Difference between revisions of "Paul Ricoeur" - New World Encyclopedia

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'''Paul Ricœur''' ([[February 27]], [[1913]] [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]] [[France]] – [[May 20]], [[2005]] [[Chatenay Malabry]] [[France]]) was a [[French people|French]] [[philosopher]]  best known for combining [[phenomenology|phenomenological]] description with [[hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] interpretation.  As such, he is connected to two other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]].
+
'''Paul Ricœur''' ([[February 27]], 1913 [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]] [[France]] – [[May 20]], 2005 [[Chatenay Malabry]] [[France]]) was a [[French people|French]] [[philosopher]]  best known for combining [[phenomenology|phenomenological]] description with [[hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] interpretation.  As such, he is connected to two other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]].
  
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
 
Ricœur was born in a devout [[Protestant]] family, making him a member of a religious minority in [[Catholic]] [[France]]. At the same time, his faith was an advantage; the [[anti-clericalism]] prevalent in French academic life would have ruled out the splendid career he had, had he been a French [[Roman Catholic]] thinker of the same stature.
 
Ricœur was born in a devout [[Protestant]] family, making him a member of a religious minority in [[Catholic]] [[France]]. At the same time, his faith was an advantage; the [[anti-clericalism]] prevalent in French academic life would have ruled out the splendid career he had, had he been a French [[Roman Catholic]] thinker of the same stature.
  
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Ricoeur's father died in a 1915 [[World War I]] battle when Ricœur was only two years old. He was raised by an aunt in [[Rennes]] with a small [[stipend]] afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur was bookish and intellectually precocious, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study. Ricœur received his ''license'' in [[1933]] from the [[University of Rennes]] and began studying philosophy at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in 1934, where he was influenced by [[Gabriel Marcel]]. In [[1935]], he was awarded the [[agrégation]] in philosophy, with the second highest mark in the nation and presaging a bright future.
+
Ricoeur's father died in a 1915 [[World War I]] battle when Ricœur was only two years old. He was raised by an aunt in [[Rennes]] with a small [[stipend]] afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur was bookish and intellectually precocious, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study. Ricœur received his ''license'' in 1933 from the [[University of Rennes]] and began studying philosophy at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in 1934, where he was influenced by [[Gabriel Marcel]]. In 1935, he was awarded the [[agrégation]] in philosophy, with the second highest mark in the nation and presaging a bright future.
  
 
[[World War II|WWII]] interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as [[Mikel Dufrenne]] who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the [[Vichy]] government. During this time he read [[Karl Jaspers]], who was to have a great influence on him. He also began a translation of [[Edmund Husserl]]'s ''Ideas I''.
 
[[World War II|WWII]] interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as [[Mikel Dufrenne]] who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the [[Vichy]] government. During this time he read [[Karl Jaspers]], who was to have a great influence on him. He also began a translation of [[Edmund Husserl]]'s ''Ideas I''.
  
−
Ricœur taught at the [[University of Strasbourg]] [[1948-56, the only French university with a Protestant faculty of theology. In [[1950]] he received his doctorate submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a "minor" thesis translating Husserl's ''Ideas I'' into French for the first time, with commentary, and a "major" thesis that he would later publish as ''Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire''. Ricœur soon acquired a reputation as an expert on [[phenomenology]], whose popularity in France had begun during the 1930s and increased during and after the war, thanks to the work of [[Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Emmanuel Levinas]].
+
Ricœur taught at the [[University of Strasbourg]] [[1948-56, the only French university with a Protestant faculty of theology. In 1950 he received his doctorate submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a "minor" thesis translating Husserl's ''Ideas I'' into French for the first time, with commentary, and a "major" thesis that he would later publish as ''Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire''. Ricœur soon acquired a reputation as an expert on [[phenomenology]], whose popularity in France had begun during the 1930s and increased during and after the war, thanks to the work of [[Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Emmanuel Levinas]].
  
−
In [[1956]] Ricœur took up a position at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's emergence as one of France's most prominent philosophers. While at the Sorbonne, he wrote ''Fallible Man'' and ''The Symbolism of Evil'' published in 1960, and ''Freud and Philosophy: Essays on Interpretation'' published in 1965. These works cemented his reputation.
+
In 1956 Ricœur took up a position at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's emergence as one of France's most prominent philosophers. While at the Sorbonne, he wrote ''Fallible Man'' and ''The Symbolism of Evil'' published in 1960, and ''Freud and Philosophy: Essays on Interpretation'' published in 1965. These works cemented his reputation.
  
