Treaty of San Stefano
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The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78. It was signed on March 3, 1878 at San Stefano (Greek: 'Αγιος Στέφανος, Agios Stefanos, now Yeşilköy), a village west of Istanbul, by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Alexander Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
The treaty also established Bulgaria as an autonomous principality. March 3, the day the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, is celebrated as Liberation Day in Bulgaria.
Effects
On Bulgaria
The treaty set up an autonomous self-governing tributary principality Bulgaria with a Christian government and the right to keep an army. Its territory included the plain between the Danube and the Balkan mountain range (Stara Planina), the region of Sofia, Pirot and Vranje in the Morava valley, Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace and nearly all of Macedonia (Article 6).
A prince elected by the people, approved by the Sublime Porte and recognized by the Great Powers was to take the helm of the country and a council of noblemen was to draft a Constitution (Article 7). The Ottoman troops were to pull out of Bulgaria, while the Russian military occupation was to continue for two more years (Article 8).
On Serbia, Montenegro and Romania
Under the Treaty, Montenegro more than doubled its territory with former Ottoman areas, including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari (Article 1), and the Ottoman Empire recognized its independence (Article 2).
Serbia annexed the Moravian cities of Niš and Leskovac and became independent (Article 3).
The Porte recognized the independence of Romania (Article 5).
On Russia and the Ottoman Empire
In exchange for the war reparations, the Porte ceded Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, and Beyazit. Additionally, it ceded Northern Dobruja, which Russia handed to Romania in exchange for Southern Bessarabia (Article 19).
The Ottoman Empire promised reforms for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Article 14), Crete, Epirus and Thessaly (Article 15).
The Straits — the Bosporus and the Dardanelles — were declared open to all neutral ships in war and peacetime (Article 24).
Reaction
The Great Powers were unhappy with this extension of Russian power, and Serbia and Greece feared the establishment of Greater Bulgaria would harm their interests in the Ottoman heritage. This prompted the Great Powers to obtain a revision of this treaty through the Treaty of Berlin, 1878.
Romania, which had contributed significantly to the victory in the war, was extremely disappointed by the treaty, and the Romanian public perceived some its stipulations as Russia breaking the Russo-Romanian prewar treaties that guaranteed the integrity of Romanian territory.
Austria-Hungary was disappointed with the treaty as she failed to expand her influence in Bosnia-Herzegovinia.
Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of Serbia's borders
Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of Montenegro's borders
Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the borders of the new Principality of Bulgaria
Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of the border between the Russian and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus
See also
- History of Bulgaria
External links
ar:معاهدة سان ستيفانو bg:Санстефански мирен договор ca:Tractat de San Stefano cs:Sanstefanská mírová smlouva de:Frieden von San Stefano el:Συνθήκη του Αγίου Στεφάνου es:Tratado de San Stefano fr:Traité de San Stefano gl:Tratado de San Stefano it:Pace di Santo Stefano he:חוזה סאן סטפנו lt:San Stefano taika hu:San Stefanó-i béke mk:Санстефански Договор nl:Vrede van San Stefano ja:サン・ステファノ条約 pl:Pokój w San Stefano pt:Tratado de Santo Estêvão ru:Сан-Стефанский мир sq:Traktati i Shën Stefanit sk:Sanstefanská mierová zmluva fi:San Stefanon rauha sv:Freden i San Stefano tr:Ayastefanos Antlaşması zh:聖斯特凡諾條約
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