Holmes, Oliver Wendell Sr.

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'''Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.''', (August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894) was a [[physician]] by profession but achieved fame as a [[writer]]; he was one of the best regarded [[United States|American]] poets of the nineteenth century. Holmes was a member of the [[Fireside Poets]], a group of American poets that were among the first to rival their British counterparts.
  
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'''Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.''', (August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894) was a [[physician]] by profession but achieved fame as a [[writer]]; he was one of the best regarded [[United States|American]] poets of the 19th century.
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One of the United States' most popular nineteenth century poets, his works include the poem "Old Ironsides" and the collection of essays and poems, "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." The latter displays his "Yankee ingenuity" and [[wisdom]] and places Holmes in the traditions leading back to the founding spirit of the country.
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Holmes also made some interesting scientific observations particularly on the role of poor [[sanitation]] in hospitals and the incidence of infectious diseases.  
  
 
==Life and career==
 
==Life and career==
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Oliver was born at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], on August 29, 1809, in a home near [[Harvard Yard]] where it was said the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] was planned.<ref>Sullivan, Wilson. ''New England Men of Letters''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972: 226. ISBN 0027886808</ref> His father was [[Abiel Holmes]] (1763-1837), a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] clergyman and avid historian who had authored ''Annals of America'', a critically praised work for which he was granted an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. His mother was Abiel Holmes's second wife, Sarah Wendell, of a prominent New York family. Through her, Dr. Holmes was descended from Massachusetts Governors [[Thomas Dudley]] and [[Simon Bradstreet]] and his wife, Dudley's daughter, [[Anne Bradstreet]], the first published American female poet. In 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson, daughter of the [[Charles Jackson (jurist)|Hon. Charles Jackson]] (1775-1855), formerly Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Their son was the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] hero and American jurist [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]]  
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Oliver was born at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], on August 29, 1809, in a home near [[Harvard Yard]] where it was said the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] was planned.<ref>Wilson Sullivan. ''New England Men of Letters.'' (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972) 226. ISBN 0027886808</ref> His father was [[Abiel Holmes]] (1763-1837), a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] clergyman and avid historian who had authored ''Annals of America,'' a critically praised work for which he was granted an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. His mother was Abiel Holmes's second wife, Sarah Wendell, of a prominent New York family. Through her, Dr. Holmes was descended from Massachusetts Governors [[Thomas Dudley]] and [[Simon Bradstreet]] and his wife, Dudley's daughter, [[Anne Bradstreet]], the first published American female poet. In 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson, daughter of the [[Charles Jackson (jurist)|Hon. Charles Jackson]] (1775-1855), formerly Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Their son was the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] hero and American jurist [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]]  
  
