Difference between revisions of "Continental shelf" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 17:48, 18 June 2008

██ Sediment ██ Rock ██ Mantle

██ The global continental shelf, highlighted in cyan

The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow seas (known as shelf seas) and gulfs.

Topography

The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the shelf break). The sea floor below the break is the continental slope. Below the slope is the continental rise, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin.

The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the inner continental shelf, mid continental shelf, and outer continental shelf, each with their specific geomorphology and marine biology.

The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.^[1]

The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°.^[2] The slope is often cut with submarine canyons, features whose origin was mysterious for many years.^[3]

The continental rise is below the slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1°.^[4] Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise.^[5]

Geographical distribution

The width of the continental shelf varies considerably – it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off the coast of Chile or the west coast of Sumatra. The largest shelf – the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean – stretches to 1500 kilometers (930 miles) in width. The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf, which joins Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Sea and the Persian Gulf. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 m (490 ft).^[6] The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; vertical relief is also minimal, at less than 20 m (65 ft).^[7]

Though the continental shelf is treated as a physiographic province of the ocean, it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent.^[8] Passive continental margins such as most of the Atlantic coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent. Active continental margins have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent earthquakes that move sediment to the deep sea.^[9]

Sediments

The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers; some 60-70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is relict sediment, deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100-120 m lower than it is now.^[10]

Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore.^[11] These shelf sediments accumulate at an average rate of 30 cm/1000 years, with a range from 15-40 cm.^[12] Though slow by human standards, this rate is much faster than that for deep-sea pelagic sediments.

Biota

Combined with the sunlight available in shallow waters, the continental shelves teem with life compared to the biotic desert of the oceans' abyssal plain. The pelagic (water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone, and the benthic (sea floor) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone.^[13]

Though the shelves are usually fertile, if anoxic conditions in the sedimentary deposits prevail, the shelves may in geologic time become sources of fossil fuels.

Economic significance

The relatively accessible continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor. Most commercial exploitation from the sea, such as metallic-ore, non-metallic ore, and hydrocarbon extraction, takes place on the continental shelf. Sovereign rights over their continental shelves up to 350 nautical miles from the coast were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's International Law Commission in 1958 partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.^[14]

Footnotes

↑ Gross 43.
↑ Pinet 36, Gross 43.
↑ Pinet 98, Gross 44.
↑ Pinet 37.
↑ Pinet 39, Gross 45.
↑ Pinet, 37.
↑ Pinet 36-37.
↑ Pinet 35-36.
↑ Pinet 90-93.
↑ Pinet 84-86, Gross 43.
↑ Gross 121-22.
↑ Gross 127.
↑ Pinet 316-17, 418-19.
↑ http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Gross, Grant M. Oceanography: A View of the Earth. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972. ISBN 0-13-629659-9

Pinet, Paul R. (1996) Invitation to Oceanography. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1996. ISBN 0-7637-2136-0 (3rd ed.)

External links

br:Plateiz kevandirel bg:Континентален шелф ca:Plataforma continental cs:Kontinentální šelf da:Kontinentalsokkel de:Schelf et:Mandrilava el:Υφαλοκρηπίδα es:Plataforma continental fr:Plateau continental (géophysique) gl:Plataforma continental ko:대륙붕 hi:कॉण्टीनेण्टल शैल्फ hr:Epikontinentalni pojas is:Landgrunn it:Piattaforma continentale he:מדף יבשתי lt:Šelfas nl:Continentaal plat ja:大陸棚 no:Kontinentalsokkel nn:Kontinentalsokkel pl:Szelf kontynentalny pt:Plataforma continental ro:Platformă continentală ru:Шельф simple:Continental shelf sl:Kontinentalna polica sr:Континентална полица fi:Mannerjalusta sv:Kontinentalsockel vi:Thềm lục địa uk:Континентальний шельф zh:大陆架

[1] Gross 43.

[2] Pinet 36, Gross 43.

[3] Pinet 98, Gross 44.

[4] Pinet 37.

[5] Pinet 39, Gross 45.

[6] Pinet, 37.

[7] Pinet 36-37.

[8] Pinet 35-36.

[9] Pinet 90-93.

[10] Pinet 84-86, Gross 43.

[11] Gross 121-22.

[12] Gross 127.

[13] Pinet 316-17, 418-19.

