Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Robert Capa" - New World
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| − | In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to [[Japan]] for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. While there, ''Life'' magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the [[First Indochina War]]. Despite the fact he had sworn not to photograph another war a few years earlier, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two other ''Time-Life'' journalists, [[John Mecklin]] and [[Jim Lucas]]. On May 25, 1954 at 2:55PM, the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his jeep and go up the road to photograph some of the advance. About five minutes later, Mecklin and Lucas heard a loud explosion. Capa had stepped on a [[landmine]]. When they arrived on the scene he was still alive, but his left leg had been blown to pieces and he had a serious wound in his chest. Mecklin screamed for a medic and Capa's body was taken to a small field hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. He had died with his camera in his hand. | + | In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to [[Japan]] for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. While there, ''Life'' magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the [[First Indochina War]]. Despite the fact he had sworn not to photograph another war a few years earlier, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two other ''Time-Life'' journalists, [[John Mecklin]] and [[Jim Lucas]]. On May 25, 1954 at 2:55PM, the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his jeep and go up the road to photograph some of the advance. About five minutes later, Mecklin and Lucas heard a loud explosion. Capa had stepped on a [[landmine]]. When they arrived on the scene he was still alive, but his left leg had been blown to pieces and he had a serious wound in his chest. Mecklin screamed for a medic and Capa's body was taken to a small field hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. He had died with his camera in his hand. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
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*"The desire of any war photographer is to be put out of business." | *"The desire of any war photographer is to be put out of business." | ||
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==Major Works== | ==Major Works== | ||
Revision as of 19:48, 11 June 2007
Robert Capa (Budapest, October 22 1913 – May 25, 1954) was a famous war photographer during the 20th century. He covered five different wars: the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II across Europe, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the First Indochina War. Capa documented the course of World War II in London, North Africa, Italy, the Battle of Normandy on Omaha Beach and the liberation of Paris. Capa's younger brother Cornell Capa is also a photographer.
Life
Early Life
Robert Kapa was born Endre Friedmann in Budapest in Austro-Hungary. Even though he grew up under the dictatorship of Regent Nicholas Horthy, he followed the ideas of the artist Lajos Kassák, who headed the avant garde movement in Hungary. Kassák's anti-authoritarian, anti-fascist, and pacifist beliefs heavily influenced Capa throughout his life. At age 18 Capa was arrested by the secret police for his political activities. He was released from prison, but banished from Hungary. [1]
Capa originally wanted to be a writer. Moving to Berlin in 1931, he first found work in photography and grew to love the art. He worked as a darkroom assistant at Dephot (Deutscher Photodienst), which was one of the leading photo-journalist enterprises in Germany. This agency was able to create new filming techniques that allowed photographers to capture fleeting gestures and to take pictures even in poor light. With these advances the photographer could focus on human events and move away from the carefully posed rows of diplomats that had characterized news photography until then. Capa soon mastered the new cameras and was occasionally sent out on small photographic assignments. In his first major break, he was sent to Copenhagen to photography Leon Trotsky. His photos of an impassioned Trotsky addressing the crowd captured Trotsky's charismatic oratorical style. [1]
Later Life
In 1933, he moved from Germany to France because of the rise of Nazism. There he met Gerda Pohorylles and fell in love with her. She helped him along by acting as his agent and writing text for his photographs. Taro suggested to Capa that they could make more money more for a photograph taken by a "rich American," referring to the pseudonym Robert Capa, than she could for the photographs of a poor Hungarian named Endre Friedmann, effectively creating his new name. He chose this name because he felt it would be recognisable and familiar, as it was close to the filmmaker Frank Capra's name and sounded American. (In fact, "cápa" is a Hungarian word meaning shark.)
Capa's professional career was jumpstarted from here on out. He worked through many wars, including the Spanish Civil War, World War Two, the Israeli War of Independence, and the French Indochina War. During the French Indochina War, Capa was killed when he stepped on a land mine on May 25, 1954, at Thai-Binh.
