Auckland, New Zealand

Auckland Tāmaki-makau-rau (Māori)
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Population:	1,303,068 Greater urban area - (2006 Census) 404,658 Auckland City - (2006 Census)1
Area:	1,086 km² (419 sq mi)
Location:	36°51′S 174°47′E
Mayor:	Multiple, including Dick Hubbard, Sir Barry Curtis, Bob Harvey, John Law, George Wood
Urban Area
Extent:	North to Waiwera, northwest to Kumeu, east to Maraetai, south to Drury and Runciman; excludes Waitakere Ranges & Hauraki Gulf Islands
Territorial Authorities
Names:	Auckland City North Shore City Urban parts of Waitakere City and Manukau City Papakura District Some parts of Rodney District and Franklin District
Regional Council:	Auckland Regional Council
1Statistics New Zealand Final counts – census night and census usually resident populations, and occupied dwellings, Auckland Urban Area, 2006 Census

Schematic map of Auckland showing Auckland City in orange, the Greater Auckland Area in gray and the City Center located by the red circle..

The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest urban area of the country. With over 1.3 million people it has nearly one-third (32.4%) of the country's population, and demographic trends indicate that it will continue growing faster than the rest of the country. Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world.

It is a conurbation (A predominantly urban region including adjacent towns and suburbs; a metropolitan area), made up of Auckland City (excluding the Hauraki Gulf islands), North Shore City, and the urban parts of Waitakere and Manukau cities, along with Papakura District and some nearby urban parts of Rodney and Franklin Districts. In Māori its name is Tāmaki-makau-rau, or the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.

Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.

History

Early Māori and Europeans

The isthmus was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pa (fortified villages) were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks. Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. This event - and the guns which they traded to local iwi - upset the local power balances. This resulted in extensive inter-tribal warfare, which together with some introduced plagues resulted in the area having relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement in New Zealand started in earnest (there is however no indication that this was the result of a deliberate European policy).

After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840 the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson chose the area as his new capital. He named the area "Auckland" for George Eden, earl of Auckland, British first lord of the Admiralty and later governor-general of India. However, even in 1840, Port Nicholson (later Wellington), was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital, due to its proximity to the South Island, which was being settled much more rapidly. At the same time, Auckland was the capital and principal city of the Auckland Province, until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Nonetheless, even after losing its status as national capital in 1865, immigration to the new city stayed strong.

Growth up to today

Becoming a base against the Māori King Movement in the early 1860s, and continued road building towards the south into the Waikato, enabled Pākehā (European New Zealanders) influence to spread out from Auckland. Its population also grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other mercantile-dominated cities, mainly around the port, and with many of the problems of overcrowding and pollution common to it.

Trams and railway lines shaped Auckland's rapid extension in the early first half of the 20th century, but soon after the dominance of the motor vehicle emerged and has not abated since, with arterial roads and motorways becoming a defining (and geographically dividing) feature of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion, resulting in the growth of associated urban areas like the North Shore (especially after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge), and Manukau City in the south.

Geography

Rangitoto island as seen from North Head.

Auckland is located at 36’ 51” South and 174’ 47” East. The Greater Auckland area covers XXX square kilometers (YYY square miles) and lies on and around an isthmus, less than 2 kilometers (1.2 miles)wide at its narrowest point, between Mangere Inlet and the Tamaki River. There are two harbors in the Auckland urban area surrounding this isthmus, Waitemata Harbour to the north, which opens east to the Hauraki Gulf, and Manukau Harbour to the south, which opens west to the Tasman Sea.

Volcanoes

Auckland straddles the volcanoes of the Auckland Volcanic Field. The approximately 50 volcanic vents in the field take the form of cones, lakes, lagoons, islands and depressions, and several have produced extensive lava flows. Most of the cones have been partly or completely quarried away. The individual volcanoes are all considered extinct, although the volcanic field itself is merely dormant.

