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| + | #REDIRECT[[Taiwan]] |
| − | {{For|the culture and geography of the territories governed by the Republic of China|Taiwan|List of islands of the Republic of China}}
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| − | {{Distinguish2|the [[People's Republic of China]]}}
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| − | {{pp-move-indef}}
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| − | {{stack begin}}
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| − | {{Infobox Country
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| − | |native_name = {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}}<small>{{Ref label |names|a|}}</small><br /><center>''Zhōnghuá Mínguó''<!-- Do not change to "Jhonghua Minguo" (i.e. Tongyong pinyin) because Hanyu pinyin is the official romanization from 1 January 2009. —>
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| − | |conventional_long_name = Republic of China
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| − | |common_name = Taiwan
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| − | |image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
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| − | |alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays.
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| − | |image_coat = Republic of China National Emblem.svg
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| − | |symbol_type = Emblem
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| − | |alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays.
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| − | |image_map = Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg
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| − | |map_caption = depicting the [[Free Area of the Republic of China]]
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| − | |national flower = plumflower.jpg
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| − | |alt_map = A map depicting the location of the Republic of China in East Asia and in the World.
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| − | |national_anthem = <center></center><br />“[[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]”<br />《中華民國國歌》
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| − | <br><br />“[[National Flag Anthem]]”<br />《中華民國國旗歌》
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| − | |capital = [[Taipei]]<ref name="capital">{{cite web| title = Yearbook 2004| publisher = Government Information Office of the Republic of China| series = Yearbook| year = 2004| quote = Taipei is the capital of the ROC| url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2004/P045.htm}}</ref>{{Ref label|taipeinote|b|}}
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| − | |latd=25 |latm=02 |lats=00 |latNS=N
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| − | |longd=121 |longm=38 |longs=00 |longEW=E
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| − | |largest_city = [[New Taipei]]
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| − | <!---only Mandarin is the official language, others are regional languages, per http://www.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=35570&ctNode=4101 ---->
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| − | |official_languages = [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580902/Taiwan |title=Taiwan (self-governing island, Asia)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |date=1975-04-05 |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
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| − | |languages_type = [[Official script]]s
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| − | |languages = [[Traditional Chinese]]
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| − | |regional_languages = [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]<br />[[Hakka Chinese]]<br />[[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch02.html|title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2009. Chapter 2 – People and Language|year=2009|publisher=Government Information Office|accessdate=2 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
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| − | |ethnic_groups = 98% [[Han Chinese|Han]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch02.html |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2009 / Chapter 2: People and Language |publisher=Gio.gov.tw |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{CIA World Factbook link|tw|Taiwan}}</ref><br />
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| − | 70% [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]]<br />
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| − | 14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]<br />
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| − | 14% [[Waishengren#Mainlanders in Taiwan|Mainlanders]]<ref>''Waishengren'' usually refers to people who moved from mainland China to Taiwan after 1949 when the KMT retreated to Taiwan due to the [[Chinese Civil War]], and to their descendants born in Taiwan. It usually does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who more recently moved to Taiwan.</ref><br />
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| − | 2% [[Taiwanese aborigines]]<ref>Taiwanese Aborigines are officially categorised into 14 separate ethnic groups by the Republic of China. They have all been grouped into one group here for simplicity. For the entire list of groups, see [[List of ethnic groups in Taiwan]]</ref>
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| − | |government_type = [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
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| − | |leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]]
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| − | |leader_name1 = [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
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| − | |leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]]
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| − | |leader_name2 = [[Vincent Siew]]
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| − | |leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]]
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| − | |leader_name3 = [[Wu Den-yih]]
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| − | |leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|President]] of the [[Legislative Yuan]]
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| − | |leader_name4 = [[Wang Jin-pyng]]
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| − | |area_km2 = 36,191.4667
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| − | |area_sq_mi = 13,973.6
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| − | |area_rank = 136th
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| − | |area_magnitude = 1 E10
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| − | |percent_water = 10.34
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| − | |population_estimate = 23,174,528<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=MOI Statistical Information Service |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref>{{Ref label|popnote|c|}}
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| − | |population_estimate_year = 2011
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| − | |population_estimate_rank = 49th
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| − | |population_density_km2 = 640
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| − | |population_density_sq_mi = 1,658
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| − | |population_density_rank = 16th
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| − | |demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/relief/help_41.htm |title=The ROC's Humanitarian Relief Program for Afghan Refugees |publisher=Gio.gov.tw |date=2001-12-11 |accessdate=2009-05-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20041215030432/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/relief/help_41.htm |archivedate = December 15, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/4-oa/20051111/2005111101.html |title=Taiwanese health official invited to observe bird-flu conference |publisher=Gio.gov.tw |date=2005-11-11 |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030900a.htm |title=Demonyms – Names of Nationalities |publisher=Geography.about.com |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref> or [[Chinese people|Chinese]]<ref>Although the territories controlled by the ROC imply that the demonym is "Taiwanese", some consider that it is "Chinese" due to the claims of the ROC over all of China. Taiwanese people have various opinions regarding their own [[#National identity|national identity]].</ref> or both
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| − | |GDP_PPP = $810.487 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=528&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=78&pr.y=8 |title=Republic of China (Taiwan)|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
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| − | |GDP_PPP_rank = 19th
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| − | |GDP_PPP_year = 2010
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| − | |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,743<ref name=imf2/>
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| − | |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 21st
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| − | |GDP_nominal = $426.984 billion<ref name=imf2/>
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| − | |GDP_nominal_rank = 24th
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| − | |GDP_nominal_year = 2010
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| − | |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $18,303<ref name=imf2/>
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| − | |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 37th
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| − | |sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Establishment]]
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| − | |sovereignty_note = [[Xinhai Revolution]]
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| − | |established_event1 = [[Wuchang Uprising]]
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| − | |established_date1 = 10 October 1911
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| − | |established_event2 = Republic established
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| − | |established_date2 = 1 January 1912
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| − | |established_event3 = [[Taiwan under Japanese rule#Surrender ceremony|End of Japanese rule in Taiwan]]
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| − | |established_date3 = 25 October 1945
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| − | |established_event4 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]
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| − | |established_date4 = 25 December 1947
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| − | |established_event5 = [[Taiwan after World War II#From authoritarianism to democracy|Government relocated to Taipei]]
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| − | |established_date5 = 7 December 1949
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| − | |established_event6 = [[Republic of China presidential election, 1996|the first direct presidential election]]
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| − | |established_date6 = 23 March 1996
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| − | |HDI = {{increase}} 0.868*<ref>Due to its political status, the UN has not calculated an HDI for the ROC. The ROC government calculated its HDI for 2010 to be 0.868, and would rank 18th among countries.</ref><ref>http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/11715383471.doc</ref>
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| − | |HDI_year = 2010
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| − | |HD1_rank = 18
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| − | |HDI_category = {{color|green|Very high}}
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| − | |Gini=34.1 <ref>Regularly check CIA factbook or {{Cite journal|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews_e/9808/t14e.xls |title= Household Income distribution of major countries}}</ref>
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| − | |Gini_year=2008
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| − | |Gini_category=<span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
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| − | |currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$)
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| − | |currency_code = TWD
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| − | |country_code = TPE
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| − | |time_zone = [[Chungyuan Standard Time|CST]]
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| − | |utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]]
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| − | |time_zone_DST = not observed
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| − | |utc_offset_DST = [[UTC+8|+8]]
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| − | |date_format = yyyy-mm-dd <br /> yyyy年m月d日 <br /> ([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Chinese calendar|CE+2697]]) ''or'' [[Minguo calendar|民國yy年m月d日]]
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| − | |drives_on = right
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| − | |cctld = [[.tw]], [[.台灣]],<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt
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| − | |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes
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| − | |publisher=ICANN
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| − | |date=25 June 2010 }}</ref> [[.台湾]]
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| − | |calling_code = [[+886]]
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| − | |footnotes =
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| − | a. {{note|names}} See also [[Name of China#Official names|Names of China]].
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| − | b. {{note|taipeinote}} Nanjing was the seat of the government from 1928 until 1949 except during wars, when the government retreated to Taipei.<br />
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| − | c. {{note|popnote}} Population and density ranks based on 2008 figures.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Chinese|collapse=no|t={{linktext|中華民國}}|s={{linktext|中华民国}}|p=Zhōnghuá Mín'guó|w=Chung-hua Min-kuo|bpmf=ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ|poj=Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok|buc=Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók|wuu=tson<sup>平</sup> gho<sup>平</sup> min<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup>|j=zung<sup>1</sup> waa<sup>4</sup> man<sup>4</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup>|gan=tung<sup>1</sup> fa<sup>4</sup> min<sup>4</sup> koet<sup>7</sup>|h=dung<sup>24</sup> fa<sup>11</sup> min<sup>11</sup> gued<sup>2</sup>}}
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| − | {{stack end}}
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| − | {{Contains Chinese text}}
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| − | The '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''), commonly known as '''Taiwan''', is a [[sovereign state]] located in [[East Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ivy3.epa.gov.tw/OMISAR/Data/OMISAR/wksp.mtg/WOM9/01-1445Kuo_rev.htm|title=Sea Surface Observation in the Taiwan Strait Using Satellite Imager from HRPT Station|coauthors=Nan-Jung Kuo and Chung-Ru Ho|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency, Republic of China|accessdate=2011-01-23}}</ref> The Republic of China governs the island of [[Taiwan]], which forms 99% of its current territory, as well as [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] and other [[List of islands of the Republic of China|minor islands]]. Established in 1912, it is the oldest surviving [[republic]] in East Asia. Neighboring states include the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west, [[Japan]] to the northeast, and the [[Philippines]] to the south. Its capital city is [[Taipei]].<ref name="capital"/>
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| − | As the [[successor state|legal successor state]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] on the mainland, a majority of the territory of [[mainland China]] was originally governed by the Republic of China (minus Taiwan island) after [[Chiang Kai Shek]] [[Chinese reunification (1928)|reunified]] China in 1928. Taiwan and accompanying islands was subsequently restored to Republic of China from the [[Empire of Japan]] at the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. Due to the stalemate of the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949, two states have been claiming to represent China, and both officially claim each other's territory, with the territories formerly governed on the mainland by ROC becoming the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The PRC claims Taiwan and other ROC-held areas as part of its territory and considers itself a successor state of the ROC on the mainland and whole of China. Similarly, under its [[Constitution of the Republic of China|constitution]], the ROC also officially claims sovereignty over all China, although in practice, the ROC government has ceased to pursue this stance since 1992.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | | url = http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1118
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| − | | title = Chapter XIII. Fundamental National Policies
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| − | | quote = The foreign policy of the Republic of China...in order to protect the rights and interests of '''Chinese citizens''' residing abroad
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| − | | publisher = Office of the President of the Republic of China
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| − | | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref> This ongoing dispute is a lingering issue from the unresolved [[Chinese Civil War]] which forms part of the complex [[political status of Taiwan]]. The tension between the [[Two Chinas|two states]] colors most of the political life in Taiwan, and any move towards so-called "[[Taiwan independence]]" is met by threats from the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1285915.stm|title=Country profile: Taiwan|date=2009-09-11|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref> The PRC's official policy is to [[Chinese reunification|reunify Taiwan and mainland China]] under the formula of "[[one country, two systems]]" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially should Taiwan seek a declaration of independence.{{fact|date=September 2011}}
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| − | The political environment in Taiwan is generally divided into two major camps in terms of [[cross-strait relations]]; the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] (majority [[Kuomintang]]) supports the [[One-China policy]] under the terms of [[1992 Consensus]], which states that the ROC is the sole legitimate government of China. The opposition [[Pan-Green Coalition]] (majority [[Democratic Progressive Party]]) regards Taiwan to be an independent, sovereign state [[Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China|synonymous with the ROC]], opposes the notion that Taiwan is part of China, and seeks an eventual declaration of Taiwan independence.{{fact|date=September 2011}}
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| − | A [[single-party state]] under the Kuomintang since 1928, the Republic of China evolved into a [[democracy|multi-party democracy]] in the 1980s and 1990s. It has a [[semi-presidential system]] and [[universal suffrage]]. The [[President of the Republic of China|president]] serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the [[Republic of China Armed Forces|armed forces]]. The [[Legislative Yuan]] is the ROC's unicameral legislature. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the Republic of China on Taiwan experienced rapid economic growth, industrialization, and democratization. The ROC is a member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]. It is one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]], and it has an [[industrialized]] [[advanced economy]]. The [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|19th-largest economy]] in the world,<ref>[[CIA]] [[World Factbook]]- [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=Taiwan&countryCode=tw®ionCode=eas&rank=20#tw GDP (PPP)]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/life/environment/2009/06/17/212626/Taiwan-needs.htm|title=Taiwan needs to boost public awareness on climate change: EU envoy|last=Chan|first=Rachel |date=17 June 2009|publisher=The China Post|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> its advanced technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. The ROC is [[#International rankings|ranked highly]] in terms of freedom of the press, health care,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yao|first=Grace|coauthors=Yen-Pi Cheng and Chiao-Pi Cheng|date=6 October 2008|title=The Quality of Life in Taiwan|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=92|issue=The Quality of Life in Confucian Asia: From Physical Welfare to Subjective Well–Being|quote=a second place ranking in the 2000 Economist's world healthcare ranking}}</ref> public education, economic freedom, and human development.{{fact|date=September 2011}}
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| − | ==Names==
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| − | {{See also|Names of China#Republic of China}} {{See also|Chinese Taipei}}
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| − | The official name of the [[sovereign state|state]] is "Republic of China"; it has also been known under various names throughout its existence. Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Asian mainland, the government used the abbreviation "China" ("''Zhongguó''") to refer to itself, for instance during the Olympic Games<ref name="og1932report">{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932s.pdf|title=The Games of the Xth Olympiad, Los Angeles 1932, Official Report|publisher=LA84 Foundation|year=1932}}</ref> or at the United Nations. During the 1950s and 1960s, it was common to refer to it as "Nationalist China" to differentiate it from "Communist China" (or "Red China").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garver|first=John W. |title=The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia|publisher=M.E. Sharp|date=April 1997|isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SDqjW8G5H4cC}}</ref> The ROC also called itself "Free China" in an attempt to portray the PRC as an illegitimate government. At the UN, it was present under the name "China" until it [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|lost its seat]] to the People's Republic of China in 1971. Since then, the name "China" has been commonly used to refer only to the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch3.html|title=The Birth of the Republic of China|publisher=Government Information Office, ROC}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
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| − | Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has been commonly known as "Taiwan", due to the fact that Taiwan, the island, composes most of its territory. It is also often informally referred to as the "State of Taiwan", in particular in countries where the ROC is not officially recognized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/monde/chronologies/asie-2006.shtml|title=Chronologie internationale : Asie – La Documentation française|publisher=La documentation Française|language=French|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gloobal.net/iepala/gloobal/fichas/ficha.php?entidad=Textos&id=7001 |title=Taiwán – Estados Unidos: Examinan el futuro de las relaciones Taipei-Washington |publisher=Gloobal |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paesionline.it/asia/taiwan_taipei/guida_turistica_citta_taipei.asp |title=Taipei – Guida Turistica con informazioni turistiche sulla città |publisher=Paesionline.it |date=2010-01-06 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,675094,00.html |title=Rüstungsstreit: Obama riskiert Eiszeit mit China – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik |publisher=Spiegel.de |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name "[[Chinese Taipei]]" due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC. For instance, it is the name under which it has competed at the Olympic Games since 1979, and its name as an observer at the [[World Health Organization]].