−
From [[1965]] to [[1970]], Ricœur was an administrator at the newly founded [[University of Nanterre]] in suburban Paris. Nanterre was intended an experiment in progressive education, and Ricœur hoped that here he could create a university in accordance with his vision, free of the stifling atmosphere of the tradition-bound Sorbonne and its overcrowded classes. Nevertheless, Nanterre became a hotbed of protest during the student uprisings of [[May 1968]]. Ricœur was assaulted by a student mob, and derided as an "old clown" and tool of the French government.  
+
From 1965 to 1970, Ricœur was an administrator at the newly founded [[University of Nanterre]] in suburban Paris. Nanterre was intended an experiment in progressive education, and Ricœur hoped that here he could create a university in accordance with his vision, free of the stifling atmosphere of the tradition-bound Sorbonne and its overcrowded classes. Nevertheless, Nanterre became a hotbed of protest during the student uprisings of [[May 1968]]. Ricœur was assaulted by a student mob, and derided as an "old clown" and tool of the French government.  
  
 
Disenchanted with French academic life, Ricœur taught briefly at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium, before taking a position at the Divinity School of the [[University of Chicago]], where he taught 1970-85. Thus Ricœur belatedly discovered American philosophy and social science, becoming one of the few intellectuals well acquainted with all three intellectual scenes: French, German, and Anglo-American. This culminated in his ''The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning of Language'' published in 1975 and the three-volume ''Time and Narrative'' published in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Ricoeur gave the Gifford Lectures in 1985-86, published in 1992 as ''Oneself as Another''. This work built on his discussion of narrative identity and his continuing interest in the self.
 
Disenchanted with French academic life, Ricœur taught briefly at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium, before taking a position at the Divinity School of the [[University of Chicago]], where he taught 1970-85. Thus Ricœur belatedly discovered American philosophy and social science, becoming one of the few intellectuals well acquainted with all three intellectual scenes: French, German, and Anglo-American. This culminated in his ''The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning of Language'' published in 1975 and the three-volume ''Time and Narrative'' published in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Ricoeur gave the Gifford Lectures in 1985-86, published in 1992 as ''Oneself as Another''. This work built on his discussion of narrative identity and his continuing interest in the self.

Revision as of 02:34, 24 January 2007

Western Philosophers
20th-century philosophy
Ricoeur paul.jpg
Name: Paul Ricoeur
Birth: February 27, 1913
Death: May 20, 2005
School/tradition: Phenomenology
Main interests
phenomenology, metaphysics, perception, epistemology
Notable ideas
combining the hermeneutical method with that of phenomenology
Influences Influenced
Heidegger, Gadamer, Kant

Paul Ricœur (February 27, 1913 Valence France – May 20, 2005 Chatenay Malabry France) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. As such, he is connected to two other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer.

Biography

Ricœur was born in a devout Protestant family, making him a member of a religious minority in Catholic France. At the same time, his faith was an advantage; the anti-clericalism prevalent in French academic life would have ruled out the splendid career he had, had he been a French Roman Catholic thinker of the same stature.

Ricoeur's father died in a 1915 World War I battle when Ricœur was only two years old. He was raised by an aunt in Rennes with a small stipend afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur was bookish and intellectually precocious, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study. Ricœur received his license in 1933 from the University of Rennes and began studying philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1934, where he was influenced by Gabriel Marcel. In 1935, he was awarded the agrégation in philosophy, with the second highest mark in the nation and presaging a bright future.

WWII interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as Mikel Dufrenne who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the Vichy government. During this time he read Karl Jaspers, who was to have a great influence on him. He also began a translation of Edmund Husserl's Ideas I.

Ricœur taught at the University of Strasbourg [[1948-56, the only French university with a Protestant faculty of theology. In 1950 he received his doctorate submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a "minor" thesis translating Husserl's Ideas I into French for the first time, with commentary, and a "major" thesis that he would later publish as Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire. Ricœur soon acquired a reputation as an expert on phenomenology, whose popularity in France had begun during the 1930s and increased during and after the war, thanks to the work of Merleau-Ponty and Emmanuel Levinas.

In 1956 Ricœur took up a position at the Sorbonne as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's emergence as one of France's most prominent philosophers. While at the Sorbonne, he wrote Fallible Man and The Symbolism of Evil published in 1960, and Freud and Philosophy: Essays on Interpretation published in 1965. These works cemented his reputation.

From 1965 to 1970, Ricœur was an administrator at the newly founded University of Nanterre in suburban Paris. Nanterre was intended an experiment in progressive education, and Ricœur hoped that here he could create a university in accordance with his vision, free of the stifling atmosphere of the tradition-bound Sorbonne and its overcrowded classes. Nevertheless, Nanterre became a hotbed of protest during the student uprisings of May 1968. Ricœur was assaulted by a student mob, and derided as an "old clown" and tool of the French government.

