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The success of the Grameen Bank model has inspired similar efforts throughout the developing world and even in industrialized nations, including the United States. The Grameen model of micro financing has been emulated in 23 countries. Many, but not all, microcredit projects also retain its emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 96 percent of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.<ref>Negus, George "Interview with Professor Muhammad Yunus," Australian Broadcasting Corporation World in Focus, 25 March 1997''[http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s400630.htm Interview with Prof. Muhammad Yunus] retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.<ref>"Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize," Asoka Internation, October 13, 2006 [http://www.ashoka.org/node/3798 Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize] retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> | The success of the Grameen Bank model has inspired similar efforts throughout the developing world and even in industrialized nations, including the United States. The Grameen model of micro financing has been emulated in 23 countries. Many, but not all, microcredit projects also retain its emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 96 percent of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.<ref>Negus, George "Interview with Professor Muhammad Yunus," Australian Broadcasting Corporation World in Focus, 25 March 1997''[http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s400630.htm Interview with Prof. Muhammad Yunus] retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.<ref>"Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize," Asoka Internation, October 13, 2006 [http://www.ashoka.org/node/3798 Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize] retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> | ||
| − | ==Nobel | + | ==Nobel Peace Prize== |
| − | Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], along with Grameen Bank, for "their efforts to create economic and social development from below." While some have suggested that Yunus might have been awarded the EconmicsPrize, which carries more weight in some circles as it lacks the political controversy that often clouds the Peace Prize. | + | Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], along with Grameen Bank, for "their efforts to create economic and social development from below." While some have suggested that Yunus might have been awarded the EconmicsPrize, which carries more weight in some circles as it lacks the political controversy that often clouds the Peace Prize. However, recognition that while million in the world remain poor, just societies—which are the necessary foundation for peaceful societies—remain a dream in many parts of the world. Without access to adequate education, as well as freedom from poverty, the quality of civil society upon which democracy stands cannot be formed. Grammen Bank awards about 30,000 scholarships every year enabling children to attend school. |
Award of the Nobel Prize to Muhammad Yunus recognizes that until the world is also a just world, peace will prove difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. Peace, too, is more than an absence of war. Peace involves harmonious relations between humanity and the planet. In awarding the prize, the Norwegian Committee also spoke of building bridges between the West and the Islamic world. | Award of the Nobel Prize to Muhammad Yunus recognizes that until the world is also a just world, peace will prove difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. Peace, too, is more than an absence of war. Peace involves harmonious relations between humanity and the planet. In awarding the prize, the Norwegian Committee also spoke of building bridges between the West and the Islamic world. | ||
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* And more | * And more | ||
| − | Additionally, Prof. Yunus has been awarded 27 [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] degrees (all but one a doctorate), and 15 special awards. The Grameen Bank website includes a <ref>http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/Listofawards.html</ref> list of awards received by Professor Muhammad Yunus. | + | Additionally, Prof. Yunus has been awarded 27 [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] degrees (all but one a doctorate), and 15 special awards. The Grameen Bank website includes a <ref>http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/Listofawards.html Retrieved August 14, 2007.</ref> list of awards received by Professor Muhammad Yunus. |
| − | Former [[United States|U.S.]] president [[William Jefferson Clinton|Bill Clinton]] was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to | + | Former [[United States|U.S.]] president [[William Jefferson Clinton|Bill Clinton]] was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Muhammad Yunus, although he assumed it would be for economics, not peace. He expressed this in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine<ref>Boulden, Jim "The Birth of Micro-credit," CNN March 29 2001[http://edition.cnn.com/BUSINESS/programs/yourbusiness/stories2001/lending/ The birth of micro credit], retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> as well as in his autobiography ''My Life'' <ref>Clinton, Bill'' My Life'', NY: Random House, 1994. ISBN 9781400030033 p 533 "Muhammad Yunus should have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics years ago"</ref>In a speech given at [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 2002, President Clinton described Dr. Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."<ref> "Transcript of Jan 29 2002 talk by former President Bill Clinton," University of California at Berkeley [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/features/2002/clinton/clinton-transcript.html President Clinton's Talk at University of California, Berkeley] retrieved 17 June 2007</ref> |