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[[Image:Oliver Wendell Holmes.jpg|thumb|left|A young Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]]
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[[Image:Oliver Wendell Holmes.jpg|thumb|left|A young Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]]
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He was educated at [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], [[Massachusetts]], and at [[Harvard College]]. In 1833 Holmes attended the famed ''École de Médecine'' in [[Paris]]. He pursued his medical studies in the Parisian hospital system, popularly viewed as the birthplace of modern medicine and the modern style of medical education<ref>Waddington, Ivan. "The Role of the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis" in ''Sociology'', 7(2), pp. 211-224.</ref>, at institutions such as ''La Charité'' and ''La Pitié Salpêtrière''. Holmes was a student of Dr. [[Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis]], who demonstrated the ineffectiveness of [[bloodletting]] as a treatment for [[fevers]] and other disorders, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity.<ref>Louis' findings on the subject were published as ''Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires'' ''(Research on the effects of bloodletting on several inflammatory disorders)''.</ref><ref>[http://rci.rutgers.edu/%7Ewcd/owhweb.html Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris]</ref> Dr. Louis was one of the fathers of the ''méthode expectante'', the therapeutic doctrine claiming that the physician's role was only to assist nature as it healed. Upon his return to Boston, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. became one of leading proponents of the ''méthode expectante'' in America.<ref>Dowling, William C. '' Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table'' University Press of New England: Hanover (2006)</ref>. Holmes' M.D. was ultimately granted from Harvard, where he would later become Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. He also served on the faculty of [[Dartmouth Medical School]] from 1838 to 1840.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/history/history2.shtml | title = Two Hundred Years of Medicine at Dartmouth | first = Barbara | last = Blough | coauthors = Dana Cook Grossman | publisher = Dartmouth Medical School | accessdate = 2007-12-21 }}</ref>
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He was educated at [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], [[Massachusetts]], and at [[Harvard College]]. In 1833 Holmes attended the famed ''École de Médecine'' in [[Paris]]. He pursued his medical studies in the Parisian hospital system, popularly viewed as the birthplace of modern medicine and the modern style of medical education<ref>Ivan Waddington, "The Role of the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis" in ''Sociology'' 7(2): 211-224.</ref>, at institutions such as ''La Charité'' and ''La Pitié Salpêtrière.'' Holmes was a student of Dr. [[Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis]], who demonstrated the ineffectiveness of [[bloodletting]] as a treatment for [[fever]]s and other disorders, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity.<ref>Louis' findings on the subject were published as ''Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires'' ''(Research on the effects of bloodletting on several inflammatory disorders).''</ref><ref>[http://rci.rutgers.edu/%7Ewcd/owhweb.html Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris]''rutgers university''. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref> Dr. Louis was one of the fathers of the ''méthode expectante,'' the therapeutic doctrine claiming that the physician's role was only to assist [[nature]] as it healed. Upon his return to [[Boston]], Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. became one of leading proponents of the ''méthode expectante'' in America.<ref>William C. Dowling. ''Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.'' (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2006)</ref>. Holmes' M.D. degree was ultimately granted from [[Harvard]], where he would later become Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. He also served on the faculty of [[Dartmouth Medical School]] from 1838 to 1840.<ref>Barbara Blough and Dana Cook Grossman, [http://dms.dartmouth.edu/about/history/history2.shtml Two Hundred Years of Medicine at Dartmouth] ''Dartmouth Medical School''. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref>
  
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He first attained national prominence with his poem ''[[Wikisource: Old Ironsides|Old Ironsides]]'' about the 18th century frigate [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], which was to be broken up for scrap; the poem generated public sentiment that resulted in the preservation of the historic ship as a monument. One of his most popular works was ''[[The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table]]''. He was one of the five members of the group known as the [[Fireside Poets]]. He contributed poems and essays to the ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' from its inception, and also published novels. Holmes is also known for his writing of several religious-themed hymns. <ref>[http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/h/o/l/holmes_ow.htm Collection of works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]</ref>
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He first attained national prominence with his poem ''[[Wikisource: Old Ironsides|Old Ironsides]]'' about the eighteenth century frigate [[USS Constitution|USS ''Constitution'']], which was to be broken up for scrap; the poem generated public sentiment that resulted in the preservation of the historic ship as a monument. One of his most popular works was ''[[The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table]]''. He was one of the five members of the group known as the [[Fireside Poets]]. He contributed poems and essays to the ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' from its inception, and also published novels. Holmes is also known for his writing of several religious-themed hymns.<ref> Collection of works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.</ref>
  