The most recent and by far the largest volcano, Rangitoto Island, was formed within the last 1000 years, and its eruptions destroyed the Māori settlements on neighboring Motutapu Island some 700 years ago. Rangitoto's size, its symmetry, its position guarding the entrance to Waitemata Harbour and its visibility from many parts of the Auckland region make it Auckland's most iconic natural feature. It is eerily quiet as almost no birds and insects have settled on the island because of the rich acidic soil and type of flora that has adapted to grow out of the black broken rocky soil.

Harbours and Gulf

Auckland Central Business District.

Auckland Bridges span parts of both these harbors, notably the Auckland Harbour Bridge crossing the Waitemata Harbour west of the Auckland CBD. The upper reaches of the Manukau and Waitemata Harbours are spanned by Mangere Bridge and the Upper Harbour Bridge respectively. In earlier times, portage paths crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus.

Climate

File:View of Aukland from outside city.JPG

Auckland CBD from the top of the Mt Eden volcanic cone.

Auckland has a warm, temperate climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, damp winters. The average daily maximum temperature is 23.7°C (74.7°F) in February, and 14.5°C (58.1°F) in July, the absolute maximum recorded temperature is 30.5°C (86.9°F), while the absolute minimum is -2.5°C (27.5°F). High levels of rainfall occur almost year-round with an average of 1240 mm per year spread over 137 'rain days'. Climatic conditions vary in different parts of the city owing to geography such as hills, land cover and distance from the sea, hence unofficial Auckland temperature records exist, such as a maximum of 32.4°C (90.3°F) in Henderson during February 1998. On 27 July 1939 Auckland received its only snow fall in recorded history.

Auckland also occaisionally experiences cycolnic activity with five tropical cyclones passing within 220km of Auckland City between 1970 and 2001. A severe cyclone with winds up to 170 km/hr ( ) rainfall up to 85mm/hr () is expected every one hundred years. On average, 1-2 tornadoes or watersprouts (tornadoes over water) are reported in Auckland every year. New Zealand's tornados are much smaller than those occuring in the American midwest with a damage path usually only 10-20 meters () wide and 1-5 km () long. They usually have a life of only 15 minutes.

Climate Table: Auckland (Owairaka)

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperature	23.3°C 73.94°F	23.7 °C 74.7 °F	22.4 °C 72.3°F	20.0°C 68.0 °F	17.4 °C 63.3 °F	15.2 °C 59.4 °F	14.5 °C 58.1 °F	15.0 °C 59.0 °F	16.2 °C 61.2 °F	17.8 °C 64.1 °F	19.6 °C 67.3 °F	21.6 °C 70.9 °F	18.9°C 66.0°F
Mean daily minimum temperature	15.3°C 59.6°F	15.8 °C 60.5 °F	14.6 °C 58.3 °F	12.3 °C 54.2 °F	10.0 °C 50.0 °F	8.0 °C 46.4°F	7.1 °C 44.8 °F	7.6 °C 45.7 °F	8.9 °C 48.0 °F	10.5 °C 50.9 °F	12.1 °C 53.78 °F	13.9 °C 57.0 °F	11.3°C 52.4°F
Mean total rainfall	75 mm 2.95 in	65 mm 2.56 in	94 mm 3.70 in	105 mm 4.13 in	103 mm 4.06 in	139 mm 5.47 in	146 mm 5.75 in	121 mm 4.76 in	116 mm 4.57 in	91 mm 3.58 in	93 mm 3.66 in	91 mm 3.58 in	1240 mm 48.82 in
Mean number of rain days	8	7	9	11	12	15	16	15	14	12	11	9	137
Source: Niwa Science climate data

Governance

The Auckland Regional Council (ARC) is one of the elected local government authorities of the Auckland Region. Its consists of a chairman and 12 Councillors. The ARC was created as the successor of the Auckland Regional Authority. Unlike the territorial authorities of Greater Auckland, it has an umbrella function covering all the various cities and districts making up the region, but its regulatory power and funding abilities are in turn restricted to several areas including public transport, environmental protection and regional parks. The ARC is an elected body, and collects its own revenue mainly by property taxes (or rates).

Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. In November 1989, central government restructured local authorities throughout New Zealand. Auckland City was merged with eight smaller local authorities to form a new Auckland City Council. The new city had double the population of the old and the amalgamation set the present-day boundaries of the city. Auckland City Council consists of a mayor and 19 councilors with elections held every three years. Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of Auckland City, though they are not officially part of the Auckland metropolitan area. Parts of Waiheke Island effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly recreational open space or nature sanctuaries.

Economy

Many major international corporations have an Auckland office, as the city is seen as the economic capital of the nation. Financial and business services are located, which make up a large percentage of the Central Business District (CBD) economy. A large proportion of the technical and trades workforce is based in the industrial zones of South Auckland. The largest commercial and industrial areas of Greater Auckland are in the southeast of Auckland City as well as in the western parts of Manukau City, mostly in the areas oriented towards the Manukau Harbour and the Tamaki River estuary.

One of Aucklands most important economic features is Waitemata Harbour. Overseas and intercoastal shipping utilizes the harbor for Aucklands internal and export trade. The principal exports through Auckland’s ports include iron, steel, wool, dairy products, and meat and hides. Petroleum, iron and steel products, sugar, wheat, and phosphates are imported. The Greater Auckland area also supports engineering, publishing, and metal trades; the manufacture of paint, glass, plastics, chemicals, cement, and a variety of consumer goods; vehicle assembly and boatbuilding; and food processing, brewing, and sugar refining. In 1969, a large iron and steel mill was opened at Glenbrook (20 miles [32 km] south) and in 1977 construction was completed of a natural-gas pipeline running from the Maui field to Auckland

Demographics

The Greater Auckland area has a population of 1,303,068 or 32.4% of New Zealand’s population. Auckland has a very low population density: although it has not much more than a seventh of the population of London, it sprawls over a considerably larger area. Auckland is expecting substantial population growth via immigration and natural increases (which contribute to growth at about 1/3rd and 2/3rds respectively), and is set to grow to an estimated 2 million inhabitants by 2050.

Auckland is home to many cultures. The majority of inhabitants claim European - predominantly British - descent, but substantial Māori, Pacific Islander and Asian communities exist as well. The 2006 Census by Statistics New Zealand listed 137,133 (or 11.1% of the Auckland population) persons that stated Māori as being either their sole ethnic group or one of several ethnic groups.

Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world and a higher proportion of people of Asian origin than the rest of New Zealand. Pacific Peoples accounts for 14.3% of the Auckland population while 18.8% calim Asian heritage. Ethnic groups from all corners of the world have a presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city.

The 2006 Census also provides information about the multilinguality of the region. Accordingly, 867,825 people in the Auckland Region spoke one language only, while 274,863 spoke two, and 57,051 could converse in three or more languages.

Education

Auckland has a number of important educational institutions, including some of the largest universities in the country. Auckland is also known to be a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students (particularly East Asians) coming to the city for several months or years to learn English or study at universities - although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in 2003. As of 2007, there are around 50 NZQA certified schools and institutes teaching English in the Auckland area.

Auckland has a multitude of primary and secondary schools, with the Auckland (Boys') Grammar School, Mount Albert Grammar School, Auckland Girls' Grammar School and the Epsom Girls' Grammar School being amongst the most famous.

Amongst the most important tertiary educational institutes are the University of Auckland, Unitec New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Massey University and the Manukau Institute of Technology.

Culture

File:Auckland - Skyline.jpg

Auckland - Skyline from Westhaven Marina.

File:Auckland-CityOfSails.jpg

City Of Sails - View over the Westhaven Marina.