Career
Spanish Civil War
From 1936 to 1939, he was in Spain, photographing the horrors the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, he became known across the globe for a photo he took on the Cordoba Front of a Loyalist Militiaman who had just been shot and was in the act of falling to his death. Because of his proximity to the victim and the timing of the capture, there was a long controversy about the authenticity of this photograph. Historians eventually succeeded in identifying the dead soldier as Federico Borrell García, from Alcoy (Valencia) and proved it authentic. This is the best-known picture of the Spanish civil war and it is quite obvious why; it is rare to photograph at close range the instant of someone's death in war. [2]
World War II
At the start of World War II, Capa was in New York City. He had moved there from Paris to look for new work and to escape Nazi persecutions. The war took Capa to various parts of the European Theatre on photography assignments. He first photographed for Collier's Weekly, before switching to Life after he was fired by the former. When first hired, he was a citizen of Greater Nazi Germany, but he was also Jewish, which allowed him to negotiate visas to Europe. He was the only "enemy alien" photographer for the Allies. On October 7, 1943, Robert Capa was in Naples with Life reporter Will Lang Jr. and photographed the Naples post office bombing.
His most famous work occurred on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when he swam ashore with the first assault wave on Omaha Beach. He was armed with two Contax II cameras mounted with 50 mm lenses and several rolls of spare film. Capa took 108 pictures in the first couple of hours of the invasion. However, a staff member at Life made a mistake in the darkroom; he set the dryer too high and melted the negatives. Only eleven frames in total were recovered.
Although 15-year-old lab assistant named Dennis Banks was responsible for the accident[3], an apocryphal account (which, despite being accepted as untrue [3], has gained widespread currency) blames Larry Burrows, who worked in the lab not as a technician but as a "tea-boy" [3]. Life magazine printed 10 of the frames in its June 19, 1944 issue with captions that described the footage as "slightly out of focus," explaining that Capa's hands were shaking in the excitement of the moment (something which he denied) [3]. Capa used this phrase as the title of his alternately hilarious and sad autobiographical account of the war, Slightly Out of Focus.
In 1947, Capa founded Magnum Photos with Henri Cartier-Bresson, David Seymour, Bill Vandivert and George Rodger. In 1951, he became the president.
First Indochina War
In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to Japan for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. While there, Life magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the First Indochina War. Despite the fact he had sworn not to photograph another war a few years earlier, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two other Time-Life journalists, John Mecklin and Jim Lucas. On May 25, 1954 at 2:55PM, the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his jeep and go up the road to photograph some of the advance. About five minutes later, Mecklin and Lucas heard a loud explosion. Capa had stepped on a landmine. When they arrived on the scene he was still alive, but his left leg had been blown to pieces and he had a serious wound in his chest. Mecklin screamed for a medic and Capa's body was taken to a small field hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. He had died with his camera in his hand.
Legacy
In order to preserve the photographic heritage of Robert Capa and other photographers, Cornell Capa, his brother, founded the International Fund for Concerned Photography in 1966. To give this collection a permanent home he founded the International Center of Photography in New York City in 1974.
The Overseas Press Club created an award in his honor, the Robert Capa Gold Medal. It is given annually to the photographer who provides the "best published photographic reporting from abroad, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise". [4]
Quotes
- "If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough."
- "It's not enough to have talent, you also have to be Hungarian."
- "The truth is the best picture, the best propaganda."
- "This war is like an actress who is getting old. It is less and less photogenic and more and more dangerous." (Speaking of WWII)
- "The desire of any war photographer is to be put out of business."
Major Works
- Death in the Making, 1938
- The Battle of Waterloo Road, 1941
- Invasion!, 1944
- Slightly Out of Focus, 1947
- Robert Capa: Photographs,1996
- Heart of Spain, 1999
- Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection, 2001
- Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa, 2002
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Whelan, Richard. 1994. Robert Capa: A Biography. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803297609. Retrieved June 2007.
- ↑ Whelan, Richard. 2002. Proving that Robert Capa's Falling Soldier Story is Genuine: A Detective Story American Masters, PBS. Retrieved June 2007.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kershaw, Alex. 2003. Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0312315641. Retrieved June 2007.
- ↑ Overseas Press Club of America. The Robert Capa Gold Medal. Retrieved June 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Whelan, Richard (1985) Robert Capa: A Biography Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-52488-8
External links
- Magnum Photos
- PBS biography and analysis of Falling Soldier authenticity
- On Capa's photography "Falling Soldier" Links compiled by Tidsskriftcentret.dk
- Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain, 1936.
- The D-Day photographs of Robert Capa
- A biographical page regarding Capa
- Robert Capa at Magnum Photos
- Hultquist, Clayton. “Robert Capa ~ Pictures of War.”
- Photography Temple. “Photographer Robert Capa”
- VNS. May 2004. “Photographers mark Capa’s passing”.
- International Photography Hall of Fame & Museum
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