Difference between revisions of "Adrian I" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Pope Adrian''', or '''Hadrian I''', (d. | + | |
| + | '''Pope Adrian''', or '''Hadrian I''', (d. December 25, 795) was [[pope]] from February 9, 772 to December 25, 795. He was the son of Theodore, a [[Rome|Roman]] nobleman. | ||
[[Image:Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I.jpg|thumb|left|[[Charlemagne]] comes to the aid of Pope Adrian I]] | [[Image:Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I.jpg|thumb|left|[[Charlemagne]] comes to the aid of Pope Adrian I]] | ||
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| + | ==Early Life== | ||
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Soon after his accession, the territory ruled by the popes was invaded by [[Desiderius]], king of the [[Lombards]], and Adrian found it necessary to invoke the aid of the [[Franks|Frankish]] king [[Charlemagne]], who entered [[Italy]] with a large army, besieged Desiderius in his capital of [[Pavia]], took that town, banished the Lombard king to [[Corbie]] in [[France]] and, in an innovative gesture, took the title 'King of the Lombards' himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], and the Pentapolis in the [[Marches]], which consisted of the "five cities" on the [[Adriatic]] coast from [[Rimini]] to [[Ancona]] with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. | Soon after his accession, the territory ruled by the popes was invaded by [[Desiderius]], king of the [[Lombards]], and Adrian found it necessary to invoke the aid of the [[Franks|Frankish]] king [[Charlemagne]], who entered [[Italy]] with a large army, besieged Desiderius in his capital of [[Pavia]], took that town, banished the Lombard king to [[Corbie]] in [[France]] and, in an innovative gesture, took the title 'King of the Lombards' himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], and the Pentapolis in the [[Marches]], which consisted of the "five cities" on the [[Adriatic]] coast from [[Rimini]] to [[Ancona]] with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. | ||
| − | In his contest with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Lombard dukes of [[Benevento]], Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish alliance, and the friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the difference which arose between them on the question of the veneration of images, to which Charlemagne and the bishops in France were strongly opposed, while Adrian favoured the views of the Eastern Church, and approved the decree of the [[Seventh Ecumenical Council|second council of Nicaea]] ( | + | In his contest with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Lombard dukes of [[Benevento]], Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish alliance, and the friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the difference which arose between them on the question of the veneration of images, to which Charlemagne and the bishops in France were strongly opposed, while Adrian favoured the views of the Eastern Church, and approved the decree of the [[Seventh Ecumenical Council|second council of Nicaea]] (787), confirming the practice and excommunicating the [[iconoclasm|iconoclasts]]. It was in connection with this controversy that the ''Libri Carolini'' were written, to which Adrian replied by letter, anathematizing all who refused to venerate the images of [[Jesus]], or [[the Virgin Mary]], or [[saint]]s. Notwithstanding this, a synod, held at [[Frankfurt]] in 794, anew condemned the practice, and the dispute remained unsettled at Adrian's death. |
| − | In 787, he elevated the [[bishop of Lichfield|diocese of Lichfield]], in [[England]], to an archdiocese on request from the English bishops and King [[Offa of Mercia]] in order to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between [[Kent]] and [[Mercia]]. He gave the [[Lichfield]] bishop [[Higbert]] the ''[[pallium]]'' in | + | In 787, he elevated the [[bishop of Lichfield|diocese of Lichfield]], in [[England]], to an archdiocese on request from the English bishops and King [[Offa of Mercia]] in order to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between [[Kent]] and [[Mercia]]. He gave the [[Lichfield]] bishop [[Higbert]] the ''[[pallium]]'' in 788. |
An epitaph written by Charlemagne in verse, in which he styles Adrian "father," is still to be seen at the door of the Vatican basilica. Adrian restored some of the ancient [[aqueduct (Roman)|aqueducts]] of Rome, and rebuilt the churches of [[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclastal persecutions, and of [[Basilica di San Marco (Rome)|San Marco]] in Rome. At the time of his death, his was the longest papacy since [[Saint Peter]], and it would remain so until he was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of [[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]] in the late [[18th century]]. In fact, only three more popes ([[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] and [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]) have