Difference between revisions of "Plum" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = Plum
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| image = Plum on tree02.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption = Plums
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Rosales]]
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| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
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| subfamilia = [[Prunoideae]]
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| genus = ''[[Prunus]]''
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| subgenus = '''''Prunus'''''
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision = See text.
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}}
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A '''plum''' or '''gage''' is a [[drupe|stone fruit]] [[tree]] in the genus ''[[Prunus]]'', subgenus ''Prunus''. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera ([[peach]]es, [[cherry|cherries]], [[bird cherry (subgenus)|bird cherries]], etc) in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds solitary (not clustered), the flowers being grouped 1-5 together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone.
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==Description==
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'''''Prunus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[plant]] in the family [[Rosaceae]]. Rosaceae is one of the largest families of [[flowering plant]]s with about 3,400 species, including [[apple]]s, berries, [[peach]]es, plums, cherries, the hawthorn tree, the mountain ash, and many others. The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], peaches, apricots, and [[almond]]s. There are around 430 species of ''Prunus'' spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe.
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The ''Prunus'' subgenus, which includes the apricots and plums, is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, [[bird cherry (subgenus)|bird cherries]], etc.) in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds being solitary (not clustered), the [[flower]]s being grouped one to five together on short stems, and the [[fruit]] having a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone.
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==Species==
 +
The subgenus is divided into three sections:
 +
*Sect. ''Prunus'' ('''[[Old World]] plums'''). Leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers 1-3 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed.
 +
**''[[Cherry plum|P. cerasifera]]'' (cherry plum)
 +
**''Prunus cocomilia''
 +
**''Prunus consociiflora"
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**''[[Prunus domestica|P. domestica]]'' (species of most "plums" and "[[prune]]s" sold as such)
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**''[[Prunus insititia|P. insititia]]''
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**''[[Prunus salicina|P. salicina]]'' (Japanese plum)
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**''[[Prunus simonii|P. simonii]]''
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**''[[Blackthorn|P. spinosa]]'' (blackthorn or sloe)
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*Sect. ''Prunocerasus'' ('''[[New World]] plums'''). Leaves in bud folded inwards; flowers 3-5 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed.
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**''[[Prunus alleghaniensis|P. alleghaniensis]]''
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**''[[Prunus americana|P. americana]]''
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**''[[Prunus angustifolia|P. angustifolia]]''
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**''[[Prunus hortulana|P. hortulana]]''
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**''[[Prunus maritima|P. maritima]]'' (beach plum)
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**''[[Prunus mexicana|P. mexicana]]''
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**''[[Prunus nigra|P. nigra]]''
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**''[[Prunus orthosepala|P. orthosepala]]''
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**''[[Prunus subcordata|P. subcordata]]'' (Klamath, Oregon, or Sierra plum)
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*Sect. ''Armeniaca'' ('''Apricots'''). Leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers very short-stalked; fruit velvety. Treated as a distinct subgenus by some authors.
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**''[[Apricot|P. armeniaca]]'' (apricot)
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**''[[Prunus brigantina|P. brigantina]]''
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**''[[Ume|P. mume]]'' (ume)
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**''[[Prunus sibirica|P. sibirica]]''
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==Cultivation and uses==
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[[Image:2005plums_and_sloes.PNG|thumb|right|Plum and [[sloe]] output in 2005]]
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Plums (without pit) | kJ=192 | protein=0.7 g | fat=0.3 g | carbs=11.4 g | fibre=1.4 g | sugars=9.9 g | vitC_mg=9.5 | source_usda=1 | right=1 }}
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Plum fruit is sweet and juicy and it can be eaten fresh or used in [[jam]]-making or other recipes. Plum juice can be fermented into [[plum wine]]; when distilled, this produces a [[brandy]] known in Eastern Europe as [[Slivovitz]], [[Rakia]], [[Tzuica]] or [[Palinka]]. Dried plums are known as [[prune (fruit)|prunes]]. Prunes are also sweet and juicy and contain several [[antioxidant]]s.
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Prune marketers in the [[United States]] have, in recent years, begun marketing their product as "dried plums", because "prune" has negative connotations connected with elderly people suffering from [[constipation]].
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Various flavours of dried plum are available at [[Chinese people|Chinese]] grocers and specialty stores worldwide. They tend to be much drier than the standard prune. Cream, Ginsing, Spicy, and Salty are among the common variety flavours. [[Licorice]] is generally used to intensify the flavour of these plums and is used to make salty plum drinks and toppings for [[slush (beverage)|Shaved Ice]] or ''[[baobing]]''.
 +
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Pickled plums are another type of preserve available in Asia and international specialty stores. The Japanese variety, called ''[[umeboshi]]'', is often used for rice balls, called "Onigiri" or "Omusubi".  The ''[[ume]]'', from which umeboshi are made, is however more closely related to the [[apricot]] than to the plum.
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Prune kernel oil is made from the fleshy inner part of the pit of the plum.
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Plums come in a wide variety of colours and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin colour.