 
===The Fireside Poets===
 
===The Fireside Poets===
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The '''Fireside Poets''' (also known as the '''Schoolroom''' or '''Household Poets''')<ref>[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5654 Poets.org]</ref> were a group of 19th-century [[American poet]]s from [[New England]]. The group is typically thought to comprise [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[William Cullen Bryant]], [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and Holmes,<ref>Heymann, C. David. ''American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell''. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980: 91. ISBN 0396076084</ref> who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of [[British poetry|British poets]], both at home and abroad. The name "Fireside Poets" is derived from that popularity: The Fireside Poets' general adherence to poetic convention—standard [[Poetry#Terms|form]]s, regular [[Meter (poetry)|meter]], and [[rhyme|rhymed]] [[stanza]]s—made their body of work particularly suitable for [[memorization]] and [[recitation]] in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire. The poets' primary subjects were the domestic life, [[mythology]], and [[politics]] of America, in which several of the poets were directly involved.
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The '''Fireside Poets''' (also known as the '''Schoolroom''' or '''Household Poets''')<ref>[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5654 Poets.org]''poets.org''. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref> were a group of nineteenth-century [[American poet]]s from [[New England]]. The group is typically thought to comprise [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[William Cullen Bryant]], [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and Holmes,<ref>C. David Heymann. ''American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell.'' (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980), 91. ISBN 0396076084</ref> who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of [[British poetry|British poets]], both at home and abroad. The name "Fireside Poets" is derived from that popularity: The Fireside Poets' general adherence to poetic convention—standard [[Poetry#Terms|form]]s, regular [[Meter (poetry)|meter]], and [[rhyme|rhymed]] [[stanza]]s—made their body of work particularly suitable for [[memorization]] and [[recitation]] in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire. The poets' primary subjects were the domestic life, [[mythology]], and [[politics]] of America, in which several of the poets were directly involved.
  
 
===Medical achievements===
 
===Medical achievements===
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In 1843, Holmes published ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' which argued that [[puerperal fever]], a deadly disease of women giving birth, was frequently carried from patient to patient by physicians and nurses.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/38/5/ The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever]</ref> A few years later, [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in chlorine solution before assisting at delivery) would lower the puerperal mortality rate considerably. Holmes, seeing more clearly than Semmelweis that something like microbial action must be involved was altogether more radical. A physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, wrote Holmes, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for a period of at least six months. His famous essay was an uncanny anticipation of [[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur's]] discovery of the [[germ theory]] of disease later in the century.
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In 1843, Holmes published ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' which argued that [[puerperal fever]], a deadly disease of women giving birth, was frequently carried from patient to patient by physicians and nurses.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/38/5/ The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever] Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref> A few years later, [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in [[chlorine]] solution before assisting at delivery) would lower the puerperal mortality rate considerably. Holmes, seeing more clearly than Semmelweis that something like microbial action must be involved was altogether more radical. A physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, wrote Holmes, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for a period of at least six months. His famous essay was an uncanny anticipation of [[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur's]] discovery of the [[germ theory]] of disease later in the century.
  
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Holmes's essay had a major impact. Though it largely escaped notice when published as an article in a Boston medical journal, it commanded a great deal of attention it reappeared as a book several years later, on the occasion of an attack on Holmes by two famous professors of obstetrics who denied his theory of contagion. Republished with a new and powerfully written introduction by Holmes, "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" then became a center of controversy on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. By the 1860s, as Holmes himself would remark in "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," both American and British physicians had come to understand that a physician or midwife who assisted at puerperal fever case must cease obstetric practice until the threat of contagion was past. In New England, where Holmes's arguments had their earliest and most pronounced influence, the death rate from puerperal fever dropped dramatically.
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Holmes's essay had a major impact. Though it largely escaped notice when published as an article in a Boston medical journal, it commanded a great deal of attention when it reappeared as a book several years later, on the occasion of an attack on Holmes by two famous professors of obstetrics who denied his theory of contagion. Republished with a new and powerfully written introduction by Holmes, "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" then became a center of controversy on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. By the 1860s, as Holmes himself would remark in "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," both American and British physicians had come to understand that a physician or midwife who assisted at puerperal fever case must cease obstetric practice until the threat of contagion was past. In New England, where Holmes's arguments had their earliest and most pronounced influence, the death rate from puerperal fever dropped dramatically.
  
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In 1846, in a letter to [[William T. G. Morton]], the [[dentist]] who was the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of [[diethyl ether|ether]] during [[surgery]], Holmes [[word coinage|coin]]ed the word ''[[anesthesia]]''.
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In 1846, in a letter to [[William T. G. Morton]], the [[dentist]] who was the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of [[diethyl ether|ether]] during [[surgery]], Holmes [[word coinage|coin]]ed the word ''[[anesthesia]].''  
  