Yunus was judged one among the ten most famous living [[Bengali people|Bengali]] personalities in a poll organized by ''Muktadhara New York''. | Yunus was judged one among the ten most famous living [[Bengali people|Bengali]] personalities in a poll organized by ''Muktadhara New York''. | ||
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*"Grameen Check" | *"Grameen Check" | ||
To build on the tradition of self-sufficiency, Dr. Yunus started a trend to wear simple garments made from locally-handwoven cotton, modeled after Indian Madras plaid, known as "Grameen check." He also always wears [[Grameen Check]]. Not only is wearing this a popular trend spanning all classes of people of Bangladesh, especially in the capital [[Dhaka]], export of "Grameen Check has spread to other nations. There are dozens of Grameen-based showrooms all over the country. | To build on the tradition of self-sufficiency, Dr. Yunus started a trend to wear simple garments made from locally-handwoven cotton, modeled after Indian Madras plaid, known as "Grameen check." He also always wears [[Grameen Check]]. Not only is wearing this a popular trend spanning all classes of people of Bangladesh, especially in the capital [[Dhaka]], export of "Grameen Check has spread to other nations. There are dozens of Grameen-based showrooms all over the country. | ||
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* [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_52/b3965024.htm Microcredit Missionary] - A BusinessWeek Profile. Retrieved 17 June 2007 | * [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_52/b3965024.htm Microcredit Missionary] - A BusinessWeek Profile. Retrieved 17 June 2007 | ||
* [http://edition.cnn.com/BUSINESS/programs/yourbusiness/stories2001/lending/ The Birth of Micro Credit] - CNN Business Article. Retrieved 17 June 2007 | * [http://edition.cnn.com/BUSINESS/programs/yourbusiness/stories2001/lending/ The Birth of Micro Credit] - CNN Business Article. Retrieved 17 June 2007 | ||
| − | * [http://modul.germandream.zdf.de/flash.php?id=55 Audio Interview with Muhammad Yunus] - By Wolfgang Blau (a.k.a. Harrer) and Alysa Selene, ZDF Germany. Retrieved 17 June 2007 | + | * [http://modul.germandream.zdf.de/flash.php?id=55 Audio Interview with Muhammad Yunus] - By Wolfgang Blau (a.k.a. Harrer) and Alysa Selene, ZDF Germany. (in German and English) Retrieved 17 June 2007 |
| − | + | ||
===Videos=== | ===Videos=== | ||
* [http://ethikana.com/video/yunus.htm A Collection of Video Documentaries about Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank] retrieved 17 June 2007 | * [http://ethikana.com/video/yunus.htm A Collection of Video Documentaries about Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank] retrieved 17 June 2007 | ||
Revision as of 19:28, 14 August 2007
| মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস Muhammad Yunus |
|---|
 |
| Born |
June 28, 1940 Chittagong, Bangladesh
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| Died |
Dr. Muhammad Yunus (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস, pronounced Muhammôd Iunus) (born June 28, 1940) is a Bangladeshi banker and economist. He is famous for his successful application of the concept of microcredit, the extension of small loans to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. Yunus is also the founder of Grameen Bank. Known as the "banker to the poor" he is also a director of the Grameen Foundation, which replicates the bank's micro-finance model around the globe. Grameen Bank collects approximately $1.5 million in weekly repayments. In 2006, Yunus and the bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below" recognizing the important link between poverty and peace. "Lasting peace can not be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty. Micro-credit is one such means," said the Chair of the Nobel Committee, and "Development from below ...serves to advance democracy and human rights." [1] Yunus himself has received several other international honors, including the ITU World Information Society Award, Ramon Magsaysay Award, the World Food Prize and the Sydney Peace Prize. Yunus recently launched a political party in Bangladesh, Nagorik Shakti (Citizen Power). His work has especially empowered women, who represent 95 percent of the bank's clientele. Professor of Economics at Chittagong University, Yunus was determined to make a difference, not just to theorize about poverty alleviation. A member of the board of the United Nations Foundation, founded by Ted Turner in 1997, Yunus collaborates closely with the United Nations. Between 1993 and 1995 he served on the International Advisory Group for the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and from 1993-1995 on the Global Commission of Women's Health (1993-1995). His following position on the Advisory Council for Sustainable Economic Development began in 1993, he is on the UN Expert Group on Women and Finance[2]. He is convinced that poverty can be wiped off the face of the planet.
