Difference between revisions of "Toby Riddle" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| − | Toby Riddle was born ''Kaitchkona Winema'', a member of the [[Modoc]] [[Native American]] tribe. The Modoc and [[Klamath]] were neighboring tribes in the [[Cascade Range]] of what is now southern [[Oregon]] and northern [[California]]. Plateau tribes, they shared a common [[Penutian language]]. They were also influenced by Northwest Coast and Great Basin tribes: | + | Toby Riddle was born ''Kaitchkona Winema'', a member of the [[Modoc]] [[Native American]] tribe. The Modoc and [[Klamath]] were neighboring tribes in the [[Cascade Range]] of what is now southern [[Oregon]] and northern [[California]]. Plateau tribes, they shared a common [[Penutian language]]. <ref name=EB> |
| + | ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. 2008. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053163 Modoc and Klamath] Retrieved May 3, 2008. </ref> They were also influenced by Northwest Coast and Great Basin tribes: | ||
*[[Shasta (tribe)|Shasta]] on the Klamath River | *[[Shasta (tribe)|Shasta]] on the Klamath River | ||
*[[Rogue River (tribe)|Rogue River]] Athabaskans and [[Takelma]] west over the [[Cascade Mountains]] | *[[Rogue River (tribe)|Rogue River]] Athabaskans and [[Takelma]] west over the [[Cascade Mountains]] | ||
| Line 16: | Line 17: | ||
*[[Karuk]] and [[Yurok tribe|Yurok]] further down the Klamath River | *[[Karuk]] and [[Yurok tribe|Yurok]] further down the Klamath River | ||
| + | The Modoc and Klamath, though related, were individual tribes who lived separately within their own villages and had their own customs. Neighbors, they would ally for war. There was some [[intermarriage]] between among members of these two groups. | ||
| − | <ref name=EB> | + | As the United States expanded westward, the government pressured the two tribes to give up their traditional territory and move to a [[Indian reservation|reservation]] near Upper Klamath Lake. This land had traditionally been Klamath land, and the Modoc were viewed as intruders. <ref name=EB/> |
| − | + | ||
| + | This is the environment and situation into which Winema was born in 1848. | ||
==Kaitchkona Winema== | ==Kaitchkona Winema== | ||
Revision as of 21:26, 3 May 2008
Toby "Winema" Riddle (1848-1920) was a Modoc interpreter who helped with negotiations between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army during the Modoc War (also called the Lava Beds War).
Riddle was a cousin of Kintpuash, the leader of the Modoc tribe at the time of the Modoc War, and was married to Frank Riddle, a white settler, who had emigrated from Kentucky to California during the California Gold Rush. Riddle served as a translator and shuttle diplomat between General Edward Canby and Kintpuash, during negotiations to end the wars. After she learned of a Modoc plot to assassinate Canby, Riddle warned the American general that the plot was set during a meeting at the Lava Beds, but he disregarded her advice, and was killed.
Frank, Toby and their son lived thereafter near the Klamath Reservation, where their progeny live today.[citation needed]
Several regional landmarks are named "Winema" after Riddle, including the Winema National Forest.
Background
Toby Riddle was born Kaitchkona Winema, a member of the Modoc Native American tribe. The Modoc and Klamath were neighboring tribes in the Cascade Range of what is now southern Oregon and northern California. Plateau tribes, they shared a common Penutian language. [1] They were also influenced by Northwest Coast and Great Basin tribes:
- Shasta on the Klamath River
- Rogue River Athabaskans and Takelma west over the Cascade Mountains
- Northern Paiute east in the desert
- Karuk and Yurok further down the Klamath River
The Modoc and Klamath, though related, were individual tribes who lived separately within their own villages and had their own customs. Neighbors, they would ally for war. There was some intermarriage between among members of these two groups.
As the United States expanded westward, the government pressured the two tribes to give up their traditional territory and move to a reservation near Upper Klamath Lake. This land had traditionally been Klamath land, and the Modoc were viewed as intruders. [1]
This is the environment and situation into which Winema was born in 1848.
Kaitchkona Winema
Toby Riddle
Legacy
winema national forest
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Modoc and Klamath Retrieved May 3, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bales, Rebecca. 2005. Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle for Peace. Prologue Magazine. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
- Rhodes Educational Publications. 2005. Winema (ca. 1848-1932) Retrieved May 3, 2008.
- White, Julia. Kaitchkona Winema - Modoc Woman Spirit. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
- Oregon Historical Society. 2003.Toby Winema Riddle Retrieved May 3, 2008.
- Chartier, JoAnn, and Chris Enss. 2004. She wore a yellow ribbon: women soldiers and patriots of the western frontier. Guilford, Conn: TwoDot. ISBN 9780762726011
- Drennen, Nancy, James T. Rock and Micahel Hendrix. 2001. Women of Siskeyou County. Yreka, CA. Siskeyou County Historical Society.
- Markowitz, Harvey, and Carole A. Barrett. 2005. American Indian biographies. Magill's choice. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press. ISBN 9781587652332
- Murray, Keith A. 1959. The Modocs and Their War. Norman, OK.
- Riddle, Jeff C., and Jeff C. Riddle. [1914] 1973. History of the Modoc War. Medford, OR.
- Sonneborn, Liz. 1998. A to Z of Native American women. Encyclopedia of women. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816035809
External links
Credits
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