Ban Kulin
Ban Kulin (1163 – 1204) was a powerful Bosnian Ban who ruled from 1180 to 1204 first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary and finally as de facto independent of either power. He was originally appointed ban by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus. He had a son, Stevan, who succeeded him as Bosnian Ban. Kulin founded the House of Kulinić. Many consider him the father of the Bosnian State. He practiced a policy of religious freedom almost unique for his time. Stories and legends of Ban Kukin abound in Bosnian literature and folk-lore.
Life
Kulin came to prominence in Bosnia 1163 when the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus was in the process of conquering the Bosnian banate[1] from the Hungarians, although it would not be until 1180 that he would place Kulin as his vassal as Ban.
His rule is often remembered as Bosnia's golden age, and he is a common hero of Bosnian national folk tales. Bosnia was mostly at peace during his rule. However, in 1183, he led his troops, with the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under King Bela, and with the Serbs led by Kulin's relative, Duke of All Serbia Stefan Nemanja against the Byzantines. For Ban Kulin, this was an act of treason. The cause of the war was the new imposer to the Imperial throne Andronicus Comnenus, who was not recognized as legitimate by the Hungarian crown. The united forces met little resistance in the eastern Serbian lands - the Greek squadrons were fighting among themselves as the local Byzantine commander Alexios Brannes supported the new Emperor, while Andronicus Lapardes opposed him. The latter deserted the Imperial Army and embarked on adventures on his own. Without difficulties, the Greeks were pushed out of the Valley of Morava and the allied forces penetrated all the way to Sophia, raiding Belgrade, Braničevo, Ravno, Niš and Sophia itself. When the Hungarians withdrew from the conflict, so Ban Kulin also stood down. In Kulin's times, the term Bosnia encompassed roughly the lands of Vrhbosna, Usora, Soli, the Lower Edges and Rama, which is approximately the geographical Bosnia of the twenty first century. As a result of this war, although still a "banate" and not a Kingdom, Bosnia was de facto an independent state. Effectively, Kulin found himself free from both Hungarian and Byzantine suzerainty. Three decades of peace followed except for the period between 1202 and 1204 when Kulin assisted the deposed legitimate Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanjić in his struggles against Vukan.
Christianity and Religious Pluralism
The Bogimils, a Christian Church, were expelled from Serbia by the Nemanyiden, so they settled and populated Bosnia, founding a unique Bosnian Church that spread and gained popularity during under Kulin's reign. The Dalmatian King of Zeta or Doclea Vukan Nemanjić reported the Ban to the Pope on January 8 1199 for heresy, threatening retribution. It appears that Kulin Ban and his wife, as well as his sister - the widow of Prince Miroslav - abandoned Roman Catholicism in favor of Bogumilism together with 10,000 of their Christian subjects. Kulin also gave protection to the banished heretics from Split and Trogir - which Vukan reported to the Pope. The Pope wrote to King Emeric of Hungary to make Kulin prosecute the Bogumils or depose him. Kulin subsequently, on 8 April 1203, organized a congress in Bilino Polje which the Pope's emissaries attended - led by the Pope's legate for the Balkan peninsular, John de Kazemaris; where he officially declared his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and declared that he was none other than a true pious Roman Catholic Christian.[2] He claimed that he didn't understand where Heresy existed in Bosnia and continued to practice what the Pope considered to be heresy. The Pope's emissaries traveled to Hungary with Kulin's son, confirming Kulin's loyalty to the Hungarian crown and the Catholic Church. Prince Vukan was enraged and complained to the Pope that he was, in fact, lying; he demanded that the Pope command the Hungarian King to exterminate the Bosnian heretics.
In practice, Kulin was tolerant of religious diversity. This tradition continued under subsequent bans.
Death and Succession
At the end of his rule, in 1204, a certain Cotroman the German arrived to Bosnia, descendant of Cotroman the Goth from Ban Borić's time. He settled permanently in Bosnia and is to become the founder of the House of Kotromanić. Ban Kulin died in 1204 - he was succeeded by his son, Stevan. When Ban Kulin died, the Bosnian principality "included the lands at the upper flows of the Bosna (the district of Usora) and farther east to the mouth of the Drina." To the West, the principality "was bulging into purely Croat areas and was simultaneously developing a pronounced regional character." [3]
The Charter
The Charter of Kulin is a symbolic birth certificate of Bosnian statehood, as it is the first written document that talks of Bosnian borders (between the rivers of Drina, Sava and Una) and of the elements of the Bosnian state: its ruler, throne and political organization. It also noted Bosnia's population - "Bosnianins." The Charter was a trade agreement between Bosnia and Republic of Dubrovnik and was written in the Bosancica Old Bosnian language. This encouraged trade and established peaceful relations between the two states.
Marriage and Children
Kulin's sister married the brother of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, the Serbian Prince Miroslav of Zachlumia in Rascia and Kulin himself had two sons:
- Stevan, the following Ban of Bosnia
- a son that went with the Pope's emissaries in 1203 to explain heresy accusations against Kulin
Legacy
Ban Kulin is such a famous figure in Bosnia that the term "talk of Ban Kukin" is a synonym for saying "in the remote past". He was, say the Bosnian people, "a favorite of the fairies" so that during his rule "plum trees always groaned with fruit and the yellow corn fields never ceased to wave in the fertile plains."[4]
| Preceded by: under Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus's |
Bosnian Ban 1180–1204 |
Succeeded by: Stjepan |
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Banac, Ivo. 1984. The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.ISBN 9780801416750
- Judah, Tim. 1997. The Serbs: history, myth, and the destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 9780300071139
- Malcolm, Noel. 1996. Bosnia: a short history. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814755617
- Lovrenović, Ivan. 2001. Bosnia: a cultural history. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814751794
- Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. 2000. The denial of Bosnia. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271020303 120.
- Vidović, Mirko. 2001. Ban Kulin i krstjanska Bosna. Hrvatski iranski korjeni, 4. Sarajevo: Hrvatsko kulturno društvo Napredak.9789958840074
External links
- Bosnian history continued—The good Ban Culin
- The growth of the Bogomil churches under Culin—Their missionary zeal and success
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