Childhood and family
Yunus was born in 1940 in the village of Bathua, in Hathazari, Chittagong, Bangladesh. His father's name is Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, and mother's name is Sofia Khatun. His early childhood years were spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, where his father had a jewelry business.
In 1967 while Yunus at Vanderbilt, he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton,New Jersey, U.S.A. They were married in 1970. Yunus's marriage with Vera ended in 1977 within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus, as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby. Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University. She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986. His brothers are also active in academia. His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages. His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter.
Education and early career
He studied at his village school in the early years. When his family moved to Chittagong, he enrolled in the Lamabazar Primary School. Later, he studied at Chittagong Collegiate School and passed the matriculation examination, in which he secured the sixteenth position among 39,000 students in East Pakistan. During his school years, he was active in the Boy Scouts, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952. In 1955, he attended the World Scouts Jamboree in Canada as part of the Pakistan contingent. On the way back, he traveled through Europe and Asia by road. Next, Yunus enrolled into Chittagong College where he was active in cultural activities and got awards for acting in dramas.[3]
In 1957, he enrolled in the department of economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961. Following his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics. There he worked as research assistant to the economical researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan.[4] Later he was appointed as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961.[5] He was offered a a Fulbright scholarship in 1965 to study in the United States. He obtained his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States in 1969. From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Yunus and Bangladesh Liberation War
When the Bangladesh War of Independence started in 1971 Yunus joined in the activities of raising support for the liberation war. With other Bangladeshis living in the United States, he founded the Bangladesh League of America. He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville. After Bangladesh won the war of independence on December, 16, 1971, Yunus decided to move back to participate in the work of nation building. On his return he was appointed to the government's planning commission headed by Nurul Islam. He found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics Department [6].
Yunus and rural development
Yunus first got involved in fighting poverty after observing the disastrous effects of the famine of 1974. During this time, he established a rural economic program as a research project. In 1975, he developed a Nabajug (New Era) Tebhaga Khamar (three share farm) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme.[3] In order to make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed another project called Gram Sarkar (the village government).[7] The government adopted it in 1980, but the succeeding regime later lifted it away.
Founding of the Grameen Bank
In 1976 during his visits to the poorest households in village of Jobra near the university he discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. His first loan consisted of US $27 from his own pocket, which he lent to 42 women in the village of Jobra, near Chittagong University, who made bamboo furniture. Previously, they had to take out usurious loans in order to buy bamboo; they then sold these items to the moneylenders to repay them. With a net profit of about two cents, the women were unable to support their families.
He quickly realized that an institution needed to be created to lend to those who had nothing. [8] However, traditional banks were not interested in making tiny loans at more reasonable interest rates to poor people, who were considered repayment risks.[9].