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Holmes was a vocal critic of [[homeopathy]]. In 1842 he published an essay ''Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions''<ref>{{cite book|title=Homœopathy, and its Kindred Delusions; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge.| first=Oliver Wendell |last=Holmes |location=[[Boston, MA]] |publisher=William D. Ticknor |year=1842 |oclc=166600876}} Found online at,{{cite web|url=http://homeoint.org/cazalet/holmes/index.htm |title=Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions |accessdate=2007-07-25 |last=Holmes |first=Oliver Wendell}}</ref> in which he denounced the practice.  
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Holmes was a vocal critic of [[homeopathy]]. In 1842 he published an essay ''Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions''<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes. ''Homeopathy, and its Kindred Delusions; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge.'' (Boston, MA: William D. Ticknor, 1842.) online [http://homeoint.org/cazalet/holmes/index.htm Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions] by Oliver Wendell Holmes. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref> in which he denounced the practice.
  
 
===Death===
 
===Death===
 
[[Image:OliverWendellHolmesGrave.jpg|thumb|Grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.]]
 
[[Image:OliverWendellHolmesGrave.jpg|thumb|Grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.]]
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Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894.<ref>Sullivan, Wilson. ''New England Men of Letters''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972: 242. ISBN 0027886808</ref> He is buried in [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894.<ref>Sullivan, 242 </ref> He is buried in [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
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Dr. Holmes developed the popular model of the [[stereoscope]], a 19th century entertainment in which pictures were viewed in 3-D. He was widely known and admired during his life. The noted Sherlockian Michael Harrison conjectured that the British author [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] drew one inspiration for his famous fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] from a real-life self-described "consulting detective" named [[Wendel Scherer]] changing "Scherer" to "Sherlock" and "Wendel" to "Holmes" by association with Oliver Wendell Holmes.<Ref>Michael Harrison, A Study in Surmise, Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, February 1971, p. 59.</Ref> For many years, [[Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman]] was his private secretary.  
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Dr. Holmes developed the popular model of the [[stereoscope]], a nineteenth century [[entertainment]] in which two identical pictures were viewed in 3-D. He was widely known and admired during his life. The noted Sherlockian Michael Harrison conjectured that the British author [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] drew one inspiration for his famous fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] from a real-life self-described "consulting detective" named [[Wendel Scherer]] changing "Scherer" to "Sherlock" and "Wendel" to "Holmes" by association with Oliver Wendell Holmes.<Ref>Michael Harrison, "A Study in Surmise," ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'' (February 1971): 59.</Ref> For many years, [[Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman]] was his private secretary.  
  
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There is a frequently repeated story about Dr. Holmes, but not always mentioning him by name. While awakening from ether induced unconsciousness, he strongly believed he had discovered the key to all the mysteries of the universe. He wrote down the secret, but when his head had cleared he found he'd written "A strong smell of turpentine prevails throughout."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799218,00.html Laybourn, G. P. Jr., It's Turpentine, Time Magazine, Oct. 04, 1948 (Letters)]</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799074-2,00.html The Consolations of Philosophy, Time Magazine, Aug. 30, 1948]</ref><ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell ''Mechanism in Thought and Morals'', Sampson Low, Son, and Marston: London (1871) p. 55.</ref>
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There is a frequently repeated story about Dr. Holmes, but not always mentioning him by name. While awakening from ether induced unconsciousness, he strongly believed he had discovered the key to all the mysteries of the universe. He wrote down the secret, but when his head had cleared he found he'd written "A strong smell of turpentine prevails throughout."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799218,00.html Laybourn, G. P. Jr., It's Turpentine, TIME Magazine, Oct. 04, 1948 (Letters)] Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799074-2,00.html The Consolations of Philosophy, TIME Magazine, Aug. 30, 1948] Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref><ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes. ''Mechanism in Thought and Morals.'' (London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1871), 55. online [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=mHUIAAAAIAAJ&dq=Mechanism+in+Thought+and+Morals&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=l29ZCskXRG&sig=ibE9mAtXp1yiY_ngzCJsKsBr7xs&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA5,M1] ''googlebooks.com''. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref>
  
 
The school library of [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]] is Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, or the OWHL.
 