reigned longer since. | An epitaph written by Charlemagne in verse, in which he styles Adrian "father," is still to be seen at the door of the Vatican basilica. Adrian restored some of the ancient [[aqueduct (Roman)|aqueducts]] of Rome, and rebuilt the churches of [[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclastal persecutions, and of [[Basilica di San Marco (Rome)|San Marco]] in Rome. At the time of his death, his was the longest papacy since [[Saint Peter]], and it would remain so until he was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of [[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]] in the late [[18th century]]. In fact, only three more popes ([[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] and [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]) have reigned longer since. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
*{{1911}} | *{{1911}} | ||
| + | * Bower, Archibald ''The History of the Popes'', Boston: Adamant Media, 2001 ISBN 978-1402171796 | ||
| + | * Duffy, Eamon ''Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes'', New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006 ISBN978-0300115970 | ||
| + | * Maxwell-Stuart, P. G Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 years,London: Thames & Hudson, 1997 ISBN 978-0500017982 | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[http://www.ccel.org//fathers/NPNF2-14/7nice2/session2.htm Partial letter of Pope Hadrian to the 2nd session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council] | + | *[http://www.ccel.org//fathers/NPNF2-14/7nice2/session2.htm Partial letter of Pope Hadrian to the 2nd session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council] Retrieved September 8, 2007. |
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[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
{{Credit|146998349}} | {{Credit|146998349}} | ||
Revision as of 18:12, 8 September 2007
Pope Adrian, or Hadrian I, (d. December 25, 795) was pope from February 9, 772 to December 25, 795. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.
Early Life
Soon after his accession, the territory ruled by the popes was invaded by Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and Adrian found it necessary to invoke the aid of the Frankish king Charlemagne, who entered Italy with a large army, besieged Desiderius in his capital of Pavia, took that town, banished the Lombard king to Corbie in France and, in an innovative gesture, took the title 'King of the Lombards' himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the Exarchate of Ravenna, and the Pentapolis in the Marches, which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains.
In his contest with the Byzantine Empire and the Lombard dukes of Benevento, Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish alliance, and the friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the difference which arose between them on the question of the veneration of images, to which Charlemagne and the bishops in France were strongly opposed, while Adrian favoured the views of the Eastern Church, and approved the decree of the second council of Nicaea (787), confirming the practice and excommunicating the iconoclasts. It was in connection with this controversy that the Libri Carolini were written, to which Adrian replied by letter, anathematizing all who refused to venerate the images of Jesus, or the Virgin Mary, or saints. Notwithstanding this, a synod, held at Frankfurt in 794, anew condemned the practice, and the dispute remained unsettled at Adrian's death.
In 787, he elevated the diocese of Lichfield, in England, to an archdiocese on request from the English bishops and King Offa of Mercia in order to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between Kent and Mercia. He gave the Lichfield bishop Higbert the pallium in 788.
An epitaph written by Charlemagne in verse, in which he styles Adrian "father," is still to be seen at the door of the Vatican basilica. Adrian restored some of the ancient aqueducts of Rome, and rebuilt the churches of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclastal persecutions, and of San Marco in Rome. At the time of his death, his was the longest papacy since Saint Peter, and it would remain so until he was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century. In fact, only three more popes (Pius IX, John Paul II and Leo XIII) have reigned longer since.
See also
- List of 10 longest-reigning popes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Bower, Archibald The History of the Popes, Boston: Adamant Media, 2001 ISBN 978-1402171796
- Duffy, Eamon Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006 ISBN978-0300115970
- Maxwell-Stuart, P. G Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 years,London: Thames & Hudson, 1997 ISBN 978-0500017982
External links
- Partial letter of Pope Hadrian to the 2nd session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council Retrieved September 8, 2007.
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