Difference between revisions of "Mahavira" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Mahavira (वर्धमान महावीर)''' or '''Mahavir''' (the "'''Great Hero'''" — Also, '''Vardhamana''' (''increasing'') or '''Niggantha Nathaputta''' — [[599 B.C.E.]]-[[527 B.C.E.]], though possibly [[549 B.C.E.]]-[[477 B.C.E.]]) was the 24<sup>th</sup>, and | + | '''Mahavira (वर्धमान महावीर)''' or '''Mahavir''' (the "'''Great Hero'''" — Also, '''Vardhamana''' (''increasing'') or '''Niggantha Nathaputta''' — [[599 B.C.E.]]-[[527 B.C.E.]], though possibly [[549 B.C.E.]]-[[477 B.C.E.]]) was the 24<sup>th</sup>, and most recent, [[Jainism|Jainist]] [[Tirthankara]]. |
| − | Mahavira established what are today considered to be the central tenets of [[Jainism]] and was a contemporary of [[Siddhartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. | + | Mahavira established what are today considered to be the central tenets of [[Jainism]] and was likely a contemporary of [[Siddhartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. |
[[image:S1985.2.2a.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[Jina]], or Mahavira, as Guru folio from a manuscript, [[Gujarat]], [[India]], Circa 1411]] | [[image:S1985.2.2a.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The [[Jina]], or Mahavira, as Guru folio from a manuscript, [[Gujarat]], [[India]], Circa 1411]] | ||
| − | == | + | ==Life== |
| − | Mahavira was born | + | Mahavira was born in the ancient Kingdom of [[Vaishali]], now a district of [[Bihar]] state, [[India]]. His birthday is celebrated as [[Mahavir Jayanti]]. He died at modern day [[Pawapuri]], also in Bihar state. He was known as "Vardhamana" (increasing) because it is said that his family's [[wealth]] grew after his [[conception]]. A growth of everything good was also noticed in the kingdom, like the bloom of beautiful flowers. |
After his birth he was taken by Indra to bath the child in the celestial milk and perform the ritual befitting a future 'Tirthankar'. He was then returned back to his mother, who had dreamt of 14 auspicious symbols, before giving birth to her son. It was a sign to tell them the advent of a great soul. | After his birth he was taken by Indra to bath the child in the celestial milk and perform the ritual befitting a future 'Tirthankar'. He was then returned back to his mother, who had dreamt of 14 auspicious symbols, before giving birth to her son. It was a sign to tell them the advent of a great soul. | ||
| − | Being the son of [[King Siddartha]] and [[Queen Trisala]], he lived the life of a prince; married | + | Being the son of [[King Siddartha]] (not to be confused with [[Siddartha Gautama]]) and [[Queen Trisala]], he lived the life of a prince; married Yaśodā, a princess and had a daughter also. At the age of thirty, he left his family, gave up his worldly possessions (over the course of a [[year]]), and spent twelve years as an [[ascetic]]. At one point, it is said that Mahavir had more than 400,000 followers. |
| − | He shed his body [ | + | He shed his body [[nirvana]] in [[527 B.C.E.]] at the age of 72. Jains signify [[Dipavali]], the last day of the [[Hindu]] and Jain calendars, as the anniversery of his death and, accordingly, the day he attained nirvana. |
| − | + | ==Awakening and Enlightenment== | |
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| − | ==Awakening and | ||
After he renounced his princehood, he spent the next twelve and half years in deep silence and [[meditation]] and took on the discipline of conquering his desires, feelings, and attachments. He carefully avoided harming or annoying other living beings including [[animal]]s, [[bird]]s, and [[plant]]s. He also went without food for long periods. His enduring calm and peaceful character against all unbearable hardships presence the influence of his title, '''Mahavir''' (a [[Sanskrit]] word, meaning very brave and courageous), given to him by his [[peer group|peer]]s. During this period, Jains believe his that he attained ''keval-jnana'', or perfect enlightenment, in which [[spirituality|spiritual]] powers fully become developed and perfect perception, knowledge, power, and bliss are realized. | After he renounced his princehood, he spent the next twelve and half years in deep silence and [[meditation]] and took on the discipline of conquering his desires, feelings, and attachments. He carefully avoided harming or annoying other living beings including [[animal]]s, [[bird]]s, and [[plant]]s. He also went without food for long periods. His enduring calm and peaceful character against all unbearable hardships presence the influence of his title, '''Mahavir''' (a [[Sanskrit]] word, meaning very brave and courageous), given to him by his [[peer group|peer]]s. During this period, Jains believe his that he attained ''keval-jnana'', or perfect enlightenment, in which [[spirituality|spiritual]] powers fully become developed and perfect perception, knowledge, power, and bliss are realized. | ||