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Plums and prunes are known for their [[laxative]] effect. This effect has been attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as [[dietary fiber]], [[sorbitol]],<ref>[http://www.salon.com/health/col/roac/1999/11/05/prunes/index.html M. Roach, The power of prunes (1999)]</ref> and [[isatin]].<ref>[http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/fruits/plums.htm Innvista article on plums]</ref> Prunes and prune juice are often used to help regulate the functioning of the [[digestive system]].
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[[Image:Plums.jpg|thumb|250px|Plums]]
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Plum [[cultivar]]s in use today include:
 +
* [[Damson]], or [[Damask Plum]]
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* [[Greengage]], or greengage plum (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
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* [[Mirabelle Plum|Mirabelle]] (a dark yellow plum predominantly grown in northeast [[France]])
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* Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin)
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* Golden or yellowgage plum (like the greengage, but yellow)
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When it flowers in the early spring, a plum tree will be covered in [[blossom]], and in a good year approximately 50% of the flowers will be pollinated and become plums. Flowering starts after 80 [[growing degree day]]s.
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If the weather is too dry the plums will not develop past a certain stage, but will fall from the tree while still tiny green buds, and if it is unseasonably wet or if the plums are not harvested as soon as they are ripe, the fruit may develop a fungal condition called [[brown rot]]. Brown rot is not toxic, and very small affected areas can be cut out of the fruit, but unless the rot is caught immediately the fruit will no longer be edible. Plum is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] including [[November Moth]], [[Willow Beauty]] and [[Short-cloaked Moth]].
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The plum ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: шљива / šljiva) and the alcoholic drink [[slivovitz]] (Serbian: шљивовица / šljivovica) are both very popular in [[Serbia]], where plum production averages 424,300 tonnes per year; FAO 1991–2001.
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A large number of plums are also grown in [[Hungary]] where they are called ''szilva'' and are used to make [[lekvar]], a plum paste jam, [[palinka]] a slivovitz-type liquor, plum dumplings, and other foods.  The region which produces the best and most plums is [[Szabolcs-Szatmár]] in the northeastern part of the country near the borders with Ukraine and Romania. 
 +
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The ''[[Ume|mei]]'' blossom (''Prunus mume''), along with the [[peony]], are considered traditional floral emblems of [[China]]. On [[June 21]] [[1964]], the [[Executive Yuan]] of the [[Republic of China]] officially designated the ''mei'' blossom to be its [[national flower]], with the triple grouping of [[stamen]]s (one long and two short) representing the [[Three Principles of the People]] and the five petals symbolizing the [[politics of the Republic of China|five branches]] of the ROC government [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/np.asp?ctNode=446]. The designation, repeats a previous statement by the ROC government in [[1929]] [http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/64698.htm].
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In [[Taiwan]] the plum has been increasingly used as the national emblem of the Republic of China, as the 12-ray sun originated from the [[Kuomintang]] party flag.
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The ''mei'' blossom is also the floral symbol of the ancient Chinese city [[Nanjing]], which served as the former capital (and remained designated as the official capital) of the Republic of China.
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==Etymology==
 +
The fruit Prunus armeniaca gained its name from the beliefs of [[Pliny the Elder]], a Roman historian and scientist of the 1st century, who maintained that the [[apricot]] was a kind of a plum, and had originally come from [[Armenia]].<ref name = "Armenia">Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood</ref> [[Armenia]]n sources support their claims by referring to a 6,000-year-old apricot pit found in an archaeological site near [[Yerevan]].<ref name = "Armenia">Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood</ref> Other historians point that [[Mesopotamia]] as a clue to the Latin name. Apricots were cultivated in Mesopotamia, and it was known as armanu in the [[Akkadian language]].
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<gallery>
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Image:Plums on tree.jpg|''Prunus domestica''
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Image:Red Plums on tree.jpg|''Prunus domestica''
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Image:Bluebyrd plum.jpg|Bluebyrd plum
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Image:Plum2web.jpg|Plum (variety Tucker) - watercolor 1894
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Image:Plum1web.jpg|Plum (variety Pacific Prune) - watercolor 1893
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Image:Plum blossoming.jpg
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Image:Plum blossoms.jpg
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Image:PlumBlossom.JPG|Plum blossoms
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Image:Plum flowers.jpg|Plum blossom
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Image:Shiny plum.jpg
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Image:Plum tree.jpg
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Image:Plums in basket.jpg
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Image:Plums in tree.jpg
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Image:Plums early morning.jpg
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Image:Flor del ciruelo.jpg
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Image:Golden Drop.JPG|"'''Golden Drop'''" (yellowgage)Plum from [[Iran]]
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</gallery>
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==References==
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<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
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==See also==
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*[[Fruit trees]]
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*[[Fruit tree forms]]
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*[[Fruit tree propagation]]
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*[[Pruning fruit trees]]
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*[[Pluot]]
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*[[Prune (fruit)]]
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*[[Dietary fiber]]
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==External links==
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{{Sisterlinks|Plum}}
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*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/pram.htm ''Prunus americanum'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
 +
 +
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 +
[[Category:Plants]]
 +
{{credit|Plum|170397991}}