The school library of [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]] is Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, or the OWHL.
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Holmes shared with his fellow Americans a bias towards the Indians. "''…the white man hates him [the Indian], and hunts him down like the wild beasts of the forest, and so the red-crayon sketch is rubbed out, and the canvas is ready for a picture of manhood a little more like God's own image.''"<ref>Thomas F. Gossett. ''Race: the History of an Idea in America.'' (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), 243.</ref>
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Holmes was the father of American [[Supreme Court]] jurist [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]]
  
 
==Quotations==
 
==Quotations==
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* "''A pun does not commonly justify a blow in return. But if a blow were given for such cause, and death ensued, the jury would be judges both of the facts and of the pun, and might, if the latter were of an aggravated character, return a verdict of justifiable homicide.''"
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* "''Every now and then a man's mind is stretched by a new idea or sensation, and never shrinks back to its former dimensions.''"<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1858) ''The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,'' Boston: The Atlantic Monthly.</ref>
 
* "''Every now and then a man's mind is stretched by a new idea or sensation, and never shrinks back to its former dimensions.''"<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1858) ''The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table,'' Boston: The Atlantic Monthly.</ref>
 
* "''Time, time only, can gradually wean us from our [[Epeolatry]], or word-worship, by spiritualizing our ideas of the thing signified.''"<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1860) ''The Professor at the Breakfast Table''</ref>
 
* "''Time, time only, can gradually wean us from our [[Epeolatry]], or word-worship, by spiritualizing our ideas of the thing signified.''"<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1860) ''The Professor at the Breakfast Table''</ref>
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*"''Nothing is so common-place as to wish to be remarkable.''"
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*"''If the whole [[materia medica]], as now used, could be sunk to the bottom of the sea, it would be so much the better for mankind&ndash;and all the worse for the fishes''"<ref>John H Warner, ''The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1828-1885'', Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986, pages 28, 33.</ref>
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*"''Knowledge and timber shouldn't be much used till they are seasoned.''"
 
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*"''if the whole [[materia medica]], as now used, could be sunk to the bottom of the sea, it would be so much the better for mankind – and all the worse for the fishes''"<ref>John H Warner, ''The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1828-1885'', Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986, pages 28, 33.</ref>
 
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* "''...the white man hates him [the Indian], and hunts him down like the wild beasts of the forest, and so the red-crayon sketch is rubbed out, and the canvas is ready for a picture of manhood a little more like God's own image.''"<ref>Thomas F. Gossett (1963) Race: the History of an Idea in America (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press). 243.</ref>
 
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*"''Gentlemen, damn the [[sphenoid bone]]!''"<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~djwrenne/index.html Human Anatomy Reference Center, Quotable Quotes in Anatomy]</ref> (Uncertain. James Rushmore Wood was identified as long ago as 1912 as saying this.<ref>[[Howard Atwood Kelly|Kelly, Howard A.]] "A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography." Philadelphia: Saunders, 1912. vol2, p526. (Available on Google Books)</ref>)
 