[14] ttp://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Continental shelf.png|thumb|350px|{{legend|#CB9866|Sediment}} {{legend|#996633|Rock}} {{legend|#663300|Mantle}} ]]
 [[Image:Elevation.jpg|thumb|300px|{{legend|#03FCDE|The global continental shelf, highlighted in cyan}}]]
-The '''continental shelf''' is the extended perimeter of each [[continent]] and associated [[coastal plain]], which is covered during [[Ice age|interglacial periods]] such as the current epoch by relatively shallow [[sea]]s (known as '''shelf seas''') and [[Headlands and bays|gulfs]]. The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the '''shelf break'''). The sea floor below the break is the '''continental slope'''. Below the slope is the '''continental rise''', which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the [[abyssal plain]].  As the continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin, both are covered in this article.
+The '''continental shelf''' is the extended perimeter of each [[continent]] and associated [[coastal plain]], which is covered during [[Ice age|interglacial periods]] such as the current epoch by relatively shallow [[sea]]s (known as '''shelf seas''') and [[Headlands and bays|gulfs]].
-==Structure==
-The width of the continental shelf varies considerably &ndash; it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an advancing [[oceanic crust|oceanic plate]] dives beneath [[continental crust]] in an offshore [[subduction zone]] such as off the coast of [[Chile]] or the west coast of [[Sumatra]]. The largest shelf &ndash; the [[Siberian Shelf]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] &ndash; stretches to 1500 [[kilometer]]s (930 [[mile]]s) in width. The [[South China Sea]] lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the [[Sunda Shelf]], which joins [[Borneo]], Sumatra, and [[Java (island)|Java]] to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the [[North Sea]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 [[metre|m]] (490 ft).<ref name=Pinet>Pinet, Paul R. 1996. ''Invitation to Oceanography''. 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. ISBN 0-7637-2136-0.</ref>  The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; vertical relief is also minimal, at less than 20 m (65 ft).<ref name=Pinet/>
-Though the continental shelf is treated as a [[physiography|physiographic]] province of the [[ocean]], it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent.<ref name=Pinet/>  [[Passive continental margin]]s such as most of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coasts have wide and shallow shelves, comprised of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent.  [[Active continental margin]]s have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent [[earthquakes]] that move sediment to the deep sea.<ref name=Pinet/>
 ==Topography==
+The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the '''shelf break'''). The sea floor below the break is the '''continental slope'''. Below the slope is the '''continental rise''', which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the [[abyssal plain]]. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the [[continental margin]].
+The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the '''inner continental shelf''', '''mid continental shelf''', and '''outer continental shelf''', each with their specific [[geomorphology]] and [[marine biology]].
+The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.<ref>Gross 43.</ref>
+The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°.<ref>Pinet 36, Gross 43.</ref> The slope is often cut with [[submarine canyon]]s, features whose origin was mysterious for many years.<ref>Pinet 98, Gross 44.</ref>
+The continental rise is below the slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1°.<ref>Pinet 37.</ref> Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by [[turbidity current]]s from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise.<ref>Pinet 39, Gross 45.</ref>
-The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins.  With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.<ref name=Gross>Gross, Grant M. 1972. ''Oceanography: A View of the Earth''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-629659-9.</ref>
+==Geographical distribution==
-The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°.<ref name=Pinet/><ref name=Gross/>  The slope is often cut with [[submarine canyon]]s, features whose origin was mysterious for many years.<ref name=Pinet/><ref name=Gross/>
+The width of the continental shelf varies considerably &ndash; it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an advancing [[oceanic crust|oceanic plate]] dives beneath [[continental crust]] in an offshore [[subduction zone]] such as off the coast of [[Chile]] or the west coast of [[Sumatra]]. The largest shelf &ndash; the [[Siberian Shelf]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] &ndash; stretches to 1500 [[kilometer]]s (930 [[mile]]s) in width. The [[South China Sea]] lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the [[Sunda Shelf]], which joins [[Borneo]], Sumatra, and [[Java (island)|Java]] to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the [[North Sea]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 [[metre|m]] (490 ft).<ref>Pinet, 37.</ref>  The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; vertical relief is also minimal, at less than 20 m (65 ft).<ref>Pinet 36-37.</ref>
-The continental rise is below the slope, but landward of the abyssal plains.  Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1°.<ref name=Pinet/>  Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by [[turbidity current]]s from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise.<ref name=Pinet/><ref name=Gross/>
+Though the continental shelf is treated as a [[physiography|physiographic]] province of the [[ocean]], it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent.<ref>Pinet 35-36.</ref>  [[Passive continental margin]]s such as most of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent.  [[Active continental margin]]s have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent [[earthquakes]] that move sediment to the deep sea.<ref>Pinet 90-93.</ref>
 ==Sediments==