Auckland is popularly known as the "City of Sails" because the harbour is often dotted with hundreds of yachts and has more per capita than any other city in the world, with around 135,000 yachts and launches estimated. Around 60,500 of the country's 149,900 registered yachtsmen also come from the Auckland Region. Viaduct Basin also hosted two America's Cup challenges (2000 Cup and 2003 Cup), and its cafes, restaurants, and clubs add to Auckland's vibrant nightlife. With the sheltered Waitemata Harbour at its doorstep, Auckland sees many nautical events, and there are also a large number of sailing clubs in Auckland, as well as Westhaven Marina, the largest of the Southern Hemisphere.

High Street, Queen Street, Ponsonby Road, and Karangahape Road are also very popular with urban socialites. Newmarket and Parnell are up-market shopping areas, while Otara's and Avondale's famous fleamarkets and Victoria Park Market offer a colourful alternative shopping experience. Newer shopping centre-type developments in the Auckland area tend to be outside of the older city centres, with Sylvia Park (Sylvia Park, Auckland City), Botany Town Centre (Howick, Manukau City) and Westfield Albany (under construction as of 2007) (Albany, North Shore City) being the three largest.

The Auckland Town Hall and Aotea Centre host conferences and cultural events such as theatre, kapa haka, and opera. Auckland also boasts a symphonic ensemble in the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra.

Many national treasures are displayed at the Auckland Art Gallery, such as the work of Colin McCahon. , while many other significant cultural artefacts reside at the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the National Maritime Museum, or the Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT). Exotic creatures can be observed at the Auckland Zoo and Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World. Movies and rock concerts (notably, the "Big Day Out") are also well patronised.

File:Auk city night.jpg

Auckland CBD at night, with the Captain Cook Wharf part of Ports of Auckland in the foreground.

File:20041216 auckland skyline night.jpg

Sky Tower illuminated in Christmas colours during the month of December.

Religion

Like the rest of the country, more than half of Aucklanders are nominally Christian, but fewer than 10% regularly attend church and almost 40% profess no religious affiliation (2001 census figures). The main denominations are Roman Catholic, Anglican and Presbyterian. Pentecostal and charismatic churches are the fastest growing. The charismatic and fundamentalist Destiny Church, headquartered in Auckland, has gained headlines because of its political activities. A higher percentage of Polynesian immigrants are regular churchgoers than other Aucklanders, although church attendance drops off in second- or third-generation Polynesian Aucklanders. Other immigrant cultures have added to the religious diversity of the city, adding faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism to Auckland's religious landscape. There is also a small, long-established Jewish community. There is an even smaller Rationalist group. ^{[citation needed]}

Parks and nature

Auckland Domain is one of the largest parks within the city, situated close to the CBD and having a good view of the Gulf and of Rangitoto island. Smaller parks also close to the city centre are Albert Park, Myers Park, Western Park and Victoria Park.

While most volcanic cones in the Auckland Volcanic Field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now ensconced within parks, and retain a somewhat more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications feature in several of these parks, including Mount Eden, North Head and One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie).

Other parks around the city are in Western Springs, which has a large park bordering on the MOTAT museum and the Auckland Zoo. The Auckland Botanic Gardens are located further south in Manurewa.

Ferries provide transport to parks and nature reserves at Devonport, Waiheke Island and Rangitoto Island. The Waitakere Ranges Regional Park to the west of Auckland offers beautiful and relatively unspoiled bush territory, as do the Hunua Ranges to the south.

Sport

Sport is a very important part of all New Zealander’s lives and especially for Aucklanders. Auckland is often referred to as the “City of Sails” referring to the large number of yachts that sail inot her harbors and the popularity of many different forms of yatch and sail boat racing..