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| − | ==History==
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| − | {{Main|History of the Republic of China}}
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| − | The Republic of China was formally established on 1 January 1912 on [[mainland China]] following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] which itself began with the [[Wuchang Uprising]] on 10 October 1911, and replaced the [[Qing Dynasty]] and ended over two thousand years of [[Dynasties in Chinese history|imperial rule]] in China. It is the oldest surviving [[republic]] in East Asia. The Republic of China on mainland China went through periods of [[warlord era|warlordism]], [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]], and [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]] between the [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Government of the Republic of China|Central Government]] and the Communists. From its founding until 1949 it was based in mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to [[warlord era|warlordism]] (1915–28), [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]] (1937–45), and the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the [[Nanjing Decade]] (1927–37) when most of China came under the control of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT). At the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, the [[Empire of Japan]] surrendered control of Taiwan and its [[List of islands of the Republic of China|island groups]] to the [[Allied forces (World War II)|Allied Forces]], and Taiwan was placed under Republic of China's administrative control. The legitamacy of this transfer is disputed and is another aspect of the disputed [[political status of Taiwan]].
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| − | The Communist takeover of mainland China in the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949 and later Hainan, [[Tachen Islands|Tachen]] and other outlying islands in the early 1950s left the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) with control over only Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. With the 1949 loss of mainland China in the civil war, the ROC government fled to [[Taiwan]] and the KMT declared [[Taipei]] the [[provisional capital]].<ref name="bbctimeline-retreat" /> The [[Communist Party of China]] took over all of mainland China<ref name="temporary-capital">{{Cite book|title=China: U.S. policy since 1945|publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]]|year=1980|quote=the city of Taipei became the temporary capital of the Republic of China|isbn=0871871882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.taiwanbasic.com/edu/stanford-intro.htm|title=Introduction to Sovereignty: A Case Study of Taiwan|publisher=Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education|year=2004|accessdate=2010-02-25|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None—>}}</ref> and founded the People's Republic of China in [[Beijing]], leading to two rival governments claiming to be the sole legitimate government of "[[China]]". However, until the 1970s the ROC was still recognized by many countries and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of "China", which included both mainland China and Taiwan. The ROC had been a founding member of the [[United Nations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml|title=Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present}}</ref> and one of the five permanent members of the [[UN Security Council|Security Council]] until 1971, when China's representation was replaced by the PRC via [[UN General Assembly Resolution 2758]]. Since then, ROC has struggled with [[foreign relations of the Republic of China|limited formal diplomatic relations]] and is unable to use its official name widely, and is forced to be identified as "Taiwan" or "Chinese Taipei" in most international contexts.
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| − | Starting in 1928, the Republic of China was ruled by the Kuomintang as an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[single-party state]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Roy
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| − | |title =Taiwan: A Political History
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| − | |publisher =Cornell University Press
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| − | |year=2003
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| − | |location =Ithaca, New York
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| − | |pages =55, 56
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| − | |isbn =0-8014-8805-2 }}</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, the KMT went through wide restructuring and decreased [[Political corruption|corruption]] and implemented [[land reform]]. There followed a period of great economic growth, the Republic of China became one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]], despite the constant threat of war and civil unrest. In the 1980s and 1990s the government peacefully transitioned to a [[Democracy|democratic system]], with the first [[Republic of China presidential election, 1996|direct presidential election]] in 1996 and the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2000|2000 election]] of [[Chen Shui-bian]], the first non-KMT to become [[President of the Republic of China]]. The KMT regained presidency and increased its majority in the legislature in the 2008 [[Republic of China presidential election, 2008|presidential]] and [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative]] elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/taiwan/2008/taiwan-080322-cna02.htm|title=Decisive election win puts KMT back in power|publisher=ROC Central News Agency|date=2008-03-22<!-- 21:53:42—>}}</ref>
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| − | ===Founding===
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| − | | caption1 = Territory of the Republic of China in 1914
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| − | | alt1 = Map of the Republic of China printed by Rand McNally & Co. in 1914. The Republic of China encompassed mainland China while Taiwan was part of the [[Empire of Japan]].
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| − | | caption2 = Yuan Shikai (''left'') and Sun Yat-sen (''right'') with flags representing the early republic
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| − | | alt2 = A drawing depicting two lions looking up in front of two flags. The flag on the left is red and blue with a white sun; while the one on the right is made of five vertical stripes (black, white, blue, yellow and red). Two circular pictures of two Chinese men stand in front of each flag.
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| − | In 1911, after over two thousand years of imperial rule, a republic was established in China and the monarchy overthrown by a group of revolutionaries. The [[Qing Dynasty]], having just experienced a century of instability, suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism.<ref name="depstate-chineserev">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ip/88116.htm|title=The Chinese Revolution of 1911|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=2009-05-20}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> The Neo-Confucian principles that had, to that time, sustained the dynastic system were now called into question.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trocki|first=Carl A. |title=Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|page=126|isbn=0415199182|url=http://books.google.com/?id=DDNvkSC26bcC&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126}}</ref> Its support of the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]], who claimed to have magical powers, against the world's major powers was its final mistake. The Qing forces were defeated and China was forced to give a huge indemnity to the foreign powers; an equivalent to £67 million to be paid over 39 years. Disconnected from the population and unable to face the challenges of modern China, the Qing government was in its final throes. Only the lack of an alternative regime in sight was prolonging its existence until 1912.<ref>
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| − | {{Harvnb|Fenby|2009|pp=89–94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fairbank|coauthors=Goldman|title=China|page=235|isbn=0690076126}}</ref>
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| − | The establishment of Republican China developed out of the [[Wuchang Uprising]] against the Qing on 10 October 1911. That date is now celebrated annually as the ROC's [[national day]], also known as the "[[Double Ten Day]]". On 29 December 1911, [[Sun Yat-Sen]] was elected president by the Nanjing assembly representing seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people".
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| − | Sun however lacked the military support to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Realizing this, he handed over the presidency to [[Yuan Shikai]], the imperial general, who then forced the last emperor [[Puyi]] to abdicate. Yuan Shikai was officially elected president in 1913.<ref name="depstate-chineserev"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Fenby|2009|pp=123–125}}</ref> Yuan ruled by military power and ignored the republican institutions established by his predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members that would disagree with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling Kuomintang party and banned "secret organizations" (which implicitly included the KMT), and ignored the provisional constitution. An attempt at a democratic election in 1911 ended up with the assassination of the elected candidate by a man recruited by Yuan. Ultimately, Yuan Shikai declared himself Emperor of China in 1915.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fenby|2009|p=131}}</ref> The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however this move angered the gentry along with the province governors, usually military men. Many provinces declared independence and became warlord states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan Shikai gave up on becoming Emperor in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly after.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fenby|2009|pp=136–138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Meyer|first=Kathryn|coauthors=James H Wittebols, Terry Parssinen|title=Webs of Smoke|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2002|pages=54–56|isbn=074252003X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RNknjDjfH6AC&pg=PA54}}</ref>
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| − | Thus devoid of a strong, unified government, China thrust into another period of warlordism. Sun Yat-sen, forced into exile, returned to [[Guangdong]] province in the south with the help of warlords in 1917 and 1922, and set up successive rival governments; he re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition to the north. He however lacked military support and funding to make it a reality.<ref name="pak-chinesehist">{{Cite book|last=Pak|first=Edwin |coauthors=Wah Leung|title=Essentials of Modern Chinese History|publisher=Research & Education Assoc.|year=2005|pages=59–61|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BX04ZA8R9ugC&pg=PA59|isbn=9780878914586}}</ref>
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| − | The [[Beiyang government]] in [[Beijing]] struggled to hold on to power. An open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the weak response of China to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the [[May Fourth movement]]. These demonstrations were aimed at spreading western influence to replace Chinese culture. It is also in this intellectual climate that the influence of [[Marxism]] spread and became more popular. It eventually led to the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1920.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921–1949|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=22–23|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WVEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22|author1=Guillermaz, Jacques|year=1972}}</ref>
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| − | ===Chinese Civil War and World War II===
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| − | {{See|Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese civil war}}
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| − | [[File:Chiang Kai-shek in full uniform.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], who assumed the leadership of the [[Kuomintang]] after the death of [[Sun Yat-sen]] in 1925|alt=A Chinese man in military uniform, smiling and looking towards the left. He holds a sword in his left hand and has a medal in shape of a sun on his chest.]]
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| − | After Sun's death in March 1925, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] became the leader of the KMT. In 1926, Chiang led the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] through China with the intention of defeating the warlords and unifying China. Chiang received the help of the [[Soviet Union]]; however he soon dismissed his Soviet advisors. He was convinced, not without reason, that they wanted to get rid of the Nationalists and take over control.<ref>
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| − | {{Harvnb|Fenby|2009}}</ref> Chiang decided to strike first and [[Shanghai massacre of 1927|purged the Communists]], killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China; in the South, where the Communists were in superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred. These events eventually led to the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the Communists into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and established a government with [[Nanking]] as its capital in 1927.<ref name="capital-nanking">{{cite web|url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1|title= 南京市|publisher=Ministry of Education, ROC|work= 重編囯語辭典修訂本|quote=民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。(In the 16th Year of the Republic of China [1927], the National Government established [Nanking] as the capital. At present, Taipei is the seat of the central government.)}}</ref> By 1928, Chiang's army overturned the [[Beiyang government]] and unified the entire nation, at least nominally.
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| − | According to Sun Yat-sen's theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: a phase of military rule through which the KMT would take over power and reunite China by force; a phase of political tutelage; and finally a constitutional democratic phase.<ref>{{Harv|Fung|2000|p=30}}</ref> In 1930, the Nationalists, having taken over the power, started the second phase, and promulgated a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period and began the period of so-called "tutelage".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Lifu |coauthors=Ramon Hawley Myers|title=The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993|editor=Hsu-hsin Chang, Ramon Hawley Myers|publisher=Hoover Press|year=1994|page=102|isbn=0817992723|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MOT_axUIWooC&pg=PA102|quote=After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.}}</ref> They were criticized as instituting [[totalitarianism]] but claimed they were attempting to establish a modern democratic society. Among others, they created at that time the [[Academia Sinica]], the [[Central Bank of the Republic of China|Central Bank of China]] and other agencies. In 1932, China sent a team for the first time to the [[Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]. Historians, such as Edmund Fung, argue that establishing a democracy in China at that time was not possible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption within the government and lack of direction also prevented any significant reform from taking place. Chiang realized the lack of real work being done within his administration and told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."<ref>{{Harv|Fung|2000|p=5}} "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership."</ref> The Nationalist government wrote a draft of the constitution in 5 May 1936.<ref>{{Cite book|last=荆|first=知仁|title=中华民国立宪史|publisher=联经出版公司|language=Simplified Chinese}}</ref>
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| − | The Nationalists faced a new challenge with the [[Mukden Incident|Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931, with hostilities continuing through the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], part of World War II, from 1937 to 1945. The government of the Republic of China retreated from Nanking to [[Chongqing]]. In 1945, after the war of eight years, Japan surrendered and the Republic of China, under the name "China", became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]]. The government returned to Nanking in 1946.
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| − | ===After World War II===
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| − | {{See|Taiwan after World War II|Taiwan Strait Crisis}}
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| − | [[Image:Mao and Chiang1945.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]] (center) and [[Mao Zedong]] (right) with US diplomat [[Patrick J. Hurley]] (left) in 1945]]
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| − | After the defeat of [[Japan]] during [[World War II]], Taiwan was surrendered to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], with ROC troops accepting the surrender of the Japanese garrison. The government of the ROC proclaimed the "[[Retrocession Day|retrocession]]" of Taiwan to the Republic of China and established the provincial government at Taiwan. The military administration of the ROC extended over Taiwan, which led to widespread unrest and increasing tensions between Taiwanese and mainlanders.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This Is the Shame |date=1946-06-10 |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html}}</ref> The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the [[228 Incident]]. Mainstream estimates of casualties range from 18,000 to 30,000, mainly Taiwanese elites.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=1947-04-07|publisher=Time Magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html}}</ref><ref name="bbctimeline-civilwar">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1945_1949.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline – Civil War|year=2000|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-21}}</ref> The 228 incident has had far-reaching effects on subsequent Taiwan history.