Revision as of 02:34, 26 November 2007

Plum
Plums
Plums
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Prunoideae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus
Species

See text.

A plum or gage is a stone fruit tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, bird cherries, etc) in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds solitary (not clustered), the flowers being grouped 1-5 together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone.

Description

Prunus is a genus of plant in the family Rosaceae. Rosaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants with about 3,400 species, including apples, berries, peaches, plums, cherries, the hawthorn tree, the mountain ash, and many others. The genus Prunus includes the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds. There are around 430 species of Prunus spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe.

The Prunus subgenus, which includes the apricots and plums, is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, bird cherries, etc.) in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds being solitary (not clustered), the flowers being grouped one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone.


Species

The subgenus is divided into three sections:

  • Sect. Prunus (Old World plums). Leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers 1-3 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed.
    • P. cerasifera (cherry plum)
    • Prunus cocomilia
    • Prunus consociiflora"
    • P. domestica (species of most "plums" and "prunes" sold as such)
    • P. insititia
    • P. salicina (Japanese plum)
    • P. simonii
    • P. spinosa (blackthorn or sloe)
  • Sect. Prunocerasus (New World plums). Leaves in bud folded inwards; flowers 3-5 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed.
    • P. alleghaniensis
    • P. americana
    • P. angustifolia
    • P. hortulana
    • P. maritima (beach plum)
    • P. mexicana
    • P. nigra
    • P. orthosepala
    • P. subcordata (Klamath, Oregon, or Sierra plum)
  • Sect. Armeniaca (Apricots). Leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers very short-stalked; fruit velvety. Treated as a distinct subgenus by some authors.
    • P. armeniaca (apricot)
    • P. brigantina
    • P. mume (ume)
    • P. sibirica

Cultivation and uses

Plum and sloe output in 2005
Plums (without pit)
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy 50 kcal   190 kJ
Carbohydrates     11.4 g
- Sugars  9.9 g
- Dietary fibre  1.4 g  
Fat 0.3 g
Protein 0.7 g
Vitamin C  9.5 mg 16%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database

Plum fruit is sweet and juicy and it can be eaten fresh or used in jam-making or other recipes. Plum juice can be fermented into plum wine; when distilled, this produces a brandy known in Eastern Europe as Slivovitz, Rakia, Tzuica or Palinka. Dried plums are known as prunes. Prunes are also sweet and juicy and contain several antioxidants.

Prune marketers in the United States have, in recent years, begun marketing their product as "dried plums", because "prune" has negative connotations connected with elderly people suffering from constipation.