Auckland also supports several franchised or locql teams that compete in international or inter-provincial competitions. These teams include:

• The Blues (formerly known as the 'Auckland Blues'), that competes in Rugby Union’s ‘’Super 14’’ competition between teams from New Zealand (5), South Africa (5) and Australia (4)
• The Warriors competing in Rugby Leagues Australian Rugby League competition.
• The Auckland Aces, that competes in New Zealand’s national cricket competitions.
• The New Zealand Breakers competing in the Australian National Basketball League.
• A Netball team playing in the new Australian and New Zealand Netball League.

Major professional sporting events hosted by Auckland include:

• The America’s Cup yatching rqce finals in 2000 & 2003
• Rugby World Cup Final???
• International Rugby League matches.
• International Cricket matches.
• International tennis tournaments including the Heineken Open (men’s) & the ASB Classic (women’s)

And the more recreational events including:

• The 2.8 kilometer (1.8 miles) 'Cross Harbour Swim' from Devonport to Auckland.
• The 8.4 kilometers (5.2 miles) 'Round the Bays' fun-run,
• The Auckland Marathon (and half-marathon)

Infrastructure

The State Highway network connects the cities located in the Auckland urban area, the most frequently travelled being the Northern, Southern, Northwestern and Southwestern Motorways.

The Auckland Harbour Bridge (Northern Motorway) is the main connection to North Shore City, and also a major road bottleneck. The Central Motorway Junction, also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, forms the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland (State Highway 1 and State Highway 16) as well as connecting them to the surrounding parts of the city.

Two of the longest arterial roads within Greater Auckland are Great North Road and Great South Road - the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.

Auckland has three main railway lines, serving the general western, southern, and central eastern directions from the Britomart Transport Centre. Located in downtown Auckland, it is the terminal station for all lines, and connects them to ferry and bus services.

Housing

Housing varies considerably between some suburbs having state owned housing in the lower income neighbourhoods, to palatial waterfront estates. The most common residence of Aucklanders is a bungalow on a 'quarter acre' (1,000 m²), with the resulting large urban sprawl and reliance on motor vehicles. The vast majority of Aucklanders live in low-density housing, which is expected to remain at up to 70% of the total share even in 2050.

In some areas, the Victorian villas are being increasingly torn down to make way for large plaster mansions with tennis courts and swimming pools. The rampant demolition of the older properties is being combated by the Auckland City Council passing laws that cover heritage suburbs or streets. Auckland has been described as having 'the most extensive range of timbered housing with its classical details and mouldings in the world', many of them Victorian-Edwardian style houses.

Transport

Ferry travel is a popular type of public transport for some Auckland destinations.

Travel modes

Policies

Research at Griffith University has also concluded that in the 50 year period from 1955 onwards, Auckland has engaged in some of the most pro-automobile transport policies anywhere in the world. With public transport use declining heavily in usage and provision during the second half of the 20th century (a trend mirrored in most Western countries such as the US), and increased spending on roads and cars, New Zealand (and specifically Auckland) now has the second-highest vehicle ownership rate in the world, with around 578 vehicles per 1000 people.

Road and rail

Auckland is highly dependent on private vehicles as the main form of transportation, with only around 5% of all journeys in the Auckland region being undertaken by bus. This results in substantial traffic congestion during peak times.

Bus services in Auckland are mostly radial rather than ring-routes, due to Auckland being on an isthmus. Late-night services (i.e. past midnight) are limited, even on weekends. Train services are mainly limited to some commuter services routes to the west and southeast of Auckland, with longer-distance options scarce. Currently (2007) approximately NZ$ 5.3 billion worth of large-scale projects are underway or planned (and budgeted for) in the Auckland area to improve rail and public transport patronage over the next decade, a share of 31% of the whole transport budget.

Other modes

Auckland CBD is also connected to various outlying coastal suburbs, to North Shore City and to outlying islands by ferry.

Auckland has various small regional airports as well as Auckland International Airport, the busiest of the country.

Famous sites

360-degree view from Sky Tower, showing many landmarks in the CBD.