-The continental shelves are covered by [[terrigenous]] sediments; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents.  However, little of the sediment is from current [[river]]s; some 60-70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is '''relict sediment''', deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100-120 m lower than it is now.<ref name=Pinet/><ref name=Gross/>
+The continental shelves are covered by [[terrigenous]] sediments; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents.  However, little of the sediment is from current [[river]]s; some 60-70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is '''relict sediment''', deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100-120 m lower than it is now.<ref>Pinet 84-86, Gross 43.</ref>
-Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore.<ref name=Gross/>  These shelf sediments accumulate at an average rate of 30 [[centimeter|cm]]/1000 years, with a range from 15-40 cm.<ref name=Gross/>  Though slow by human standards, this rate is much faster than  that for deep-sea [[pelagic sediments]].
+Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore.<ref>Gross 121-22.</ref>  These shelf sediments accumulate at an average rate of 30 [[centimeter|cm]]/1000 years, with a range from 15-40 cm.<ref>Gross 127.</ref>  Though slow by human standards, this rate is much faster than  that for deep-sea [[pelagic sediments]].
 ==Biota==
-Combined with the sunlight available in shallow waters, the continental shelves teem with life compared to the biotic desert of the oceans' [[abyssal plain]]. The [[pelagic]] (water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the [[neritic zone]], and the [[benthic]] (sea floor) province of the shelf is the [[Sublittoral zone|sublittoral]] zone.<ref name=Pinet/>
+Combined with the sunlight available in shallow waters, the continental shelves teem with life compared to the biotic desert of the oceans' [[abyssal plain]]. The [[pelagic]] (water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the [[neritic zone]], and the [[benthic]] (sea floor) province of the shelf is the [[Sublittoral zone|sublittoral]] zone.<ref>Pinet 316-17, 418-19.</ref>
 Though the shelves are usually fertile, if [[Anoxic event|anoxic]] conditions in the sedimentary deposits prevail, the shelves may in [[geologic time]] become sources of [[fossil fuel]]s.
@@ Line 33: / Line 36: @@
 ==Economic significance==
-The relatively accessible continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor.  Most commercial exploitation from the sea, such as [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[gas]] extraction, takes place on the continental shelf. Sovereign rights over their continental shelves were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's [[International Law Commission]] in 1958 partly superseded by the 1982 [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]].<ref>[http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf1958 Convention on the Continental shelf]. United Nations. Retrieved November 4, 2007.</ref>
+The relatively accessible continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor.  Most commercial exploitation from the sea, such as metallic-ore, non-metallic ore, and [[hydrocarbon]] extraction, takes place on the continental shelf. Sovereign rights over their continental shelves up to 350 [[nautical mile]]s from the coast were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's [[International Law Commission]] in 1958 partly superseded by the [[1982]] [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]].<ref>http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf</ref>
+<!--
+==Ice Ages ==
+== Exploration ==
+== Reclamation == —>
 ==See also==
 * [[Baseline (sea)|Baseline]]
 * [[Continental shelf pump]]
+* [[Continental shelf of Russia]]
 * [[Exclusive economic zone]]
 * [[International waters]]
@@ Line 43: / Line 51: @@
 * [[Outer Continental Shelf]]
 * [[Territorial waters]]
+* [[Passive margin]]
-== Notes ==
+==Footnotes==
-<references/>
+{{reflist}}
 ==References==
-* Gross, Grant M. 1972. ''Oceanography: A View of the Earth.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ:  Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-629659-9.
+*Gross, Grant M.  ''Oceanography:  A View of the Earth.''  Englewood Cliffs:  Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972.  ISBN 0-13-629659-9
-* Pinet, Paul R. 1996. ''Invitation to Oceanography.'' 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. ISBN 0-7637-2136-0.
-* Garrison, Tom S. 2007. ''Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science''. Boston, MA: Brooks Cole. ISBN 049511913X.
+*Pinet, Paul R. (1996) ''Invitation to Oceanography.'' St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1996. ISBN 0-7637-2136-0 (3rd ed.)
 == External links ==
+* [http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/regions/oceanfloor2.htm Office of Naval Research: Ocean Regions: Continental Margin & Rise]
+* [http://www.continentalshelf.org UNEP Shelf Programme]
-* [http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/regions/oceanfloor2.htm Ocean Regions: Continental Margin & Rise]. Office of Naval Research. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
+[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
-[[Category:Physical sciences]]
+[[Category:Fisheries]]
-[[Category:Earth sciences]]
+[[Category:Physical oceanography]]
+[[Category:Aquatic biomes]]
+[[Category:Coastal geography]]
+[[Category:Borders]]
-{{credit|168728666}}
+[[br:Plateiz kevandirel]]
+[[bg:Континентален шелф]]
+[[ca:Plataforma continental]]
+[[cs:Kontinentální šelf]]
+[[da:Kontinentalsokkel]]
+[[de:Schelf]]
+[[et:Mandrilava]]
+[[el:Υφαλοκρηπίδα]]
+[[es:Plataforma continental]]
+[[fr:Plateau continental (géophysique)]]
+[[gl:Plataforma continental]]
+[[ko:대륙붕]]
+[[hi:कॉण्टीनेण्टल शैल्फ]]
+[[hr:Epikontinentalni pojas]]
+[[is:Landgrunn]]
+[[it:Piattaforma continentale]]
+[[he:מדף יבשתי]]
+[[lt:Šelfas]]
+[[nl:Continentaal plat]]
+[[ja:大陸棚]]
+[[no:Kontinentalsokkel]]
+[[nn:Kontinentalsokkel]]
+[[pl:Szelf kontynentalny]]
+[[pt:Plataforma continental]]
+[[ro:Platformă continentală]]
+[[ru:Шельф]]
+[[simple:Continental shelf]]
+[[sl:Kontinentalna polica]]
+[[sr:Континентална полица]]
+[[fi:Mannerjalusta]]
+[[sv:Kontinentalsockel]]
+[[vi:Thềm lục địa]]
+[[uk:Континентальний шельф]]
+[[zh:大陆架]]