Various flavours of dried plum are available at Chinese grocers and specialty stores worldwide. They tend to be much drier than the standard prune. Cream, Ginsing, Spicy, and Salty are among the common variety flavours. Licorice is generally used to intensify the flavour of these plums and is used to make salty plum drinks and toppings for Shaved Ice or baobing.

Pickled plums are another type of preserve available in Asia and international specialty stores. The Japanese variety, called umeboshi, is often used for rice balls, called "Onigiri" or "Omusubi". The ume, from which umeboshi are made, is however more closely related to the apricot than to the plum.

Prune kernel oil is made from the fleshy inner part of the pit of the plum.

Plums come in a wide variety of colours and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin colour.

Plums and prunes are known for their laxative effect. This effect has been attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as dietary fiber, sorbitol,[1] and isatin.[2] Prunes and prune juice are often used to help regulate the functioning of the digestive system.

Plums

Plum cultivars in use today include:

  • Damson, or Damask Plum
  • Greengage, or greengage plum (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
  • Mirabelle (a dark yellow plum predominantly grown in northeast France)
  • Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin)
  • Golden or yellowgage plum (like the greengage, but yellow)

When it flowers in the early spring, a plum tree will be covered in blossom, and in a good year approximately 50% of the flowers will be pollinated and become plums. Flowering starts after 80 growing degree days.

If the weather is too dry the plums will not develop past a certain stage, but will fall from the tree while still tiny green buds, and if it is unseasonably wet or if the plums are not harvested as soon as they are ripe, the fruit may develop a fungal condition called brown rot. Brown rot is not toxic, and very small affected areas can be cut out of the fruit, but unless the rot is caught immediately the fruit will no longer be edible. Plum is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera including November Moth, Willow Beauty and Short-cloaked Moth.

The plum (Serbian: шљива / šljiva) and the alcoholic drink slivovitz (Serbian: шљивовица / šljivovica) are both very popular in Serbia, where plum production averages 424,300 tonnes per year; FAO 1991–2001.

A large number of plums are also grown in Hungary where they are called szilva and are used to make lekvar, a plum paste jam, palinka a slivovitz-type liquor, plum dumplings, and other foods. The region which produces the best and most plums is Szabolcs-Szatmár in the northeastern part of the country near the borders with Ukraine and Romania.

The mei blossom (Prunus mume), along with the peony, are considered traditional floral emblems of China. On June 21 1964, the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China officially designated the mei blossom to be its national flower, with the triple grouping of stamens (one long and two short) representing the Three Principles of the People and the five petals symbolizing the five branches of the ROC government [1]. The designation, repeats a previous statement by the ROC government in 1929 [2].

In Taiwan the plum has been increasingly used as the national emblem of the Republic of China, as the 12-ray sun originated from the Kuomintang party flag.

The mei blossom is also the floral symbol of the ancient Chinese city Nanjing, which served as the former capital (and remained designated as the official capital) of the Republic of China.

Etymology

The fruit Prunus armeniaca gained its name from the beliefs of Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian and scientist of the 1st century, who maintained that the apricot was a kind of a plum, and had originally come from Armenia.[3] Armenian sources support their claims by referring to a 6,000-year-old apricot pit found in an archaeological site near Yerevan.[3] Other historians point that Mesopotamia as a clue to the Latin name. Apricots were cultivated in Mesopotamia, and it was known as armanu in the Akkadian language.

  • Prunus domestica

  • Prunus domestica

  • Bluebyrd plum

  • Plum (variety Tucker) - watercolor 1894

  • Plum (variety Pacific Prune) - watercolor 1893

  • Plum blossoming.jpg
  • Plum blossoms.jpg

  • Plum blossoms

  • Plum blossom

  • Shiny plum.jpg
  • Plum tree.jpg
  • Plums in basket.jpg
  • Plums in tree.jpg
  • Plums early morning.jpg
  • Flor del ciruelo.jpg

  • "Golden Drop" (yellowgage)Plum from Iran

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. ↑ M. Roach, The power of prunes (1999)
  2. ↑ Innvista article on plums
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood

See also

  • Fruit trees
  • Fruit tree forms
  • Fruit tree propagation
  • Pruning fruit trees
  • Pluot
  • Prune (fruit)
  • Dietary fiber

External links

Credits

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