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| − | From 1945 to 1947, under United States mediation, especially through the [[Marshall Mission]], the Nationalists and Communists agreed to start a series of peace talks aiming at establishing a coalition government. They however failed to reach an agreement and the civil war resumed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LIFE, Truman, China and History|publisher=Time Inc|year=1956|volume=40|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hD8EAAAAMBAJ|author1=Inc, Time}}</ref> In the context of political and military animosity, the National Assembly was summoned by the Nationalists without the participation of the Communists and promulgated the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]]. The constitution was criticized by the Communists,<ref>评马歇尔离华声明，周恩来选集上卷，1947-1-10</ref> and led to the final break between the two sides.<ref>首都卫戍司令部，淞沪重庆警备司令，分别致电函京沪渝中共代表，所有中共人员限期全部撤退，重庆:大公报,1947-3-1</ref> The full scale civil war resumed from early 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Westad|first=Odd Arne |title=Decisive encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950|year=2003|isbn=0804744785}}</ref>
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| − | In 1948, the ROC administration imposed perpetual [[martial law]].<ref name="bbctimeline-retreat"/> Meanwhile, the civil war was escalating from regional areas to the entire nation. Eventually, the Communist troops, supported by the Soviet Union, defeated the ROC army, supported by the United States.
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| − | In October 1949, the Communists founded the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kubek|first=Anthony |title=How the Far East was lost: American policy and the creation of Communist China|year=1963|isbn=0856220000}}</ref>
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| − | In December 1949, Chiang evacuated the government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the "wartime capital" by Chiang Kai-shek).<ref name="temporary-capital"/><ref name="wartime-capital">{{cite web|url=http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27358&CtNode=2527&mp=21|language=Chinese|title=A brief history of Taiwan|publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China|accessdate=2009-09-13|quote=1949年，國民政府退守臺灣後，以臺北為戰時首都}}</ref> In his retreat, he also transferred China's [[Official gold reserves|gold reserves]] to Taiwan. Between one and two million refugees from mainland China followed him, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million.<ref name="bbctimeline-retreat">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan|year=2000|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last= Dunbabin|first=J. P. D.|title=The Cold War|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2008|page=187|isbn=0582423988|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IVriqPvx7iwC&pg=PA187|quote=In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek had transferred to Taiwan the government, gold reserve, and some of the army of his Republic of China.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ng|first=Franklin|title=The Taiwanese Americans|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1998|page=10|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lPzsB_wJQW0C&pg=PA10|isbn=9780313297625}}</ref>
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| − | ===Government on Taiwan===
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| − | {{see also|History of Taiwan}}
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| − | [[image:美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|275px|right|thumb|With President Chiang Kai-shek, the U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waved hands to Taiwanese people during his visit to [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] in June 1960.]]
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| − | [[Image:Taipei night view from Xiangshan (cropped).jpg|thumb|From the 1960s, Taiwan began rapidly developing and it became known as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]]]]
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| − | The ROC government, now threatened by both demands for independence within Taiwan, and by the Communists in mainland China, became increasingly dictatorial. The [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]], started while the ROC central government was still governed from mainland China, remained in place until 1987 as a way to suppress the political opposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwandc.org/228-intr.htm|title=28 February 1947 – Taiwan's Holocaust Remembered – 60th Commemoration|year=2007|publisher=New Taiwan, Ilha Formosa|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> During these acts of violence, 140,000 Taiwan residents were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20080716-77050.html|title=Taiwan president apologises for 'white terror' era|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref>
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| − | Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950 the conflict between [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], which had been ongoing since the Japanese withdrawal in 1945, escalated into full-blown war, and in the context of the Cold War, US President [[Harry S. Truman]] intervened again and [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis|dispatched the 7th Fleet]] into the [[Taiwan Strait]]s to prevent hostilities between Taiwan and mainland China.<ref name=1950-US-DoD>{{Cite journal|author=US Department of Defense |title=Classified Teletype Conference, dated 27 June 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files |publisher=Truman Presidential Library and Museum |year=1950 |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm|page=1 and 4|quote=Page 1: In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland." Page 4: "Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China.}}</ref> In the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] and the [[Treaty of Taipei]], which came into force respectively on 28 April 1952 and 5 August 1952, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Taiwan and Penghu, and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. The [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China—as a result both treaties remained silent about who would take control of the island.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alagappa|first=Muthiah|title=Taiwan's presidential politics|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2001|page=265|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2Zx7nPeGWgwC&pg=PA265|isbn=9780765608345}}</ref> Continuing conflict of the Chinese Civil War through the 1950s, and intervention by the United States notably resulted in legislations such as the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] and the [[Formosa Resolution of 1955]].
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| − | During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government while its economy became industrialized and technology oriented. This rapid economical growth, known as the [[Taiwan Miracle]], was the result of a fiscal regime independent from mainland China and backed up, among others, by the support of US funds and demand for Taiwanese products.<ref name="bbctimeline-coldwar">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1955_1972.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline – Cold war fortress|year=2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref><ref>Woodward, Taiwanese hyperinflation, "Yet, the Chinese Nationalist government attempted to isolate Taiwan from the mainland inflation by creating it as an independent currency area. And during the later stages of the civil war it was able to end the hyperinflation on Taiwan, something it was unable to do on the mainland despite two attempts."</ref> In the 1970s, Taiwan was economically the second fastest growing state in Asia after Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917286-3,00.html|title=China: Chiang Kai-shek: Death of the Casualty|date=14 April 1975|publisher=TIME|page=3|accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref> Taiwan, along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, became known as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]]. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Later and especially after the termination of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, most nations switched [[diplomatic recognition]] to the PRC.
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| − | Up until the 1970s, the ROC was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, for severely repressing any political opposition and for controlling media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and those that existed did not seriously compete with the KMT. Thus, competitive democratic elections did not exist.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sun|first=Yat-sen |coauthors=Julie Lee Wei, Ramon Hawley Myers, Donald G. Gillin|title=Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen|editor=Julie Lee Wei, Ramon Hawley Myers, Donald G. Gillin|publisher=Hoover Press|year=1994|page=36|isbn=0817992812|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YA3TzmnYRpYC|quote=The party first applied Sun's concept of political tutelage by governing through martial law, not tolerating opposition parties, controlling the public media, and using the 1947 constitution drawn up on the China mainland to govern. Thus, much of the world in those years gave the ROC government low scores for democracy and human rights but admitted it had accomplished an economic miracle.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chao|first=Linda|coauthors=Ramon Hawley Myers|title=Democracy's new leaders in the Republic of China on Taiwan|publisher=Hoover Press|year=1997|page=3|isbn=0817938028|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tIiAd4MABAIC|quote=Although this party [the KMT] had initiated a democratic breakthrough and guided the democratic transition, it had also upheld martial law for thirty-six years and severely repressed political dissent and any efforts to establish an opposition party. [...] How was it possible that this party, so hated by opposition politicians and long regarded by Western critics as a dictatorial, Leninist-type party, still remained in power?}}</ref><ref>{{Harv|Fung|2000|p=67}} "Nanjing was not only undemocratic and repressive but also inefficient and corrupt. [...] Furthermore, like other authoritarian regimes, the GMD sought to control people's mind."</ref><ref>{{Harv|Fung|2000|p=85}} "The response to national emergency, critics argued, was not merely military, it was, even more important, political, requiring the termination of one-party dictatorship and the development of democratic institutions."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Copper|first=John Franklin |title=Consolidating Taiwan's democracy|publisher=University Press of America|year=2005|page=8|isbn=0761829776|url=http://books.google.com/?id=761bWuEtEfEC|quote=Also, the "Temporary Provisions" (of the Constitution) did not permit forming new political parties, and those that existed at this time did not seriously compete with the Nationalist Party. Thus, at the national level the KMT did not permit competitive democratic elections.}}</ref> From the late 1970s to the 1990s, however, reforms slowly moved the Republic of China from an authoritarian state to a democracy. In 1979, a pro-democracy protest known as the [[Kaohsiung Incident]] took place in [[Kaohsiung]] to celebrate [[Human Rights Day]]. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is today considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm|title=Out with the old|year=2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-10-30}}</ref> In 1986, [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] and [[Lee Teng-hui]] allowed for the creation of new political parties, which led to the founding of the first opposition party, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]]. In 1987, the martial law was lifted along with, a year later, the ban on new newspaper registration. The democratization process eventually led to the first direct presidential election by universal adult suffrage in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline – Out with the old|year=2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1986_1999.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline – Path to democracy|year=2002|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref>
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| − | ==Political status==
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| − | {{Main|Political status of Taiwan}}
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| − | The political status of the Republic of China is a contentious issue. The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) claims that the ROC government is illegitimate, referring to it as the "Taiwan Authority". The ROC, however, with its own constitution, independently elected president and a large army, continues to view itself as an independent [[sovereign state]]. Its current territory has never been controlled by the PRC.<ref>{{cite web|year=2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue |work=PRC Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Taiwan%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate=2006-03-06}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}} Section 1: "Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Taiwan, although its regime has continued to use the designations "Republic of China" and "government of the Republic of China," it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of mainland China and, in reality, has always remained only a separate state on the island of Taiwan."</ref><ref>BBC News, "Taiwan Flashpoint", "But Taiwan's leaders say it is clearly much more than a province, arguing that it is a sovereign state. It has its own constitution, democratically elected leaders, and 400,000 troops in its armed forces."</ref> Internationally, there is controversy on whether the ROC still exists as a state or a defunct state per [[international law]] due to the loss of membership/recognition in the [[United Nations]] and lack of wide [[diplomatic recognition]]. According to a poll taken by the [[TVBS]] in 2010, the majority of ROC residents—64%—opt for the status quo (i.e. no independence, no unification with mainland China), while 19% favor independence and 5% unification.<ref name="tid-tvbs-survey"/>
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| − | ===Conflict with the PRC===
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| − | {{See also|Cross-Strait relations}}
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| − | [[Image:Surface-to-Air Missile Coverage over the Taiwan Strait.png|thumb|The PRC's [[Surface to Air Missile]] coverage over the Taiwan Strait|alt=A map depicting Taiwan and a part of China showing that the Surface-To-Air Missiles coverage of China extends to most of the west coast of the island]]
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| − | The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should overt actions toward independence or [[Chinese reunification|reunification]] be taken. It is the official PRC policy to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible, as stated in its [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China|anti-secession law]], and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the [[Fujian]] coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/liancheng.htm|title=Liancheng / Lianfeng Airbase – Chinese Military Forces|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|accessdate=2009-06-07|quote=In March 2000 it was reported that the PLA Air Force was deploying new air-defense missiles [possibly batteries of Russian-made S-300 missiles] opposite Taiwan at the coastal cities of Xiamen and Shantou, and at Longtian, near Fuzhou.}}</ref><ref name=2004NatDefRpt>{{cite web|year=2004 |title=2004 National Defense Report |format=PDF |work=ROC Ministry of National Defense |url=http://report.mnd.gov.tw/eng/pdf/all-1-360.pdf |accessdate=2006-03-05|pages=89–90|quote=The PRC refusal to renounce using military power against Taiwan, its current emphasis on 'enhancing preparation for military struggle', its obvious intention of preparing a war against Taiwan reflected in operational deployment, readiness efforts, and annual military exercises in the Southeast China coastal region, and its progress in aerospace operations, information warfare, paralyzing warfare, and non-conventional warfare, all of these factors work together so that the ROC Armed Forces face an increasingly complicated and difficult situation in terms of self-defense and counterattack. These multiple daunting challenges are testing our defense security. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060311012134/http://report.mnd.gov.tw/eng/pdf/all-1-360.pdf |archivedate = March 11, 2006}}</ref> Although more recently the PRC has conducted to promote peaceful relation with the current ROC government and aimed at gradual reunification.
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| − | The PRC supports a version of the [[One-China policy]], which states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China. It uses this policy to prevent the international recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state. For its part, the People's Republic of China appears to find the retention of the name "Republic of China" more acceptable than an official declaration of an independent Taiwan. With the rise of the Taiwanese independence movement, the name "Taiwan" has been employed increasingly more often on the island.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1475250.ece|title=War of words after call for independence|last=Macartney|first=Jane |date=6 March 2007|publisher=Times Online|accessdate=2009-06-04 | location=London}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==== United States involvement ====
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| − | {{Main|Republic of China-United States relations}}
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| − | [[Image:Taiwanarmspic1.jpg|thumb|[[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] fighters sold to the ROC by the [[United States]]|alt=Two grey jet fighter aircraft over a blue sky]]
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| − | The [[United States]] is one of the main allies of the ROC and, since the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] passed in 1979, The United States has sold arms and provided military training to the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]].<ref name="TRA-review">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/asiaandthepacific/bg1272.cfm|title=The Taiwan Relations Act After 20 Years: Keys to Past and Future Success|last= Yates|first= Stephen J.|date=16 April 1999|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2009-07-19}}</ref> This situation continues to be an issue for the People's Republic of China which considers US involvement disruptive to the stability of the region. In January 2010, the Obama administration announced its intention to sell $6.4 Billion worth of military hardware to Taiwan. As a consequence, the PRC threatened the US with economic sanctions and warned that their cooperation on international and regional issues could suffer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China: US spat over Taiwan could hit co-operation |date=February 2, 2010 |publisher=Agence France Presse |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg}}</ref>
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| − | The official position of the United States is that the PRC is expected to "use no force or threat[en] to use force against Taiwan" and the ROC is to "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of [[Cross-Strait relations]]." Both are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status."<ref name="UsPolicyToTaiwan">{{cite press release |publisher=US Department of State |date=2004-04-21|title=Overview of US Policy Towards Taiwan |url=http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/31649.htm}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Opinions within the ROC===
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| − | {{See also|Taiwan independence|Chinese reunification}}
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| − | | |
| − | Within the ROC, opinions are polarized between those supporting unification, represented by the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] of parties, and those supporting independence, represented by the [[Pan-Green Coalition]].