  
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== References ==
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== Notes ==
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{{reflist}}
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All links Retrieved September 19, 2008.
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<references/>
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==References==
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*Dowling, William C. ''Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.'' University Press of New England: Hanover, 2006. ISBN 9781584655794
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*Gossett, Thomas F. ''Race: the History of an Idea in America.'' Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963.
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*Harrison, Michael, "A Study in Surmise," ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'' (February 1971): 59.
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*Heymann, C. David. ''American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell.'' New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980. ISBN 0396076084
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*Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1842). ''Homœopathy, and its Kindred Delusions''; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. Boston, MA: William D. Ticknor. OCLC 166600876.
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*Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr.  "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," Boston: ''The Atlantic Monthly'' (1858) ISSN 1072-7825
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*Sullivan, Wilson. ''New England Men of Letters.'' New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972. ISBN 0027886808
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*Waddington, Ivan, "The Role of the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis." ''Sociology'' 7(2): 211-224.
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*Warner, John H. ''The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1828-1885.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986. ISBN 9780674883307
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{commonscat}}
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All links retrieved November 17, 2022.
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{{wikiquote}}
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{{wikisource author|Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.}}
 
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'''Sources'''
 
 
*{{gutenberg author| id=Oliver+Wendell+Holmes+(1809-1894) | name=Oliver Wendell Holmes}}
 
*{{gutenberg author| id=Oliver+Wendell+Holmes+(1809-1894) | name=Oliver Wendell Holmes}}
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*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Aoliver%20wendell%20holmes%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Oliver Wendell Holmes] at [[Internet Archive]]
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*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Aoliver%20wendell%20holmes%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Oliver Wendell Holmes] at Internet Archive
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*[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/163.html Representative Poetry Online: Oliver Wendell Holmes]
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*[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poets/holmes-oliver-wendell Representative Poetry Online: Oliver Wendell Holmes]
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'''Other'''
 
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*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org 11th Edition Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)]
 
 
*[http://www.litquotes.com/quote_author_resp.php?AName=Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes,%20Sr. Quotes by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]
 
*[http://www.litquotes.com/quote_author_resp.php?AName=Oliver%20Wendell%20Holmes,%20Sr. Quotes by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]
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*[http://www.andover.edu/library/libinfo/naut.htm Oliver Wendell Holmes Library]
 
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*[http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~weinstem/OWHindex.html The Imaginative Prose of Oliver Wendell Holmes] by Michael A. Weinstein
 
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*[http://www.transcendentalists.com/holmes.htm The Transcendentalist Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.] a site maintained by Jone Johnson Lewis.
 
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*[http://www.reelyredd.com/usa-0308one-hoss-holmes.htm The Deacon's Masterpiece] The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay: A Logical Story - audio reading
 
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{{Persondata
 
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|NAME=Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr.
 
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Poet, essayist, physician
 
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|DATE OF BIRTH=August 29 1809
 
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
 
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|DATE OF DEATH=October 7 1894
 
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
 
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}}
 
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[[Category:writers and poets]]
 
[[Category:writers and poets]]

Latest revision as of 10:32, 11 March 2023

This article is about the nineteenth century poet. For his son, the American Supreme Court jurist, see Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr..
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr circa 1894.jpg
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. c. 1894
Born August 29 1809(1809-08-29)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Died October 7 1894 (aged 85)
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Occupation Author, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., (August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894) was a physician by profession but achieved fame as a writer; he was one of the best regarded American poets of the nineteenth century. Holmes was a member of the Fireside Poets, a group of American poets that were among the first to rival their British counterparts.

One of the United States' most popular nineteenth century poets, his works include the poem "Old Ironsides" and the collection of essays and poems, "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." The latter displays his "Yankee ingenuity" and wisdom and places Holmes in the traditions leading back to the founding spirit of the country.

Holmes also made some interesting scientific observations particularly on the role of poor sanitation in hospitals and the incidence of infectious diseases.

