalibor (opera)|Dalibor]]'' 1867
-* ''Libuše''
+* ''Libuše'' 1872
-* ''Dvě vdovy (The Two Widows)''
+* ''Dvě vdovy (The Two Widows)'' 1873
-* ''Hubička ([[The Kiss (opera)|The Kiss)]]''
+* ''Hubička ([[The Kiss (opera)|The Kiss)]]'' 1876
 * ''Tajemství (The Secret)''
 * ''Čertova stěna (The Devil's Wall)''
+* ''Viola'' (not completed) 1884
 ===Other===
-the cycle of symphonic poems Ma vlast (My Homeland), consisting of the parts Vysehrad, Vltava, Sarka, Z ceskych luhu a haju (From Czech Fields and Groves), Tabor and Blanik.
+Cycle of symphonic poems ''Ma vlast'' (''My Fatherland'') 1874-1879:
+: Vysehrad
+: Vltava:
+: Sarka
+: Z ceskych luhu a haju (From Czech Fields and Groves)
+: Tabor
+: Blanik
+* String quartet ''From my Life'' 1876
+* Quartet Bohemian Dances
+* Tone Poem Wallensteins Lager (1859)
+==Notes==
-==External links==
+==External Links==
 * [http://members.aol.com/abelard2/bohemia.htm The Composers of Bohemia]
 * [http://www.imslp.org/index.php?title=Category:Smetana,_Bedrich Free Public Domain Sheet Music by Smetana at IMSLP]
+* http://www.radio.cz/en/html/hudba_romantismus.html
+* http://www.radio.cz/en/article/37465
-==Sources==
+==References==
 * Jiří Ramba: ''Slavné české lebky, antropologicko-lékařské nálezy jako pomocníci historie'' (''Famous Czech Skulls, anthropological-medical findings as helpers of history''), Galén, 2005,  Prague, ISBN 80-7262-325-7