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| − | | |
| − | The KMT, the largest Pan-Blue party, supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of unification. However, it does not support unification in the short term with the PRC as such a prospect would be unacceptable to most of its members and the public.<ref name="ma-three-noes"/> Ma Ying-jeou, former chairman of the KMT and the current ROC President, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of the ROC, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that the PRC must fulfill for reunification to occur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/05/16/156644/Unification-with.htm|title=Unification with China unlikely ‘in our lifetimes’: president-elect|last=Enav|first=Peter |date=2008-05-16|publisher=The China Post|accessdate=2009-06-13|quote='It is very difficult for us to see any unification talks even in our lifetimes,' Ma said. 'Taiwanese people would like to have economic interactions with the mainland, but obviously they don’t believe their political system is suitable for Taiwan.'}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], the largest Pan-Green party, officially seeks independence, but in practice also supports the status quo because its members and the public would not accept the risk of provoking the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eckholm |first=Erik |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/22/world/why-a-victory-in-taiwan-wasn-t-enough-for-some.html |title=Why a Victory in Taiwan Wasn't Enough for Some – The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times|date=2000-03-22 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref><ref>BBC News, "Taiwan Flashpoint", "Since neither outcome looks likely in the short or even medium term, it is perhaps not surprising that opinion polls suggest most Taiwanese people want things to stay as they are, with the island's ambiguous status unresolved."</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Former President [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] stated during his years of administration that any decision should be decided through a public referendum of the people of the ROC. Both parties' current foreign policy positions support actively advocating ROC participation in international organizations, but while the KMT accepts the [[One-China policy|One-China]] principle, the DPP encourages the participation of Taiwan as a sovereign state.
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| − | On 2 September 2008, ''El Sol de México'' asked President Ma Ying-jeou about his views on the subject of "[[two Chinas]]" and if there was a solution for the sovereignty issues between the two. The ROC President replied that the relations are neither between two Chinas nor two states. It is a [[Special non-state-to-state relations|special relationship]]. Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the "[[1992 Consensus]]", currently accepted by both sides, as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n836891.htm|title=Impulsa Taiwan la reconciliación|date=2008-09-02|publisher=''El Sol de México''|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-06-09|quote=Esencialmente, no definiríamos la relación a través del estrecho de Taiwan como una relación de dos países o dos Chinas, porque nuestra Constitución no lo permite. Nosotros definiríamos está relación como una relación muy especial, ya que la Constitución nuestra, igual que la Constitución de China continental, no permite la existencia de otro país dentro del territorio.}}</ref>
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| − | ==Government==
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| − | {{Main|Government of the Republic of China}}
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| − | [[Image:Presidential Building, Taiwan (0747).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Office Building, Taipei|Presidential Building in Taipei]] has housed the Office of the President of the Republic of China since 1950|alt=A tall and large building with a tower in its center. A large road surrounded by trees leads to it.]]
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| − | The government of the Republic of China was founded on the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution of the ROC]] and its [[Three Principles of the People]], which states that "[the ROC] shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people."<ref name="yb-2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch4.html |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2008 / CHAPTER 4 Government |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan)|year=2008 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> The government is divided into five administrative branches (''Yuan''): the [[Control Yuan]], the [[Examination Yuan]], the [[Executive Yuan]], the [[Judicial Yuan]], and the [[Legislative Yuan]]. The [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] and [[Pan-Green Coalition]] are presently the dominant political blocs in the Republic of China.
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| − | ===President===
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| − | [[Image:馬英九總統.JPG|thumb|[[Ma Ying-jeou]], [[President of the Republic of China]]|alt=An East Asian man in suit smiling to the crowd]]
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| − | The [[head of state]] is the [[President of the Republic of China|President]], who is elected by popular vote for a four-year term on the same ticket as the Vice-President. The President has authority over the Yuan. The President appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as his [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], including a [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]], who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration.<ref name="yb-2008"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Executive Yuan===
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| − | The ROC's political system does not fit traditional models. The Premier is selected by the President without the need for approval from the Legislature, but the Legislature can pass laws without regard for the President, as neither he nor the Premier wields veto power.<ref name="yb-2008"/> Thus, there is little incentive for the President and the Legislature to negotiate on legislation if they are of opposing parties. After the election of the pan-Green's Chen Shui-bian as President in 2000, legislation repeatedly stalled because of deadlock with the Legislative Yuan, which was controlled by a pan-Blue majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/09/14/2003327608 |title=Letter: KMT holds the key|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2006-09-14 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the President rather than the Premier, even though the Constitution does not explicitly state the extent of the President's executive power.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayasuriya|first=Kanishka|title=Law, capitalism and power in Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|page=217|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OqGSrD9QhXcC&pg=PA217|isbn=9780415197434}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Legislature===
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| − | The main [[Legislature|legislative body]] is the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Yuan]] with 113 seats. Seventy-three are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies; thirty-four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three-member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve three-year terms. Originally the unicameral [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]], as a standing [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] and [[electoral college]], held some [[parliament]]ary functions, but the National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.<ref name="yb-2008"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Judiciary===
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| − | The [[Judicial Yuan]] is the ROC's highest [[judiciary|judicial]] organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The President and Vice-President of the Judicial Yuan and fifteen Justices form the Council of Grand Justices. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the [[Supreme Court of the Republic of China|Supreme Court]], consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding Judge and four Associate Judges, all appointed for life. In 1993, a separate [[List of constitutional courts|constitutional court]] was established to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. There is no [[jury trial|trial by jury]] but the right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice; many cases are presided over by multiple judges.<ref name="yb-2008"/>
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| − | Like most Asian democracies, the ROC still allows for [[capital punishment]]. Efforts have been made by the government to reduce the number of executions, although they have not been able to completely abolish the punishment. As of 2006, about 80% of Taiwanese want to keep the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/01/02/2003287050|title=Nation keeps death penalty, but reduces executions|last=Chang|first=Rich |date=2006-01-02|publisher=Taipei Times|accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Audit===
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| − | The [[Control Yuan]] is a watchdog agency that monitors (controls) the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing [[Government agency|commission]] for administrative inquiry and can be compared to the [[Court of Auditors]] of the [[European Union]] or the [[Government Accountability Office]] of the [[United States]].<ref name="yb-2008"/> The Control Yuan is sometimes also compared to an [[ombudsman]] or [[national human rights institutions|national human rights institution]].
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| − | ===Examination===
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| − | The [[Examination Yuan]] is in charge of validating the qualification of [[civil servant]]s. It is based on the old [[Imperial examination]] system used in premodern China. It can be compared to the [[European Personnel Selection Office]] of the European Union or the [[Office of Personnel Management]] of the United States.<ref name="yb-2008"/>
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| − | ==Administrative regions==
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| − | {{Main|Administrative divisions of the Republic of China}}
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| − | {{See also|Taiwan}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===First-level division===
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| − | According to the 1947 constitution, written and promulgated whilst the ROC government still controlled mainland China, the territory of the ROC consisted of [[Province (China)|provinces]], [[Special municipality (Republic of China)|special municipalities]], as well as [[Mongolia]]{{dubious|Mongolia|date=March 2011}} and [[Tibet]]. Accordingly, when the ROC retreated to Taiwan in 1949, its claimed territory consisted of 35 provinces, 12 special municipalities, 1 special administrative region, as well as Mongolia{{dubious|Mongolia|date=March 2011}} and Tibet. However, the ROC has controlled only two provinces since its retreat – the [[Taiwan Province]] and some islands of [[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]]. Moreover, these two provincial governments have been streamlined and transferred their function to the central government (Fujian since 1956 and Taiwan since 1998).
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| − | | |
| − | All 12 original special municipalities were located in mainland China which have mostly been repealed by the PRC when the government of the ROC retreated to Taiwan. Since its retreat, the ROC has founded 5 direct-controlled special municipalities out of territory initially belonging to Taiwan Province:
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| − | * [[Taipei]] City, formerly a provincial city of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 1967.
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| − | * [[Kaohsiung]] City, formerly a provincial city of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 1979. In 2010, a new Kaohsiung special municipality was established by merging former [[Kaohsiung County]] of Taiwan Province with the existing Kaohsiung City.
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| − | * [[New Taipei]] City, formerly Taipei County of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 2010.
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| − | * [[Taichung]] City was established by merging Taichung provincial city and Taichung County of Taiwan Province in 2010.
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| − | * [[Tainan]] City was established by merging Tainan provincial city and Tainan County of Taiwan Province in 2010.
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| − | The Republic of China also controls the [[Pratas Islands]] (Dong-Sha) and [[Itu Aba Island|Taiping Island]] in the [[Spratly Islands]], which are part of the disputed [[South China Sea Islands]]. They were placed under [[Kaohsiung]] administration after the retreat to Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=World: Asia-Pacific Analysis: Flashpoint Spratly |date=1999-02-14 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/279170.stm}}</ref>
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| − | ===Second-level division===
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| − | Taiwan Province is divided into 12 counties and 3 provincial cities, while Fujian Province is divided into 2 counties.
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| − | | |
| − | {{ROC administrative divisions list}}
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| − | | |
| − | According to Article 4 of the Local Government Act, laws pertaining to special municipalities also apply to counties with a population exceeding 2 million. Currently, this provision is applied to [[Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan County]].
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| − | ===Claimed territories===
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| − | {{See also|Free Area of the Republic of China}}
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| − | [[Image:ROC Administrative and Claims.svg|thumb|480px|alt=A map showing the island of Taiwan, China and Mongolia. Taiwan and other nearby small islands are highlighted in dark blue and are identified as the "[[Free Area of the Republic of China|Free Area]]" of the ROC. China is highlighted in light blue and is identified as an area claimed by the ROC and controlled by the PRC. Mongolia is highlighted in red. Other minor areas are highlighted in different colors for being claimed by the ROC but controlled by other countries including Russia, Japan or Pakistan among others.]]
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| − | The ROC claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all China after its relocation to Taiwan in 1949 until the lifting of [[martial law]] in 1987. Although the administration of [[Taiwan independence|pro-independence]] President [[Chen Shui-bian]] (2000–2008) did not actively claim sovereignty over all of China, the national boundaries of the ROC have not been redrawn. Thus, the claimed area of the ROC continues to include mainland China, several off-shore islands, and Taiwan. The current President Ma Ying-jeou reasserted the ROC's claim to be the sole legitimate government of China and the claim that mainland China is part of ROC's territory.<ref name="MasClaimtoMainland">{{Cite news|title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|publisher=Taipei Times|date=2008-10-08|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320}}</ref> He does not, however, actively seek reunification, and prefers to maintain an ambiguous ''status quo'' in order to improve relations with the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4636572.ece|title=President Ma Ying-jeou of Taiwan has progress making ties with China|date=2008-08-30 | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jane | last=MacArtney}}</ref>
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| − | In practice, although ROC law still formally recognizes residents of mainland China as citizens of the ROC, it makes a distinction between persons who have household residency in the "[[Free Area of the Republic of China]]" and those that do not, meaning that persons outside the area administered by the ROC must apply for special travel documents and cannot vote in ROC elections.
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| − | ==Politics==
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| − | {{Main|Politics of the Republic of China}}
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| − | {{See also|Elections in the Republic of China|Human rights in the Republic of China}}
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| − | [[File:中華民國第一位民選首都市長吳三連於1951年勝選後.jpg|thumb|Non-Kuomintang Taiwanese politician Wu San-lian (2L) celebrated his landslide victory (65.5%) in the first-time [[Taipei]] mayoral election in January [[1951]] with his supporters.]]
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| − | | |
| − | The constitution of the Republic of China was drafted before the fall of mainland China to the [[Communist]]s. It was created by the KMT for the purpose of all of its claimed territory, including Taiwan, even though the Chinese Communist party boycotted the drafting of the constitution. The constitution went into effect on 25 December 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ginsburg|first=Tom|title=Judicial review in new democracies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=111|year=2003|isbn=0521520398|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qJrsouEjOZEC&pg=PA111}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The ROC remained under martial law from 1948 until 1987 and much of the constitution was not in effect. Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized the ROC from an authoritarian one-party state into a multiparty democracy. Since the lifting of martial law, the Republic of China has democratized and reformed, suspending constitutional components that were originally meant for the whole of China. This process of amendment continues. In 2000, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) won the [[President of the Republic of China|ROC presidency]], ending the ROC's one-party rule history under the KMT. In May 2005, a new National Assembly was elected to reduce the number of parliamentary seats and implement several constitutional reforms. These reforms have been passed; the National Assembly has essentially voted to abolish itself and transfer the power of constitutional reform to the popular ballot.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwan assembly passes changes |date=2005-06-07 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4616043.stm}}</ref>
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| − | ===Major camps===
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| − | {{multiple image
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| − | |image1 = DPP-Taiwan.svg
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| − | |alt1 = A circular logo representing the island of Taiwan surrounded by the text "DEMOCRATIC PROGRESSIVE PARTY" and "民主進步黨"
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| − | |caption1 = Emblem of the [[Democratic Progressive Party]], the main [[Pan-Green Coalition]] party.