Mahavira spent the next thirty years travelling around India preaching to the people the eternal truth he realized. The ultimate objective of his teaching is how one can attain total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death, and achieve the permanent blissful state of one's self, or [[Moksha]], Sanskrit for "liberation". | Mahavira spent the next thirty years travelling around India preaching to the people the eternal truth he realized. The ultimate objective of his teaching is how one can attain total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death, and achieve the permanent blissful state of one's self, or [[Moksha]], Sanskrit for "liberation". | ||
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| + | Mahavira attracted people from all walks of life, rich and poor, kings and commoners, men and women, princes and priests, touchable and [[Dalit (outcaste)|untouchable]]. He organized his followers into a four-fold order, namely monk (''Sadhu''), nun (''Sadhvi''), layman (''Shravak''), and laywoman (''Shravika''). This order is known as ''Chaturvidh Jain Sangh''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lord Mahavira's sermons were orally compiled by his immediate disciples in the ''[[Agam Sutras]]''. These Agam Sutras were orally passed on to future generations. In the course of time, many of the ''Agam Sutras'' have been lost, destroyed, or modified. About one thousand years later the ''Agam Sutras'' were recorded on ''[[Tadpatri]]s'' (leafy paper that was used in those days to preserve records for future references). [[Swetambar]] Jains have accepted these ''sutras'' as authentic version of His teachings while [[Digambar]] Jains use them as a reference. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Jainism existed before Mahavira, and his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. Thus, Mahavira was more of a reformer and propagator of an existing religious order than the founder of a new faith. He followed the well established creed of his predecessor [[Tirthankar Parshvanath]]. However, Mahavira did reorganize the philosophical tenets of Jainism to correspond to his times. | ||
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| + | A few centuries after Mahavira's death, the Jain religious order (''[[Sangha]]'') grew more and more complex. There were schisms on some minor points, although they did not affect the original doctrines as preached by Mahavira. Later generations saw the introduction of ritualistic complexities that some have criticized as almost placing Mahavira and other ''[[Tirthankar]]s'' on the thrones of Hindu deities. | ||
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| + | ==Teachings== | ||
Mahavira preached that from eternity, every living being ([[soul]]) is in bondage of [[karmic]] atoms that are accumulated by good or bad deeds. Under the influence of ''[[karma]]'', the soul is habituated to seek pleasures in materialistic belongings and possessions, which are the deep rooted causes of self-centered violent thoughts, deeds, anger, hatred, greed, and such other vices. These result in further accumulation of ''karmas''. | Mahavira preached that from eternity, every living being ([[soul]]) is in bondage of [[karmic]] atoms that are accumulated by good or bad deeds. Under the influence of ''[[karma]]'', the soul is habituated to seek pleasures in materialistic belongings and possessions, which are the deep rooted causes of self-centered violent thoughts, deeds, anger, hatred, greed, and such other vices. These result in further accumulation of ''karmas''. | ||
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In the matters of spiritual advancement, as envisioned by Mahavira, both men and women are on an equal footing and were taught by Mahavira that they may equally renounce the world in search of ultimate happiness. | In the matters of spiritual advancement, as envisioned by Mahavira, both men and women are on an equal footing and were taught by Mahavira that they may equally renounce the world in search of ultimate happiness. | ||
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==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Revision as of 19:10, 18 May 2006
Mahavira (वर्धमान महावीर) or Mahavir (the "Great Hero" — Also, Vardhamana (increasing) or Niggantha Nathaputta — 599 B.C.E.-527 B.C.E., though possibly 549 B.C.E.-477 B.C.E.) was the 24th, and most recent, Jainist Tirthankara.
Mahavira established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism and was likely a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
Life
Mahavira was born in the ancient Kingdom of Vaishali, now a district of Bihar state, India. His birthday is celebrated as Mahavir Jayanti. He died at modern day Pawapuri, also in Bihar state. He was known as "Vardhamana" (increasing) because it is said that his family's wealth grew after his conception. A growth of everything good was also noticed in the kingdom, like the bloom of beautiful flowers.