Life and career

Oliver was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 29, 1809, in a home near Harvard Yard where it was said the Battle of Bunker Hill was planned.[1] His father was Abiel Holmes (1763-1837), a Calvinist clergyman and avid historian who had authored Annals of America, a critically praised work for which he was granted an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. His mother was Abiel Holmes's second wife, Sarah Wendell, of a prominent New York family. Through her, Dr. Holmes was descended from Massachusetts Governors Thomas Dudley and Simon Bradstreet and his wife, Dudley's daughter, Anne Bradstreet, the first published American female poet. In 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson, daughter of the Hon. Charles Jackson (1775-1855), formerly Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Their son was the Civil War hero and American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

A young Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

He was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and at Harvard College. In 1833 Holmes attended the famed École de Médecine in Paris. He pursued his medical studies in the Parisian hospital system, popularly viewed as the birthplace of modern medicine and the modern style of medical education[2], at institutions such as La Charité and La Pitié Salpêtrière. Holmes was a student of Dr. Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis, who demonstrated the ineffectiveness of bloodletting as a treatment for fevers and other disorders, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity.[3][4] Dr. Louis was one of the fathers of the méthode expectante, the therapeutic doctrine claiming that the physician's role was only to assist nature as it healed. Upon his return to Boston, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. became one of leading proponents of the méthode expectante in America.[5]. Holmes' M.D. degree was ultimately granted from Harvard, where he would later become Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. He also served on the faculty of Dartmouth Medical School from 1838 to 1840.[6]

He first attained national prominence with his poem Old Ironsides about the eighteenth century frigate USS Constitution, which was to be broken up for scrap; the poem generated public sentiment that resulted in the preservation of the historic ship as a monument. One of his most popular works was The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. He was one of the five members of the group known as the Fireside Poets. He contributed poems and essays to the Atlantic Monthly from its inception, and also published novels. Holmes is also known for his writing of several religious-themed hymns.[7]

The Fireside Poets

The Fireside Poets (also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets)[8] were a group of nineteenth-century American poets from New England. The group is typically thought to comprise Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Holmes,[9] who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of British poets, both at home and abroad. The name "Fireside Poets" is derived from that popularity: The Fireside Poets' general adherence to poetic convention—standard forms, regular meter, and rhymed stanzas—made their body of work particularly suitable for memorization and recitation in school and also at home, where it was a source of entertainment for families gathered around the fire. The poets' primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of America, in which several of the poets were directly involved.

Medical achievements

In 1843, Holmes published The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever which argued that puerperal fever, a deadly disease of women giving birth, was frequently carried from patient to patient by physicians and nurses.[10] A few years later, Ignaz Semmelweis would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in chlorine solution before assisting at delivery) would lower the puerperal mortality rate considerably. Holmes, seeing more clearly than Semmelweis that something like microbial action must be involved was altogether more radical. A physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, wrote Holmes, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for a period of at least six months. His famous essay was an uncanny anticipation of Pasteur's discovery of the germ theory of disease later in the century.

Holmes's essay had a major impact. Though it largely escaped notice when published as an article in a Boston medical journal, it commanded a great deal of attention when it reappeared as a book several years later, on the occasion of an attack on Holmes by two famous professors of obstetrics who denied his theory of contagion. Republished with a new and powerfully written introduction by Holmes, "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" then became a center of controversy on both sides of the Atlantic. By the 1860s, as Holmes himself would remark in "The Professor at the Breakfast Table," both American and British physicians had come to understand that a physician or midwife who assisted at puerperal fever case must cease obstetric practice until the threat of contagion was past. In New England, where Holmes's arguments had their earliest and most pronounced influence, the death rate from puerperal fever dropped dramatically.

In 1846, in a letter to William T. G. Morton, the dentist who was the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of ether during surgery, Holmes coined the word anesthesia.

Holmes was a vocal critic of homeopathy. In 1842 he published an essay Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions[11] in which he denounced the practice.

Death

Grave of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894.[12] He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy

Dr. Holmes developed the popular model of the stereoscope, a nineteenth century entertainment in which two identical pictures were viewed in 3-D. He was widely known and admired during his life. The noted Sherlockian Michael Harrison conjectured that the British author Arthur Conan Doyle drew one inspiration for his famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes from a real-life self-described "consulting detective" named Wendel Scherer changing "Scherer" to "Sherlock" and "Wendel" to "Holmes" by association with Oliver Wendell Holmes.[13] For many years, Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman was his private secretary.