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| − | |image2 = Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg
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| − | |alt2 = A circular logo representing a white sun on a blue background. The sun is a circle surrounded by twelve triangles.
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| − | |caption2 = Emblem of the [[Kuomintang]], the main [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] party.
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| − | }}
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| − | The political scene in the ROC is divided into two camps, with the pro-unification and center-right [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party]] (PFP), and [[New Party (Republic of China)|New Party]] forming the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]], and the pro-independence [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) and centrist [[Taiwan Solidarity Union|Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU)]] forming the [[Pan-Green Coalition]].<ref>BBC News, "Taiwan Flashpoint", "Officially, the DPP still favours eventual independence for Taiwan, while the KMT favours eventual re-unification."</ref>
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| − | The Pan-Green camp tends to favor emphasizing the Republic of China as being a distinct country from the People's Republic of China. Thus, in September 2007, the then ruling Democratic Progressive Party approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "''normal country''". It called also for general use of "''Taiwan''" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the "Republic of China".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-30-taiwan_N.htm |title=Taiwan party asserts separate identity from China |publisher=USATODAY.Com |date=2007-09-30 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> Some members of the coalition, such as former [[President of the Republic of China|President]] Chen Shui-bian, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because "Taiwan is already an independent, sovereign country" and the Republic of China is the same as Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Crisis Group |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1653&l=1 |title=Taiwan Strait I: What's Left of 'One China'?|publisher=International Crisis Group |date=6 June 2003 |accessdate=2009-05-29 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080709035143/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1653&l=1 |archivedate = July 9, 2008}}</ref> Native Taiwanese President [[Lee Teng-hui]], whilst being part of the Pan-Blue coalition, also held a similar view and was a supporter of the [[Taiwanization]] movement during his presidency.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shirk |first=Susan L.|title=China: Fragile Superpower|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780195306095}}</ref>
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| − | Pan-Blue members generally support the concept of the One-China policy, which states that there is only one China and that its only government is the ROC. They favor eventual re-unification of China.<ref name="panblue-reunif-chineseid">{{Cite book|last=Pares|first=Susan |title=A political and economic dictionary of East Asia|publisher=Routledge|date=2005-02-24|page=267|isbn=978-1-85743-258-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xJKePP5ATKUC|quote=The Pan-Blue coalition on the whole favours a Chinese nationalist identity and policies supporting reunification and increased economic links with the People's Republic of China.}}</ref> The more mainstream Pan-Blue position is to lift investment restrictions and pursue negotiations with the PRC to immediately open direct transportation links. Regarding independence, the mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the [[status quo]], while refusing immediate [[Chinese reunification|reunification]].<ref name="ma-three-noes">{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/01/21/2003398185 |title=Looking behind Ma's 'three noes'|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2008-01-21 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] stated that there will be no unification nor declaration of independence during his presidency.<ref name="MasClaimtoMainland"/><ref name="chinapost.com.tw">{{Cite news|title=Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma|publisher=China Post|date=2008-09-04|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/09/04/173082/Taiwan-and.htm}}</ref> As of 2009, Pan-Blue members usually seek to improve relationships with mainland China, with a current focus on improving economic ties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4482617.stm |title=World | Asia-Pacific | Taiwan opposition leader in China |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-04-26 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
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| − | ===Current political issues===
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| − | The dominant political issue in the ROC is its relationship with the PRC. For almost 60 years, there were no direct transportation links, including direct flights, between Taiwan and mainland China. This was a problem for many Taiwanese businesses that had opened factories or branches in mainland China. The former DPP administration feared that such links would lead to tighter economic and political integration with mainland China, and in the 2006 Lunar New Year Speech, President Chen Shui-bian called for managed opening of links. Direct weekend charter flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in July 2008 under the current KMT government, and the first direct daily charter flights took off in December 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5346905.ece|title=Direct flights between China and Taiwan mark new era of improved relations|last=Yu|first=Sophie|coauthors=Jane Macartney|date=16 December 2008|publisher=Times Online|accessdate=2009-06-04 | location=London}}</ref>
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| − | Other major political issues include the passage of an arms procurement bill that the United States authorized in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael S. Chase |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.2008.48.4.703?journalCode=as |title=Caliber – Asian Survey – 48(4):703 – Abstract |doi=10.1525/as.2008.48.4.703 |publisher=Caliber.ucpress.net |date=2008-09-04 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> In 2008, however, the United States were reluctant to send over more arms to Taiwan out of fear that it would hinder the recent improvement of ties between the PRC and the ROC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9556 |title=US Keeps Taiwan at Arm's Length | David Isenberg | Cato Institute: Commentary |publisher=Cato.org |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> Another major political issue, is the establishment of a National Communications Commission to take over from the Government Information Office, whose advertising budget exercised great control over ROC media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/08/09/2003373313 |title=NCC relinquishes power over China-related media|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2007-08-09 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The politicians and their parties have themselves become major political issues. Corruption among some DPP administration officials has been exposed. In early 2006, President Chen Shui-bian was linked to possible corruption. The political effect on President Chen Shui-bian was great, causing a divide in the DPP leadership and supporters alike. It eventually led to the creation of a political camp led by ex-DPP leader [[Shih Ming-teh]] which believes the president should resign. The KMT assets continue to be another major issue, as it was once the richest political party in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| − | |last =Bristow
| |
| − | |first =Michael
| |
| − | |title =Wealth probe for 'world's richest' party
| |
| − | |date=2001-10-26
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| − | |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1621048.stm
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| − | |accessdate =2007-11-12
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| − | |publisher =[[BBC News Online]]
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| − | |ref =harv
| |
| − | |postscript =<!--None—>}}</ref> Nearing the end of 2006, KMT's chairman Ma Ying-jeou was also hit by corruption controversies, although he has since then been cleared of any wrong-doings by the courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2008/04/25/153499/Court-clears.htm |title=Court clears Ma of graft charges |publisher=The China Post |date=2008-04-25 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> Since completing his second term as President, Chen Shui-bian has been charged with corruption and [[money laundering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/10/03/177135/Chen-Shui-bian.htm |title=Chen Shui-bian lied about Lien Chan-endorsed check |publisher=The China Post |date=2008-10-03 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The merger of the KMT and [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party]] (PFP) was thought to be certain, but a string of defections from the PFP to the KMT have increased tensions within the Pan-Blue camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-12/13/content_502869.htm |title=No headway in KMT, PFP merger talks |publisher=China Daily|accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/05/01/0000134077 |title=PFP rejects merger with KMT|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2002-05-01 |accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===National identity===
| |
| − | {{Main|Taiwanese identity|Chinese nationalism}}
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| − | | |
| − | Roughly 84% of Taiwan's population descends from Han Chinese who migrated from mainland China between 1661 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from mainland China in the 1940s and 1950s. But between 1895 and the present, Taiwan and mainland China have shared a common government for only 4 years. The shared cultural origin combined with several hundred years of geographical separation, some hundred years of political separation and foreign influences, as well as hostility between the rival ROC and PRC have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones. Since democratization and the lifting of martial law, a distinct Taiwanese identity (as opposed to Taiwanese identity as a subset of a Chinese identity) is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for ''de jure'' Taiwan independence.<ref name="power-shift">{{Cite book|last=Shambaugh|first=David L.|title=Power shift|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|pages=179–183|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rMicZHVR_y4C&pg=PA179|isbn=0520245709}}</ref> The [[pan-green]] camp supports a distinct Taiwanese identity, while the [[pan-blue]] camp supports a Chinese identity only.<ref name="panblue-reunif-chineseid"/> The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20081230ho.html|title=No sign of a 'peace agreement'|last=Okazaki|first=Hisahiko|date=30 December 2008|publisher=The Japan Times Online|accessdate=2009-07-15|quote=For one thing, I believe there is recognition that the awareness of Taiwanese identity is now irreversible. The KMT government did things like rename the "Taiwan Post" to "Chunghwa Post" as soon as it came in. But it did not take much time to perceive that it would cause a backlash among the Taiwan populace. The cross-strait exchanges have also brought about opposition demonstrations from time to time. This appears to be one of the reasons for the abrupt decline in the approval rating of the Ma administration.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1211639,00.html|title=10 Questions: Ma Ying-jeou|date=10 July 2006|publisher=TIME|accessdate=2009-07-15|quote=I am Taiwanese as well as Chinese.}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | According to a survey conducted in March 2009, 49% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 44% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese and Chinese. 3% consider themselves as only Chinese.<ref name="tid-tvbs-survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvbs.com.tw/FILE_DB/DL_DB/yijung/200905/yijung-20090508145032.pdf|publisher=TVBS|title=ECFA issues and the nationality identification}}</ref> Another survey, conducted in Taiwan in July 2009, showed that 82.8% of respondents consider that the ROC and the PRC are two separate countries developing each on its own.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gvm.com.tw/gvsrc/200907_GVSRC_others_E.pdf|title=Survey on President Ma’s Approval Rating and Cross-Strait Relations After First Year of Direct Flights|date=24 July 2009|publisher=Global Views Survey Research Center|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref> A recent survey conducted in December 2009 showed that 62% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 22% of the respondents consider themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese. 8% consider themselves as only Chinese. The survey also shows that among 18–29 year old respondents, 75% consider themselves as Taiwanese only.<ref name="commonwealthsurvey1">{{cite web|url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2009/new/dec/16/today-t1.htm |title=天下雜誌民調顯示：6成1民眾擔心經濟傾中 7成5年輕人自認台灣人|language= Traditional Chinese|accessdate=2010-01-10}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" center;"
| |
| − | |+Percentage of Taiwanese residents who consider themselves Taiwanese, Chinese or Taiwanese and Chinese according to various surveys.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Survey
| |
| − | ! Taiwanese
| |
| − | ! Chinese
| |
| − | ! Taiwanese and Chinese
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |[[Research, Development, and Evaluation Commission]], Executive Yuan (April 2008)<ref name="REDC Survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.mac.gov.tw/public/Attachment/973944270.pdf |title=附表十二:民眾對自我認同的看法|language= Traditional Chinese|accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref>
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| − | |67.1%
| |
| − | |13.6%
| |
| − | |15.2%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TVBS Poll Center (June 2008)<ref name="REDC Survey"/>
| |
| − | |45%
| |
| − | |4%
| |
| − | |45%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |Common Wealth Magazine (December 2009)<ref name="commonwealthsurvey1"/>
| |
| − | |62%
| |
| − | |8%
| |
| − | |22%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |National Chengchi University (June 2010)<ref name="taiwanchineseid1">{{cite web|url=http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/modules/tinyd2/content/TaiwanChineseID.htm |title=資料庫─台灣民眾 台灣人/中國人認同趨勢分布 |publisher=National Chengchi University|language= Traditional Chinese|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
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| − | |51.6%
| |
| − | |3.8%
| |
| − | |40.4%
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TVBS Poll Center (March 2009)<ref name="tid-tvbs-survey"/><ref>Quote: "Table 12: In Taiwan, some people identify themselves as Chinese, some identify themselves as Taiwan (sic). Do you identify yourself as Taiwanese or Chinese? (Do not prompt both Taiwanese and Chinese)"</ref>
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| − | |72%
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| − | |16%
| |
| − | |(not an option for this question)
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TVBS Poll Center (March 2009)<ref name="tid-tvbs-survey"/><ref>Quote: "Table 13: In Taiwan, some people identify themselves as Chinese, some identify themselves as Taiwan (sic). Do you identify yourself as Taiwanese, Chinese or both Taiwanese and Chinese?"</ref>
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| − | |49%
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| − | |3%
| |
| − | |44%
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | ==Foreign relations==
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| − | {{Main|Foreign relations of the Republic of China}}
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| − | | |
| − | [[Image:Resolution-2758.png|thumb|[[United Nations General Assembly]] Resolution 2758, which expelled the ROC from the [[United Nations]]|alt=An extract from an official UN document reading "2758 (XXVI). Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. The General Assembly, Recalling the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Considering the restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China is essential both for the protection of the Charter of the United Nations and for the cause that the United Nations must serve under the Charter, Recognizing that the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, Decides to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it. 1967th plenary meeting, 25 October 1971."]]
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| − | Before 1928, the [[foreign policy]] of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity—competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the [[Beiyang Government]] by the Kuomintang, which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.state.gov/countries/china |title=Countries – China|publisher=US Department of State, Office of the Historian|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> After the KMT retreat to Taiwan, most countries, notably the countries in the [[Western Bloc]], continued to maintain relations with the ROC. Due to diplomatic pressure, recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the PRC in the 1970s.
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| − | | |
| − | The ROC was a founding member of the [[United Nations]] and held China's seat on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] until 1971, when it was expelled by [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]] and replaced in all UN organs with the PRC. Multiple attempts by the ROC to rejoin the UN have not made it past committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwandc.org/un-2001.htm |title=Taiwan and the United Nations |publisher=New Taiwan |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> The [[China and the United Nations|seat of China]] at the United Nations is currently occupied by the PRC.
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| − | | |
| − | Due to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China is a member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], represented by a ROC government funded organization, the [[Taiwan Foundation for Democracy]] (TFD) under the name "Taiwan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/7908/146/ |title=Taiwan |publisher=UNPO |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfd.org.tw/english/about.php|title=About TFD|publisher=TFD}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Diplomatic relations===
| |
| − | [[Image:RoC (Taiwan) relations.png|thumb|right|Countries maintaining diplomatic relations with the ROC{{legend|#008000|diplomatic relations and [[embassy]] in [[Taipei]]}}
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| − | {{legend|#0080ff|unofficial relations (see text)}}|alt=A map of the world showing {{ROCrecognition}} highlighted countries. Only a few small countries recognize the ROC, mainly in Central, South America and Africa.]]