After his birth he was taken by Indra to bath the child in the celestial milk and perform the ritual befitting a future 'Tirthankar'. He was then returned back to his mother, who had dreamt of 14 auspicious symbols, before giving birth to her son. It was a sign to tell them the advent of a great soul.
Being the son of King Siddartha (not to be confused with Siddartha Gautama) and Queen Trisala, he lived the life of a prince; married Yaśodā, a princess and had a daughter also. At the age of thirty, he left his family, gave up his worldly possessions (over the course of a year), and spent twelve years as an ascetic. At one point, it is said that Mahavir had more than 400,000 followers.
He shed his body nirvana in 527 B.C.E. at the age of 72. Jains signify Dipavali, the last day of the Hindu and Jain calendars, as the anniversery of his death and, accordingly, the day he attained nirvana.
Awakening and Enlightenment
After he renounced his princehood, he spent the next twelve and half years in deep silence and meditation and took on the discipline of conquering his desires, feelings, and attachments. He carefully avoided harming or annoying other living beings including animals, birds, and plants. He also went without food for long periods. His enduring calm and peaceful character against all unbearable hardships presence the influence of his title, Mahavir (a Sanskrit word, meaning very brave and courageous), given to him by his peers. During this period, Jains believe his that he attained keval-jnana, or perfect enlightenment, in which spiritual powers fully become developed and perfect perception, knowledge, power, and bliss are realized.
Mahavira spent the next thirty years travelling around India preaching to the people the eternal truth he realized. The ultimate objective of his teaching is how one can attain total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death, and achieve the permanent blissful state of one's self, or Moksha, Sanskrit for "liberation".
Mahavira attracted people from all walks of life, rich and poor, kings and commoners, men and women, princes and priests, touchable and untouchable. He organized his followers into a four-fold order, namely monk (Sadhu), nun (Sadhvi), layman (Shravak), and laywoman (Shravika). This order is known as Chaturvidh Jain Sangh.
Lord Mahavira's sermons were orally compiled by his immediate disciples in the Agam Sutras. These Agam Sutras were orally passed on to future generations. In the course of time, many of the Agam Sutras have been lost, destroyed, or modified. About one thousand years later the Agam Sutras were recorded on Tadpatris (leafy paper that was used in those days to preserve records for future references). Swetambar Jains have accepted these sutras as authentic version of His teachings while Digambar Jains use them as a reference.
Jainism existed before Mahavira, and his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. Thus, Mahavira was more of a reformer and propagator of an existing religious order than the founder of a new faith. He followed the well established creed of his predecessor Tirthankar Parshvanath. However, Mahavira did reorganize the philosophical tenets of Jainism to correspond to his times.
A few centuries after Mahavira's death, the Jain religious order (Sangha) grew more and more complex. There were schisms on some minor points, although they did not affect the original doctrines as preached by Mahavira. Later generations saw the introduction of ritualistic complexities that some have criticized as almost placing Mahavira and other Tirthankars on the thrones of Hindu deities.
Teachings
Mahavira preached that from eternity, every living being (soul) is in bondage of karmic atoms that are accumulated by good or bad deeds. Under the influence of karma, the soul is habituated to seek pleasures in materialistic belongings and possessions, which are the deep rooted causes of self-centered violent thoughts, deeds, anger, hatred, greed, and such other vices. These result in further accumulation of karmas.
To liberate one's self, Mahavira taught the neccesity of right faith (samyak-darshana), right knowledge (samyak-jnana), and right conduct (samyak-charitra'). At the heart of right conduct for Jains lie the five great vows:
- Nonviolence (Ahimsa)- not to cause harm to any living beings
- Truthfulness (Satya)- to speak the harmless truth only
- Non-stealing (Asteya)- not to take anything not properly given
- Chastity (Brahmacharya)- not to indulge in sensual pleasure
- Non-possession/Non-attachment (Aparigraha)- complete detachment from people, places, and material things
As taught by Mahavira, Jains believe that these vows can not be fully implemented without the acceptance of a philosophy of non-absolutism (Anekantvada) and the theory of relativity (Syadvada, also translated "qualified prediction"). Monks and nuns are held to follow these vows strictly and totally, while the common people may follow the vows as far as their life styles will permit.
In the matters of spiritual advancement, as envisioned by Mahavira, both men and women are on an equal footing and were taught by Mahavira that they may equally renounce the world in search of ultimate happiness.
External Links
More about Lord Mahavir [[1]] [[2]]
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