There is a frequently repeated story about Dr. Holmes, but not always mentioning him by name. While awakening from ether induced unconsciousness, he strongly believed he had discovered the key to all the mysteries of the universe. He wrote down the secret, but when his head had cleared he found he'd written "A strong smell of turpentine prevails throughout."[14][15][16]

The school library of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts is Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, or the OWHL.

Holmes shared with his fellow Americans a bias towards the Indians. "…the white man hates him [the Indian], and hunts him down like the wild beasts of the forest, and so the red-crayon sketch is rubbed out, and the canvas is ready for a picture of manhood a little more like God's own image."[17]

Holmes was the father of American Supreme Court jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Quotations

  • "Every now and then a man's mind is stretched by a new idea or sensation, and never shrinks back to its former dimensions."[18]
  • "Time, time only, can gradually wean us from our Epeolatry, or word-worship, by spiritualizing our ideas of the thing signified."[19]
  • "If the whole materia medica, as now used, could be sunk to the bottom of the sea, it would be so much the better for mankind–and all the worse for the fishes"[20]

Notes

All links Retrieved September 19, 2008.

  1. ↑ Wilson Sullivan. New England Men of Letters. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972) 226. ISBN 0027886808
  2. ↑ Ivan Waddington, "The Role of the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis" in Sociology 7(2): 211-224.
  3. ↑ Louis' findings on the subject were published as Recherches sur les effets de la saignée dans quelques maladies inflammatoires (Research on the effects of bloodletting on several inflammatory disorders).
  4. ↑ Oliver Wendell Holmes in Parisrutgers university. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  5. ↑ William C. Dowling. Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2006)
  6. ↑ Barbara Blough and Dana Cook Grossman, Two Hundred Years of Medicine at Dartmouth Dartmouth Medical School. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  7. ↑ Collection of works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
  8. ↑ Poets.orgpoets.org. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  9. ↑ C. David Heymann. American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell. (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980), 91. ISBN 0396076084
  10. ↑ The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  11. ↑ Oliver Wendell Holmes. Homeopathy, and its Kindred Delusions; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. (Boston, MA: William D. Ticknor, 1842.) online Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions by Oliver Wendell Holmes. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  12. ↑ Sullivan, 242
  13. ↑ Michael Harrison, "A Study in Surmise," Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine (February 1971): 59.
  14. ↑ Laybourn, G. P. Jr., It's Turpentine, TIME Magazine, Oct. 04, 1948 (Letters) Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  15. ↑ The Consolations of Philosophy, TIME Magazine, Aug. 30, 1948 Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  16. ↑ Oliver Wendell Holmes. Mechanism in Thought and Morals. (London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1871), 55. online [1] googlebooks.com. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  17. ↑ Thomas F. Gossett. Race: the History of an Idea in America. (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), 243.
  18. ↑ Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1858) The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, Boston: The Atlantic Monthly.
  19. ↑ Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. (1860) The Professor at the Breakfast Table
  20. ↑ John H Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1828-1885, Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986, pages 28, 33.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Dowling, William C. Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology, and The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. University Press of New England: Hanover, 2006. ISBN 9781584655794
  • Gossett, Thomas F. Race: the History of an Idea in America. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963.
  • Harrison, Michael, "A Study in Surmise," Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine (February 1971): 59.
  • Heymann, C. David. American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980. ISBN 0396076084
  • Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1842). Homœopathy, and its Kindred Delusions; two lectures delivered before the Boston society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. Boston, MA: William D. Ticknor. OCLC 166600876.
  • Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr. "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," Boston: The Atlantic Monthly (1858) ISSN 1072-7825
  • Sullivan, Wilson. New England Men of Letters. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972. ISBN 0027886808
  • Waddington, Ivan, "The Role of the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis." Sociology 7(2): 211-224.
  • Warner, John H. The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1828-1885. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986. ISBN 9780674883307

External links

All links retrieved November 17, 2022.

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