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| − | | |
| − | The PRC refuses to have diplomatic relations with any nation that recognizes the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement recognizing its claims to Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henckaerts|first=Jean-Marie|title=The international status of Taiwan in the new world order|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1996|pages=96–97|isbn=9041109293|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96}}</ref> As a result, there are only {{ROCrecognition}} states that have official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. In practice, most countries view the ROC as an independent state and as such maintain unofficial relations with it.<ref>BBC News, "Taiwan Flashpoint", "Given the huge divide between these two positions, most other countries seem happy to accept the current ambiguity, whereby Taiwan has most of the characteristics of an independent state, even if its legal status remains unclear."</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The ROC maintains unofficial relations with most countries via ''[[de facto]]'' [[embassy|embassies]] and [[consul (representative)|consulates]] called [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]]s (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities" of the ROC in charge of maintaining [[diplomacy|diplomatic relations]], providing consular services (i.e. visa applications), and serving the national interests of the ROC in other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vang|first=Pobzeb |title=Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2008 |isbn=9781434369710|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TvXlFsxmJiMC|page=46}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The United States maintains unofficial relations with the ROC through the instrumentality of the [[American Institute in Taiwan]], which is the ''[[de facto]]'' embassy of the US in the ROC.<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html|title=Taiwan|date=2009-04-09|publisher=CIA – The World Factbook|accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Relations with Mongolia===
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| − | {{main|Republic of China – Mongolia relations}}
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| − | Besides the dispute with the PRC over mainland China, the ROC also has a controversial relationship with [[Mongolia]]. Until 1945, the ROC claimed sovereignty over the country, but under Soviet pressure, it recognized Mongolian independence. Shortly thereafter in 1953, due to the deterioration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, it revoked this recognition and kept considering it a part of mainland China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=798&CtNode=128|title=Onward to Mongolia|last=Green|first=Robert|date=2003-01-01|accessdate=2009-08-03|publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> In 2002, however, the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]] government under Chen Shui-bian declared that it recognized Mongolia's independence,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237 |title=Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2002-10-11 |accessdate=2009-05-28|quote=In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.}}</ref> even though no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm |title=ASIA-PACIFIC | Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-02-26 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> and established a representative office in [[Mongolia]]'s capital, [[Ulan Bator]]. Offices established to support the ROC's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5 |title=The History of MTAC |publisher=Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref> lie dormant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on |date=2002-09-10 |publisher=The Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Participation in international events and organizations===
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| − | [[Image:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg|thumb|The flag of the ROC, under the name "Chinese Taipei" (中華台北), during the Olympic Games|alt=A white symbol in shape of a five petal flower ringed by a blue and a red line. In its center stands a circular symbol depicting a white sun on a blue background. The five Olympic circles (blue, yellow, black, green and red) stand below it.]]
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| − | | |
| − | Also due to its One China policy, the PRC only participates in international organizations where the ROC is not recognized as a sovereign country. Each year since 1992, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry but has been unsuccessful. Most [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]], including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/05/13/2003443455 |title=JOHN TKACIK ON TAIWAN: Taiwan’s ‘undetermined’ status|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2009-05-13 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> However, both the US and [[Japan]] publicly support the ROC's bid for membership in the [[World Health Organization]] as an observer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHO application: a question of health or politics? |date=2004-05-19 |publisher=The Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/05/19/2003156094}}</ref> However, though the ROC has applied for WHO membership every year since 1997 under various denominations, their efforts have consistently been blocked by PRC.
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| − | | |
| − | At present, the ROC usually uses the politically neutral name "[[Chinese Taipei]]" in international events such as the [[Olympic Games]] where the PRC is also a party.<ref name="chinese-taipei">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/07/25/167036/Taiwan-insists.htm |title=Taiwan insists on 'Chinese Taipei' |publisher=The China Post |date=2008-07-25 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> The ROC is typically barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to PRC pressure; ROC spectators attending events such as the Olympics are often barred from bringing [[Blue Sky with a White Sun|ROC flags]] into venues.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwan flags in S.L. ruffle a few feelings |date=2002-02-10 |publisher=The Deseret News |url=http://deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,70000298,00.html}}</ref> The ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations that the PRC does not participate in, such as the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]].
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| − | | |
| − | The relationship with the PRC and the related issues of Taiwanese independence and Chinese reunification continue to dominate ROC politics.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Mainland Affairs Council, ROC Executive Yuan |date=2005-03-29 |title=The Official Position of the Republic of China on China’s Passing of the Anti-secession (Anti-Separation) Law |url=http://www.mac.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=68048&ctNode=5910&mp=3|quote=Section II-2: "'The Republic of China is an independent and sovereign state. Taiwan's sovereignty belongs to the 23 million people of Taiwan. Only the 23 million citizens of Taiwan may decide on the future of Taiwan.' This statement represents the greatest consensus within Taiwan's society today concerning the issues of national sovereignty and the future of Taiwan. It is also a common position shared by both the ruling and opposition parties in Taiwan. A recent opinion poll shows that more than 90% of the people of Taiwan agree with this position.}}</ref> For any particular resolution, public favor shifts greatly with small changes in wording, illustrating the complexity of public opinion on the topic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Michael D. Swaine |coauthor=James C. Mulvenon |title=Taiwan's Foreign and Defense Policies: Features and Determinants |origyear=2001 |url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1383/MR1383.ch3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-03-05 |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=0-8330-3094-9 |page=30 |chapter=3 |quote=Efforts to accurately measure and assess public and group views and interests on these and other issues are fraught with problems, however, such as political bias and the use of unscientific methodologies. A significant number of opinion polls are conducted each year by Taiwan’s political parties, newspapers, and various politically oriented private groups or foundations on a wide range of subjects. Many such polls arguably produce inaccurate results, either as a result of sampling errors, biased questions, or a subject’s awareness of the highly partisan nature of the polling agency. |year=2001 |authorlink=Michael D. Swaine}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Military==
| |
| − | {{Main|Republic of China Armed Forces}}
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| − | {{See also|Republic of China Military Academy}}
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| − | [[Image:IDF Pre-production.jpg|thumb|[[Republic of China Air Force]] [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo|Indigenous Defense Fighter]]|alt=A light fighter aircraft on the ground surrounded by two men who are maintaining it.]]
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Republic of China Army]] takes its roots in the [[National Revolutionary Army]], which was established by [[Sun Yat-sen]] in 1925 in [[Guangdong]] with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the [[People's Liberation Army]] won the [[Chinese Civil War]], much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. It was later reformed into the Republic of China Army. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.
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| − | | |
| − | Today, the Republic of China maintains a large and technologically advanced military, mainly as defense against the constant threat of invasion by the PRC under the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]].<ref name=2004NatDefRpt/> From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the military was to "retake the mainland." As this mission has shifted to defense, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the [[Republic of China Air Force|air force]] and [[Republic of China Navy|navy]]. Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB988242686540854310.html?mod=googlewsj |title=Committed to Taiwan |publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date= 2001-04-26|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> As the ROC military shares historical roots with the KMT, the older generation of high ranking officers tends to have Pan-Blue sympathies. However, many have retired and there are many more non-mainlanders enlisting in the armed forces in the younger generations, so the political leanings of the military have moved closer to the public norm in Taiwan.<ref>Swaine 2001, p. 65, "The ROC military functioned until very recently as an instrument of KMT rule [and] the bulk of the officer corps is still composed of Mainlanders, many of whom allegedly continue to support the values and outlook of more conservative KMT and New Party members. This is viewed as especially the case among the senior officers of the ROC Army. Hence, many DPP leaders insist that the first step to building a more secure Taiwan is to bring the military more fully under civilian control, to remove the dominant influence of conservative KMT elements, and to reduce what is regarded as an excessive emphasis on the maintenance of inappropriate ground force capabilities, as opposed to more appropriate air and naval capabilities."</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | [[Image:ROCS Kee Lung (DDG-1801).jpg|thumb|[[Republic of China Navy]] [[ROCS Kee Lung (DDG-1801)|ROCS ''Kee Lung'']], a [[Kidd class destroyer|''Kee Lung'' -class]] [[guided missile destroyer]].]]
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| − | The ROC began a force reduction program to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2004/P101.htm |title=Taiwan Yearbook 2004 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> As of 2009, the armed forces of the ROC number approximately 300,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=28601&ctNode=3389|title=Women Take Command|last=Bishop|first=Mac William|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> with nominal reserves totaling 3.6 million as of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2005/p104.html |title=Taiwan Yearbook 2005 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service and are redirected to government agencies or defense related industries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/729500.stm |title=ASIA-PACIFIC | Military alternative in Taiwan |publisher=BBC News |date=2000-05-01 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Current plans call for a transition to a predominantly professional army over the next decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/03/21/2003439010/wiki |title=The myth: a professional military in five years|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2009-03-21 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/print/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_347888.html |title=Taiwan to end conscription |publisher=The Straits Times |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Conscription periods are planned to decrease from 14 months to 12.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=124D9E23B9033ED0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=Taiwan to shorten conscription term to one year |publisher=Central News Agency website, Taipei|date=2008-12-03 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> In the last months of the Bush administration, Taipei took the decision to reverse the secular trend of declining defense spending, at a time when most Asian countries kept on reducing their military expenditures. It also decided to modernize both defensive and offensive capabilities. Taipei still keeps a large military apparatus relative to the island’s population: defense expenditures for 2008 were NTD 334 billion (approximately U.S. $10.5 billion), which accounted for 2.94% of GDP.
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| − | [[Image:Roc ct drill.jpg|thumb|[[Republic of China Military Police|ROC Military Police]] special forces disembarking from a UH-1H helicopter from the [[Republic of China Army|ROC Army]] 602nd Air Cavalry Brigade during a counter-terrorism exercise ([[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|ROC Ministry of National Defense]])|alt=Two men in military uniform getting off an helicopter. They are both running and carrying a weapon.]]
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| − | The armed forces' primary concern at this time is the possibility of an attack by the PRC, consisting of a naval blockade, airborne assault and/or missile bombardment. Four upgraded [[Kidd class destroyer]]s were recently purchased from the United States, significantly upgrading Taiwan's air defense and submarine hunting abilities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kidd-class warships set sail for Taiwan |date=2005-10-31 |publisher=The Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/10/31/2003278135}}</ref> The Ministry of National Defense planned to purchase diesel-powered submarines and Patriot anti-missile batteries from the United States, but its budget has been stalled repeatedly by the opposition-[[Pan-Blue Coalition]] controlled legislature. The defense package was stalled from 2001–2007 where it was finally passed through the legislature and the US responded on 3 October 2008, with a $6.5 billion arms package including PAC III Anti-Air defense systems, AH-64D Apache Attack helicopters and other arms and parts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwanese leader hails weapons deal with US |date=2008-10-05 |publisher=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/04/AR2008100400477.html | first=Jane | last=Rickards}}</ref> A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the [[United States]], and, as of 2009, continues to be legally guaranteed by the [[Taiwan Relations Act]].<ref name="TRA-review"/> In the past, [[France]] and the [[Netherlands]] have also sold military weapons and hardware to the ROC, but they almost entirely stopped in the 1990s under pressure of the PRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/july01/jpcabest.pdf|title=France's Taiwan Policy: A Case of Shopkeeper Diplomacy|last=Cabestan|first=Jean-Pierre|year=2001|publisher=CERI|accessdate=2009-06-05|quote=By excluding the French companies from the bidding lists of many contract, Peking wanted above all to stop a growing trend (...) to disregard its objections and interests in the Taiwan issue. (...) In spite of the ban of arms sales to Taiwan approved by the French government in January 1994, discreet and small-sized deals have continued to be concluded since then. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-09-24-taiwan_x.htm |title=Taiwan trying to shore up weapons support |publisher=USATODAY.com |date=2004-09-24 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
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| − | The first line of defense against invasion by the PRC is the ROC's own armed forces. Current ROC military doctrine is to hold out against an invasion or blockade until the US military responds.<ref name="swaine">{{Cite book|last=Swaine |first=Michael |coauthors=James C. Mulvenon |title=Taiwan's Foreign and Defense Policies: Features and Determinants |origyear=2001 |url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1383/MR1383.ch3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-03-05 |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=0-8330-3094-9 |year=2001}}</ref> There is, however, no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China Threat to Attack Taiwan Alarms Asia |date=2005-03-14 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/03/14/international/i003051S91.DTL}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the "area surrounding Japan" mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan, and the precise purpose of the pact is unclear.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapstein|first=Ethan B. |coauthors=Michael Mastanduno|title=Unipolar politics|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=194|isbn=0231113099|url=http://books.google.com/?id=68s2k0ztkCMC&pg=PA194|year=1999|quote=The Japanese leadership openly split on whether a crisis in Taiwan was included in the geographic expression "area surrounding Japan." In the event, Japan refused to stipulate the contingencies under which it would provide rear area support for U.S. forces or even the geographic scope of the "area surrounding Japan". (...) The two sides have not articulated clearly what the alliance stands ''for'', nor who it is defined to protect ''against''.}}</ref> The [[Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty]] (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as [[Australia]], could theoretically be involved.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tow |first=William |year=2005 |title=ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia? |journal=International Relations in the Asia-Pacific |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=197 |doi= 10.1093/irap/lci113 |ref=harv}}</ref> In practice, the risk of losing economic ties with China may prevent Australia from taking action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/13/1089694360063.html|title=China and Taiwan: flashpoint for a war|date=2004-07-14|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref> The United States, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Chile, and Peru conduct maritime exercises in the [[Pacific Ocean]] every 2 years called [[RIMPAC]]. They are conducted to promote stability and to be able to respond in case of an armed conflict in the region – that includes an invasion of Taiwan by China.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1305355&lang=eng_news&cate_img=46.jpg&cate_rss=news_Editorial |title=ECFA poses new risks for Taiwan-Japan ties |publisher=Taiwan News |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref>
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| − | ==Economy==
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| − | {{See|Economy of Taiwan}}
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| − | {{See also|Taiwan Miracle}}
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| − | [[Image:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Taipei 101]] is a symbol of the success of the [[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwanese economy]]|alt=Photo of a high tower against a blue sky.]]