File:Auckland tower.jpg

The Sky Tower is the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere at 328 m.

The following is a list of tourist attractions and landmarks in the Auckland metropolitan area:

Attractions & Buildings

• Auckland Civic Theatre - a famous heritage atmospheric theatre in downtown Auckland. It is still operating as a theatre and was recently renovated to its original condition.
• Auckland Town Hall - with its concert hall considered to have some of the finest acoustics in the world, this 1911 building serves both Council and entertainment functions.
• Auckland War Memorial Museum - a large multi-exhibition museum in the Auckland Domain, known for its impressive neo-classicist style.
• Aotea Square - the hub of downtown Auckland besides Queen Street, it is often the site of crafts markets, rallies or arts festivals.
• Britomart Transport Centre - the main downtown public transport centre located in a historic Edwardian building.
• Eden Park - the city's primary stadium and a frequent home for All Blacks rugby and Black Caps cricket matches.
• Harbour Bridge - connecting Auckland and the North Shore, an iconic symbol of Auckland.
• Karangahape Road - known as "K' Road," a street in upper central Auckland famous for its bars, clubs and smaller shops.
• Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World - a well-known aquarium in the eastern Mission Bay suburb, built in a set of former sewage storage tanks, and showing fish like sharks.
• MOTAT - Auckland's Museum for Transport and Technology, at Western Springs.
• Mt Smart Stadium - a stadium used mainly for rugby league and soccer matches. Also the site of many concerts.
• Ponsonby - a suburb and main street west of central Auckland known for arts, cafes and culture.
• Queen Street - the main street of the city, from Karangahape Road down to the harbour. Somewhat rundown, it is currently (2006-2008) undergoing extensive works.
• Sky Tower - the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, it is 328 m tall and has excellent panoramic views.
• Vector Arena - the recently completed new events centre in downtown Auckland. Holding 12,000 people, it can be used for sports and concert events.
• Viaduct Basin - a marina and residential development in downtown Auckland, the venue for the America's Cup regattas in 2000 and 2003.
• Western Springs Stadium - a natural amphitheatre used mainly for speedway races, rock and pop concerts.

Landmarks & Nature

• Auckland Domain - one of the largest parks of the city, close to the CBD and having a good view of the harbour and of Rangitoto Island.
• Mount Eden - a volcanic cone with a grassy crater. As the highest natural point in Auckland City, it offers 360-degree views of Auckland and is thus a favorite tourist outlook.
• Mount Victoria - a volcanic cone in North Shore City offering a spectacular view of Auckland. A brisk walk from the Devonport ferry terminal, the cone is steeped in history, as is nearby North Head.
• One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) - a volcanic cone that dominates the skyline in the southern, inner suburbs. It no longer has a tree on the summit (after a politically motivated attack on the old tree) but is still crowned by an obelisk.
• Rangitoto Island - guards the entrance to Waitemata Harbour, and forms a prominent feature on the eastern horizon.

See also

• Auckland City
• Auckland (region)
• Auckland Regional Council (ARC)
• Jafa (slang term for Aucklander, article also contains a range of Aucklander stereotypes)
• Suburbs of Auckland
• 1998 Auckland power crisis
• ENZ Emigration Consulting Comparison of New Zealand's cities

Notes

• Wikipedia Article Auckland City Council
• Wikipedia Article Auckland Regional Council

Sources and further reading

• Gordon McLauchlan (1992). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand. David Bateman Ltd, Glenfield, NZ. ISBN 1-86953-007-1. 

External links

• Auckland City Council - Official website
• Auckland.Wiki - Wiki about Auckland not affiliated with Wikipedia

• Maps and aerial photos
  • Auckland Street Map (from Wises.co.nz)
  • Auckland Street Map (from Zoomin.co.nz)
  • Maps & Aerial Photos (from the ARC map website - go to 'General Regional Information' (opens interactive map with aerial layer)

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