Disenchanted with French academic life, Ricœur taught briefly at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium, before taking a position at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, where he taught 1970-85. Thus Ricœur belatedly discovered American philosophy and social science, becoming one of the few intellectuals well acquainted with all three intellectual scenes: French, German, and Anglo-American. This culminated in his The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning of Language published in 1975 and the three-volume Time and Narrative published in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Ricoeur gave the Gifford Lectures in 1985-86, published in 1992 as Oneself as Another. This work built on his discussion of narrative identity and his continuing interest in the self.

Thanks to Time and Narrative, Ricœur returned to France in 1985 as an intellectual superstar. His late work was characterised by a continuing cross-cutting of national intellectual traditions; for example, some of his latest writing engaged the thought of the American political philosopher John Rawls.

On November 29, 2004, he was awarded with the second John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences (shared with Jaroslav Pelikan).

Paul Ricœur died in his house of natural causes. French Prime Minister Jean Pierre Raffarin declared that "the humanist European tradition is in mourning for one of its most talented exponents".

Bibliography

  • Gabriel Marcel and Karl Jaspers. Philosophie du mystère et philosophie du paradoxe. Paris: Temps Présent, 1948.
  • Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary, trans. Erazim Kohak. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966 (1950).
  • History and Truth, trans. Charles A. Kelbley. Evanston: Northwestern University press. 1965 (1955).
  • Fallible Man, trans. with an introduction by Walter J. Lowe, New York: Fordham University Press, 1986 (1960).
  • The Symbolism of Evil, trans. Emerson Buchanan. New York: Harper and Row, 1967 (1960).
  • Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, trans. Denis Savage. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970 (1965).
  • The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics, ed. Don Ihde, trans. Willis Domingo et al. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974 (1969).
  • Political and Social Essays, ed. David Stewart and Joseph Bien, trans. Donald Stewart et al. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1974.
  • The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978 (1975).
  • Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Fort Worth: Texas Christian Press, 1976.
  • The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur: An Anthology of his Work, ed. Charles E. Reagan and David Stewart. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.
  • Theology after Ricœur, Dan Stiver, Westminster: John Knox Press
  • Essays on Biblical Interpretation (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980)
  • Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation, ed., trans. John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
  • Time and Narrative (Temps et Récit), 3 vols. trans. Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, 1985, 1988 (1983, 1984, 1985).
  • Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, ed., trans. George H. Taylor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
  • From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics II, trans. Kathleen Blamey and John B. Thompson. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1991 (1986).
  • À l'école de la philosophie. Paris: J. Vrin, 1986.
  • Le mal: Un défi à la philosophie et à la théologie. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1986.
  • Oneself as Another (Soi-même comme un autre), trans. Kathleen Blamey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 (1990).
  • A Ricœur Reader: Reflection and Imagination, ed. Mario J. Valdes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
  • Lectures I: Autour du politique. Paris: Seuil, 1991.
  • Lectures II: La Contrée des philosophes. Paris: Seuil, 1992.
  • Lectures III: Aux frontières de la philosophie. Paris: Seuil, 1994.
  • The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur, ed. Lewis E. Hahn (The Library of Living Philosophers 22) (Chicago; La Salle: Open Court, 1995)
  • The Just, trans. David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 (1995).
  • Critique and Conviction, trans. Kathleen Blamey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998 (1995).
  • La mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli. Paris: Seuil, 2000.
  • Le Juste II. Paris: Esprit, 2001.

Further reading

  • Pamela Sue Anderson, 1993. Ricœur and Kant: philosophy of the will. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  • Bernard P. Dauenhauer, 1998. Paul Ricœur: The Promise and Risk of Politics. Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • François Dosse, 1997. Paul Ricœur: Les Sens d'une Vie. Paris: La Découverte.
  • Don Idhe, 1971. Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur. Northwestern University Press.
  • David M. Kaplan, 2003. Ricœur's Critical Theory. SUNY Press.
  • Richard Kearney, 2004. On Paul Ricœur: The Owl of Minerva. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Gregory J. Laughery, 2002. Living Hermeneutics in Motion: An Analysis and Evaluation of Paul Ricoeur's Contribution to Biblical Hermeneutics. Lanham: University Press of America.
  • Charles E. Reagan, 1996. Paul Ricœur: His Life and Work. University of Chicago Press.
  • Karl Simms, 2002. Paul Ricœur, Routledge Critical Thinkers. Routledge Press.

See also

External links

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