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| − | [[File:THSR 700T Modern High Speed Train.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taiwan High Speed Rail|Taiwan High Speed]] [[Taiwan High Speed 700T train|700T trains]]]]
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| − | The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the twentieth century has been called the "[[Taiwan Miracle]]". Taiwan is one of the "[[Four Asian Tigers]]" alongside [[Hong Kong]], [[South Korea]] and [[Singapore]].
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| − | By 1945, [[hyperinflation]] was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and started a price stabilization program. These efforts helped significantly slow the inflation. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the US began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952.<ref>Woodward, Taiwanese hyperinflation, "It was the fiscal regime change on Taiwan, as in the European episodes, that finally brought price stability. It was the aid program that brought the budget to near balance, and when the aid program reached its full proportions in 1952, prices stabilized."</ref> The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China; it implemented a policy of [[import substitution industrialization|import-substitution]], and it attempted to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production.
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| − | Today the Republic of China has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being [[Privatization|privatized]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1153&CtNode=128|title=Privatization Set in Motion|last=Her|first=Kelly|date=2005-01-12|publisher=Taiwan Review|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> Real growth in [[gross domestic product|GDP]] has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|title=Country Comparisons – Reserves of foreign exchange and gold |publisher=CIA – The World Factbook |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref> The Republic of China has its own currency, the [[New Taiwan dollar]].
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| − | Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between the ROC and the PRC have been very prolific. As of 2008, more than US$150 billion<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8475215.stm|title=Taiwan's Grand Hotel welcome for Chinese visitors|publisher=BBC News|date=2010-01-23|accessdate=2010-01-25 | first=Phil | last=Harding}}</ref> have been invested in the PRC by Taiwanese companies, and about 10% of the Taiwanese labour force works in the PRC, often to run their own businesses.<ref>{{Harvnb|DoIT|2008|p=5}} "Notably, cross-strait political tensions have not prevented Taiwanese firms from investing heavily in China. The cross-strait investments now exceed US$ 100 billions. Four Taiwanese-owned firms rank among China's top 10 biggest exporters. 10% of the Taiwanese labor force now works in China."</ref> Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the PRC economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that "Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive 'Sinicization' of Taiwanese economy."<ref>{{Harvnb|DoIT|2008|p=5}} "Although used-to-be-hostile tension between Taiwan and China has been eased to a certain degree, Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive "Sinicization" of Taiwanese economy. Strategies to avoid excessive "Sinicization" of the Taiwanese economy could include efforts to increase geographic diversity of overseas Taiwanese employment, diversifying Taiwan's export markets and investment. "</ref> Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and the PRC would make any military intervention by the PRC against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable.<ref>BBC News, "Taiwan Flashpoint", "Some Taiwanese worry their economy is now dependent on China. Others point out that closer business ties makes Chinese military action less likely, because of the cost to China's own economy."</ref>
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| − | In 2001, [[agriculture]] constitutes only 2 percent of GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=242 |title=US-Taiwan FTA would have limited impact |publisher=bilaterals.org |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. The ROC has become a major foreign investor in the PRC, [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is estimated that some 50,000 Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morris |first=Peter |title=Taiwan business in China supports opposition |date=4 February 2004 |publisher=Asia Times Online |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB04Ad04.html}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, the ROC suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]]. Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into [[recession]] in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to the PRC, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]]. Growth averaged more than 4 percent in the 2002–2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5411/is_199801/ai_n21432097/ |title=Coping with Asian financial crisis: The Taiwan experience | Seoul Journal of Economics |publisher=Find Articles at BNET |date=2009-04-28 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
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| − | The ROC often joins international organizations under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the [[World Trade Organization]] under the name [[Chinese Taipei|Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)]] since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm|title=Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and the WTO|publisher=World Trade Organization|accessdate=2009-06-07}}</ref>
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| − | ==Education==
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| − | {{Main|Education in Taiwan}}
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| − | The higher education system was established in Taiwan by Japan during the colonial period. However, after the Republic of China took over Taiwan from Japan in 1945, the system was promptly replaced by the same system as in mainland China which mixed with features of the Chinese and American educational systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Postiglione|first=Gerard A.|coauthors=Grace C. L. Mak|title=Asian higher education|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|pages=346–348|isbn=0313289018|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RTE8KCespeEC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
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| − | The educational system includes six years of elementary school, three years of middle school, three years of high school, and four years of university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/info/taiwan-story/education/edown/3-1.htm |title=The Story of Taiwan-Education Taiwan's Educational Development and Present Situation |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> The system has been successful in that pupils in the ROC boast some of the highest test scores in the world, especially in [[mathematics]] and [[science]];<ref>{{Cite journal| author =Gary Phillips| title =Chance Favors the Prepared Mind: Mathematics and Science Indicators for Comparing States and Nations| publisher =American Institutes for Research|date=17 November 2007| url =http://www.air.org/publications/documents/phillips.chance.favors.the.prepared.mind.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate =2007-11-21 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071126225257/http://www.air.org/publications/documents/phillips.chance.favors.the.prepared.mind.pdf |archivedate = November 26, 2007}}</ref> However, it has also been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students and eschewing creativity in favor of rote memorization.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Bucknall|first=Keven|title=Chinese Business Etiquette and Culture|publisher=C&M Online Media, Inc.|year=2002|page=15|isbn=0917990447|url=http://books.google.com/?id=npxUXbUg6uUC&pg=PA15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/1999/11/01/0000009019 |title=Betting on Taiwan's future with the Nankang software park |publisher=Taipei Times |date=1999-11-01 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
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| − | Many Taiwanese students attend cram schools, or [[bushiban]], to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams of subjects like mathematics, nature science, history and many others. Courses are available for most popular subjects. Lessons are organized in lectures, reviews, private tutorial sessions, and recitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/news/200509/2005090201.html |title=Over 70% of Taiwanese parents send kids to English bushibans |publisher=Invest in Taiwan, Department of Investment Services |date=2005-09-02 |accessdate=2009-05-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080608050510/http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/news/200509/2005090201.html |archivedate = June 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=C. Smith|first=Douglas|title=Middle education in the Middle Kingdom|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1997|page=119|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NqJP5uE9LewC&pg=PA119|isbn=0275956415}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | As of 2003, the [[literacy rate]] in Taiwan is 96.1%.<ref name="cia-factbook"/>
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| − | ==Demographics==
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| − | {{Main|Demographics of Taiwan}}
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| − | {{See also|Religion in Taiwan}}
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| − | The population of areas under control of the Republic of China was estimated in August 2009 at 23,082,125<ref name="cia-factbook"/> spread across a total land area of {{convert|35980|km2|sqmi}} making it the [[List of countries by population density|twelfth most densely populated country in the world]] with a population density of {{convert|640|/km2|abbr=on}}. Ninety-eight percent of [[Taiwan]]'s population is made up of [[Han Chinese]] while two percent are [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[Taiwanese aborigines|aborigines]]. Taiwan is undergoing a decline in birth rates with a population growth of just 0.61% for the year 2006.
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| − | ===Religion===
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| − | {{bar box
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| − | |title=Taiwan religiosity
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| − | |titlebar=#ddd
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| − | |left1=religion
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| − | |right1=percent
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| − | |float=right
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| − | |bars=
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| − | {{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|35.1}}
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| − | {{bar percent|[[Taoism]]|red|33}}
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| − | {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Non-religion]]|grey|14}}
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| − | {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|3.9}}
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| − | {{bar percent|[[I-Kuan Tao]]|orange|3.5}}
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| − | {{bar percent|Other|black|10.5}}
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| − | }}
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| − | There are approximately 18,718,600 religious followers in Taiwan as of 2005 (81.3% of total population) and 14–18% are non-religious. According to the 2005 census, of the 26 religions recognized by the ROC government, the five largest are: Buddhism (8,086,000 or 35.1%), Taoism (7,600,000 or 33%), [[I-Kuan Tao]] (810,000 or 3.5%), Protestantism (605,000 or 2.6%), and Roman Catholicism (298,000 or 1.3%). But according to the CIA World Factbook and other latest sources from US State Department or the Religious Affairs Section of the MOI, over 80% to 93% of the population are nominal or cultural adherents of a Chinese traditional combination of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]] ([[ancestor worship]]) and [[Taoism]].<ref name="cia-factbook"/><ref>{{cite web|title=China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51508.htm |publisher=[[US Department of State]]: [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2005-11-08 |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2006 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71337.htm |publisher=[[US Department of State]]: [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2006-09-15 |accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90134.htm |publisher=[[US Department of State]]: [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2006-09-15 |accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref>
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| − | ===Language===
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| − | The official [[national language]] is [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] though the majority also speak [[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]] (variant of the [[Hokkien]] speech of [[Fujian]] province) and many also speak [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Lynn F. Lee |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2002/chpt03-2.htm |title=Languages in Taiwan Today |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref> Aboriginal languages are becoming extinct as the aborigines have become [[Sinicization|sinicized]] and the ROC government has not preserved the [[Formosan languages]]. Like [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], the ROC uses the [[Traditional Chinese]] writing system. However, in some rare cases, the characters are not the same as in Hong Kong or Macau.
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| − | ===Largest cities===
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| − | {{See also|List of cities of the Republic of China}}
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| − | | |
| − | The figures below are the 2011 estimates for the twenty largest urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total [[List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan#Metropolitan areas in the Republic of China|metropolitan area populations]] (in such rankings the [[Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area|Taipei-Keelung metro area]] is by far the largest agglomeration).
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| − | | |
| − | {{Largest cities of the Republic of China (Taiwan)}}
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| − | {{clear}}
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| − | ==Public health==
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| − | {{Main|Healthcare in Taiwan}}
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| − | [[Health care]] in the ROC is managed by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bureau of National Health Insurance |date=2006-07-18 |publisher=Taiwan BNHI |url=http://www.nhi.gov.tw}}</ref>
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| − | The current program was implemented in 1995 and is considered social insurance. The government health insurance program maintains compulsory insurance for citizens who are employed, impoverished, unemployed, or victims of natural disasters with fees that correlate to the individual and/or family income; it also maintains protection for non-citizens working in Taiwan. A standardized method of calculation applies to all persons and can optionally be paid by an employer or by individual contributions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhi.gov.tw/english/webdata.asp?menu=11&menu_id=295&webdata_id=1865 |title=Bureau of National Health Insurance-National Health Insurance Act |publisher=Bureau of National Health Insurance, ROC |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
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| − | BNHI insurance coverage requires co-payment at the time of service for most services unless it is a preventative health service, for low-income families, veterans, children under three years old, or in the case of catastrophic diseases. Low income households maintain 100% premium coverage by the BNHI and co-pays are reduced for disabled or certain elderly peoples.
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| − | According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360 patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1% of the patients said they are "very satisfied" with the hospital service; 20.5% said they are "okay" with the service. Only 4.4% of the patients said they are either "not satisfied" or "very not satisfied" with the service or care provided.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwanese Hospital Public Satisfaction Poll |date=October 2004|publisher=Taiwan Department of Health |url=http://www.hcquality.helthe.net/reports/showreports.php?id=2_1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
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| − | Taiwan has its own Center for Disease Control, and during the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] outbreak occurring in March 2003 confirmed 347 cases. During the outbreak the CDC and local governments set up monitored stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Center for Disease Control |date=2006-07-18 |publisher=Taiwan CDC |url= http://www.cdc.gov.tw }}</ref>
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| − | <!-- As of 2006, the BNHI Facility Contract Distribution facilities total 17,259, including:<ref>{{cite news |title=Bureau of National Health Insurance Full Summary |date=18 July 2006 |publisher=Taiwan BNHI |url=http://www.nhi.gov.tw/english/file/s92.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
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| − | {| class="wikitable" border="1"
| |
| − | |+
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| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Number !!Subject
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |style="width:50px;text-align:right;"| 16,174
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| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| outpatient-only facilities
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 5,701
| |
| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| dental clinics
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| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 2,422
| |
| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| Chinese medicine clinics
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 1,085
| |
| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| inpatient/outpatient facilities
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 437
| |
| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| local community hospitals
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 35
| |
| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| Chinese medicine hospitals
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |align="right"| 23
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| − | |style="padding-left:0.5em;"| academic medical centers
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Basic coverage areas of the insurance include:
| |
| − | {{columns
| |
| − | |width=280px
| |
| − | |col1 =
| |
| − | * In-patient care
| |
| − | * Ambulatory care
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| − | * Laboratory tests
| |
| − | * Prescription and over-the-counter drugs
| |
| − | * Dental services
| |
| − | |col2 =
| |
| − | * Mental Illness
| |
| − | * Traditional Chinese medicine
| |
| − | * Home care
| |
| − | * Preventative services*
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{smaller|* child check-ups, prenatal care, pap smears, adult check-ups}}
| |
| − | —>
| |
| − | In 2004 the infant mortality rate was 5.3 with 15 physicians and 63 hospital beds per 10,000 people. The life expectancy for males was 73.5 years and 79.7 years for females according the World Health Report.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Other health related programs in Taiwan are the Centers for Disease Control<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov.tw|title= Centers for Disease Control, ROC (Taiwan) |language=Traditional Chinese|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> and the Department of Health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doh.gov.tw |title=Department of Health, Executive Yuan, ROC (Taiwan) |language=Traditional Chinese|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Calendar==
| |
| − | [[Image:ROC calendar.jpg|thumb|upright|A calendar that commemorates the first year of the Republic as well as the election of [[Sun Yat-sen]] as the provisional President|alt=A calendar with a picture of a Chinese man in the center. On top of it stands a flag with five horizontal stripes (red, yellow, blue, white and black).]]
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| − | | |
| − | {{Main|Minguo calendar}}
| |
| − | {{See also|Chinese calendar|Holidays in Taiwan|Public holidays in the Republic of China}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Republic of China uses two official calendars: the [[Gregorian calendar]], and the [[Minguo calendar]]. The latter numbers years starting from 1911, the year of the founding of the Republic of China. For example, 2007 is the "96th year of the Republic".<ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy |url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/taiwan_holidays.html |title=Taiwan Calendar and Holidays |publisher=US-Taiwan Business Council |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Months and days are numbered according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Year numbering may use the Gregorian system as well as the ROC era system. For example, 3 May 2004, may be written 2004-05-03 or 93–05–03. The use of two different calendar systems in Taiwan may be confusing, in particular for foreigners. For instance, products for export marked using the Minguo calendar can be misunderstood as having an expiration date 11 years earlier than intended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/02/25/2003294523 |title=Taiwan may drop idiosyncratic Republican calendar|publisher=Taipei Times |date=2006-02-25 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Taiwan also uses the [[lunar calendar]] for traditional festivals such as the [[Chinese New Year]], the [[Lantern Festival]], and the [[Dragon Boat Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/info/festival_c/index_e.htm |title=Holidays and Festivals in Taiwan |publisher=Government Information Office, ROC|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==International rankings==
| |
| − | {{Main|International rankings of Taiwan}}
| |
| − | The following are [[List of international rankings|international rankings]] of the Republic of China:
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Context !! Organization !! Rank !! Year !! Source
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]] || [[International Monetary Fund]] / [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] || 19/179 (IMF)<br /> 18/227 (CIA) || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=7 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=IMF |date=2006-09-14 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |title= Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity) |publisher=CIA – The World Factbook |date=2009-05-14 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] || [[International Monetary Fund]] / [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] || 28/179 (IMF)<br /> 40/227 (CIA) || 2007 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=61&pr.y=6 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=IMF |date=2006-09-14 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html |title=Country Comparisons – GDP – per capita (PPP) |publisher=CIA – The World Factbook |date=2009-05-14 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Human Development Index]] || [[Government of the Republic of China]] || 19/177<br>''if ranked''<!--In 2007—>|| 2007 ||<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/712121616871.pdf|title=人類發展指數（HDI）國際比較 |publisher=[[Government of the Republic of China]]|language=Traditional Chinese |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Reporters Without Borders#Worldwide Press Freedom Index|Worldwide press freedom index]] || [[Reporters Without Borders]] || 48/178
| |
| − | || 2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |title=Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reporters sans frontières |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Freedom of the Press<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2010 |title=Freedom of the Press |publisher=Freedom of the Press|accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref> || [[Freedom House]] ||24/99|| 2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=560&year=2010 |title= Global Press Freedom|publisher=Freedom House|year=2010|accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Index of Economic Freedom]] || [[The Wall Street Journal]] and the [[Heritage Foundation]] || 35/179 || 2009 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/Index/Ranking.aspx |title= Country rankings for trade, business, fiscal, monetary, financial, labor and investment freedoms|publisher=The Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal|year=2009 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Economic Freedom of the World]] || [[Fraser Institute]] || 24/130 || 2004 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freetheworld.com/2006/EFW2006complete.pdf |title=Economic Freedom of the World |publisher=Economic Freedom of the World|year=2006|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Ease of Doing Business Index]] || [[World Bank]] || 46/183 || 2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ |title=Rankings – Doing Business – The World Bank Group |publisher=Doing Business |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Global Competitiveness Report]] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 13/139 || 2010–2011 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm |title= Global Competitiveness Report |date=2010-09-10 |accessdate=2010-11-05|publisher=World Economic Forum|unused_data=publisherWorld Economic Forum}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Business Competitiveness Index<ref name="competitiveness1">{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/BCI.pdf|title=The Business Competitiveness Index (BCI) ranking |publisher=World Economic Forum }}</ref> || [[World Economic Forum]] || 21/121 || 2006 ||<ref name="competitiveness1"/>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | || Worldwide quality-of-life index<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 |title=International | The world’s best country |publisher=Economist.com |date=2004-11-17 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> || [[The Economist]] || 21/111 || 2005 ||<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf|title= The Economist Intelligence Unit’s quality-of-life index|publisher=Economist.com|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Global e-Government Study<ref name="brown-egovernment-study">{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-007.html |title=Sixth Annual Global e-Government Study|publisher=Brown University |date=2006-08-01 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> || [[Brown University]] || 2/198 || 2006 ||<ref name="brown-egovernment-study"/>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | World Competitiveness Yearbook<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/index.cfm?bhcp=1 |title=World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) |publisher=International Institute for Management Development |year= 2010|accessdate=2010-05-19}}</ref> || [[International Institute for Management Development]] || 8/58 || 2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf |title= The World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2010|publisher=[[International Institute for Management Development]]|accessdate=2010-05-19}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | The Global Information Technology Report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Information%20Technology%20Report/index.htm |title= Global Information Technology Report |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=2010-03-25 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref> || [[World Economic Forum]] ||11/133 || 2009–2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GITR10/TheNetworkedReadinessIndexRankings.pdf |title= The Networked Readiness Index 2009–2010 rankings|publisher=World Economic Forum|year=2010 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] || [[Transparency International]] ||37/180|| 2009 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]|year= 2009|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | The Global Enabling Trade Report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/GlobalEnablingTradeReport/index.htm |title= The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> || [[World Economic Forum]] || 28/125 || 2010 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GETR10/GETR10-Overall-Rankings.pdf |title=The Global Enabling Trade Report |publisher=World Economic Forum|accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/TravelandTourismReport/index.htm |title= Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=2009-03-04 |accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref> || [[World Economic Forum]] || 43/133 || 2009 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/TTCR09/TTCR09_Rankings.pdf |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index |publisher=World Economic Forum|accessdate=2010-11-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | IT industry competitiveness index || [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ||2/66|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiuresources.com/mediadir/default.asp?PR=2008091601 |title=Strong technology innovation and talent development mark the leaders of the 2008 IT industry competitiveness index |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Business Environment Rankings || [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ||18/82|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiuresources.com/mediadir/default.asp?PR=2008042102 |title=Denmark remains on top of the Economist Intelligence Unit's Business Environment Rankings |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]] |year= 2008|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[E-readiness|E-readiness rankings]] || [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ||19/70|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url= http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20080331202303/graphics.eiu.com/upload/ibm_ereadiness_2008.pdf|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5llo9m7WV|archivedate= 2009-12-04|title=E-readiness rankings 2008, Maintaining momentum |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit|year=2008 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Environmental Performance Index<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epi.yale.edu/Home |title=Environmental Performance Index |publisher=Yale University|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> || [[Yale University]] ||40/149|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Rankings_1page.pdf |title=Environmental Performance Index – Rankings & Scores |publisher=Yale University|year= 2008|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Status)<ref name="transformation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/11.0.html?&L=1 |title=Transformation: BTI |publisher=Bertelsmann Foundation |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> || [[Bertelsmann Foundation]] ||4/125|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/37.0.html?&L=1 |title=Transformation: Status Index |publisher=Bertelsmann Foundation |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Managem.)<ref name="transformation1"/> || [[Bertelsmann Foundation]] ||7/125|| 2008 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/33.0.html?&L=1 |title=Transformation: Management Index |publisher=Bertelsmann Foundation |accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Image gallery==
| |
| − | {{Image gallery
| |
| − | |title=
| |
| − | |NationalPalaceMuseum.jpg|A large palace surrounded by trees.|[[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei]]
| |
| − | |Chiang Kai-shek memorial amk.jpg|A white monument. A large alley surrounded by flags leads to it.|[[Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]], Taipei
| |
| − | |Chiang_Kai-shek_Memorial_Hall_gateway_by_night.jpg|A large alley surrounded by flags leads to a large white gate. Two temples are on each side of it.|Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall gateway by night
| |
| − | |Lung-shan temple-Taipei-Taiwan-P1010110.JPG|A temple decorated by dragons and other mythical animals. People are gathered in front of it and some of them are praying.|[[Mengjia Longshan Temple|Longshan Temple]], Taipei
| |
| − | |Dragon on Longshan Temple.JPG|A picture of a sculpted dragon.|[[Chinese dragon|Dragon]] on the Longshan Temple
| |
| − | |Temple of Confucius.jpg|A religious temple. A one meter high stair leads to the ground floor. Two large pillars and six smaller ones supports a red tiled roof.|[[Taiwan Confucian Temple]]
| |
| − | |Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|A picture of river surrounded by high cliffs|[[Siouguluan River]]
| |
| − | |Temple in Alishan.JPG|A temple in the middle of a forest with mountains in the background|Longyin Temple of Chukou Village in [[Alishan National Scenic Area|Alishan]].
| |
| − | |National Concert Hall (Taiwan).jpg|A building which resembles a traditional Chinese palace|[[National Concert Hall (Taiwan)|National Concert Hall]]
| |
| − | |Taiwan HSR TR07 car1.jpg|An orange and white high speed train|[[Taiwan High Speed 700T train]]
| |
| − | |Ximending_at_night.jpg|A view of a busy city street by night.|Ximending, Taipei by night
| |
| − | |Liouho Night Market 36, Dec 06.JPG|A picture showing market food stalls by night.|[[Night markets in Taiwan|Night market]] in [[Kaohsiung]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==See also==
| |
| − | {{satop|Geography|Eurasia|Asia|East Asia|China|Taiwan|Republic of China}}
| |
| − | {{clear}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Further reading==
| |
| − | {{Refbegin}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Fenby|first=Jonathan|title=The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2009|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8dNRHwAACAAJ|isbn=0713998326|ref={{SfnRef|Fenby|2009}}}}
| |
| − | * Sutter, Robert, [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=497 Taiwan's Future: Narrowing Straits] (NBR Special Report, May 2011)
| |
| − | * {{cite web|url=http://doit.moea.gov.tw/itech/data/2008_1_1_EN.pdf|title=2008 White Paper On Taiwan Industrial Technology|year=2008|publisher=Department of Industrial Technology|accessdate=27 November 2009|ref=CITEREFDoIT2008}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/introduction.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Taiwan Flashpoint|year=2005}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite journal|last= Woodward|first=G. Thomas |date=1 February 1989|title=The Taiwanese hyperinflation and stabilization of 1945–1952|journal=Journal of Money, Credit & Banking|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/finance-insurance/credit-intermediation-related-activities/105100-1.html|ref= harv}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Fung|first=Edmund S. K. |title=In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|series=Cambridge modern China series|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jw-U3UGoRWgC&pg|ref=harv|isbn=9780521771245}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Bush|first=R.|coauthors=O'Hanlon, M.|title=A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America|publisher=Wiley|year=2007|isbn=0471986771}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Bush|first=R.|title=Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|isbn=0815712901}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Carpenter|first=T.|title=America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2006|isbn=1403968411}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Cole|first=B.|title=Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=0415365813}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Copper|first=J.|title=Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan|publisher=Praeger Security International General Interest|year=2006|isbn=0275988880}}
| |
| − | * {{cite web|author=Federation of American Scientists et al.|title=Chinese Nuclear Forces and US Nuclear War Planning|year=2006|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Feuerwerker|first=Albert|title=The Chinese Economy, 1912–1949|publisher=Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press|year=1968}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Gill|first=B.|title=Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2007|isbn=0815731469}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Shirk|first=S.|title=China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=0195306090}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|last=Tsang|first=S.|title=If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=0415407850}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=N.B.|title=Dangerous Strait: the US-Taiwan-China Crisis|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|isbn=0231135645}}
| |
| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | {{Sister project links|Republic of China}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Overviews and data===
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| − | * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html Taiwan] entry at ''[[The World Factbook]]''
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| − | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/history.stm Taiwan flashpoint] BBC News
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| − | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1285915.stm Taiwan country profile] BBC News
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| − | * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35855.htm Background Note: Taiwan] US Department of State
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| − | * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan Taiwan Travel Information and Travel Guide] Lonely Planet
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| − | * [http://www.taiwandc.org/history.htm Taiwan's 400 years of history] New Taiwan, Ilha Formosa
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| − | | |
| − | ===Government agencies===
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| − | * [http://english.president.gov.tw/ Office of the President]
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| − | * [http://www.ey.gov.tw/mp?mp=11 Executive Yuan]
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| − | * [http://www.ly.gov.tw/en Legislative Yuan]
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| − | * [http://www.judicial.gov.tw/en/ Judicial Yuan]
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| − | * [http://www.cy.gov.tw/mp21.htm Control Yuan]
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| − | * [http://www.exam.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=5 Examination Yuan]
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| − | * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/mp?mp=6 Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
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| − | * [http://www.taiwanembassy.org/US/mp.asp?mp=12 Taipei Economic & Cultural Representative Office in the US]
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| − | * [http://www.gio.gov.tw/ Government Information Office]
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| − | * [http://www.na.gov.tw/en/index-en.jsp National Assembly]
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| − | * [http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/ Taiwan, The Heart of Asia], Tourism Bureau, Republic of China (Taiwan)
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