In December of 1976 Yunus finally succeeded in securing a loan from the government Janata Bank to lend it to the poor in Jobra. The institution continued to operate by securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, the bank had 28,000 members. On October 1, 1983 this pilot project began operations as a full-fledged bank and was renamed the Grameen Bank (Grameen means "of rural area," "of village") to make loans to poor Bangladeshis. The Grameen Bank has issued more than US $6 billion to 7 million borrowers. To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of "solidarity groups." These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement.[10] As it has grown, the Grameen Bank has also developed other systems of alternate credit that serve the poor. In addition to microcredit, it offers education loans and housing loans as well as financing for fisheries and irrigation projects, venture capital, textiles, and other activities, along with other banking services such as savings. As clients repay their smaller loans first, they become eligible for larger loans, with the house-loan at the maximum level. Loans are made against a business plan. Bank workers go to the villages and assist with the loan process. Clients do not have to visit the bBank. The bBank is itself governed by the poor, whose terms of office expire once they have achieved financial independence. About 94 percent of the bank is owned by its borrowers. The government of Bangladesh owns 6 percent.
The success of the Grameen Bank model has inspired similar efforts throughout the developing world and even in industrialized nations, including the United States. The Grameen model of micro financing has been emulated in 23 countries. Many, but not all, microcredit projects also retain its emphasis on lending specifically to women. More than 96 percent of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.[11] For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.[12]
Nobel Peace Prize
Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for "their efforts to create economic and social development from below." While some have suggested that Yunus might have been awarded the EconmicsPrize, which carries more weight in some circles as it lacks the political controversy that often clouds the Peace Prize. However, recognition that while million in the world remain poor, just societies—which are the necessary foundation for peaceful societies—remain a dream in many parts of the world. Without access to adequate education, as well as freedom from poverty, the quality of civil society upon which democracy stands cannot be formed. Grammen Bank awards about 30,000 scholarships every year enabling children to attend school.
Award of the Nobel Prize to Muhammad Yunus recognizes that until the world is also a just world, peace will prove difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. Peace, too, is more than an absence of war. Peace involves harmonious relations between humanity and the planet. In awarding the prize, the Norwegian Committee also spoke of building bridges between the West and the Islamic world.
Awards
- 1978 — President's Award, Bangladesh
- 1984 — Ramon Magsaysay Award, Philippines
- 1985 — Bangladesh Bank Award, Bangladesh
- 1987 — Shwadhinota Dibosh Puroshkar (Independence Day Award), Bangladesh
- 1989 — Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Switzerland
- 1993 — CARE Humanitarian Award
- 1994 — Winner of the World Food Prize
- 1995 — Winner- The Freedom Prize from The Max Schmidheiny Foundation
- 1996 — Winner of the UNESCO Simón Bolívar Prize
- 1997 — Received award from Strømme Foundation, Norway
- 1998 — Received Indira Gandhi Prize
- 1998 — Received Prince of Asturias Award
- 1998 — Winner of the Sydney Peace Prize
- 2001 — Named Ashoka Global Academy Member
- 2004 — Winner of The Economist newspaper's Prize for social and economic innovation.
- 2006 — Mother Teresa Award instituted by the Mother Teresa International and Millennium Award Committee (MTIMAC), Kolkata, India.
- 2006 - "Freedom from want" Award, one of the Four Freedom Awards; Roosevelt Study Centre.
- 2006 — Eighth Seoul Peace Prize
- 2006 — Nobel Peace Prize, shared with Grameen Bank
- 2007 - Vanderbilt University Nichol's Chancellor Award
- And more
Additionally, Prof. Yunus has been awarded 27 honorary doctorate degrees (all but one a doctorate), and 15 special awards. The Grameen Bank website includes a [13] list of awards received by Professor Muhammad Yunus.
Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Muhammad Yunus, although he assumed it would be for economics, not peace. He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine[14] as well as in his autobiography My Life [15]In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Dr. Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."[16]
Yunus was judged one among the ten most famous living Bengali personalities in a poll organized by Muktadhara New York.
Other Grameen initiatives
- Grameen Phone — Pioneer of Telecommunication
The Grameen Phone telecommunication project has evolved to become Bangladesh's biggest private phone company. Grameen Phone is now the leading telecommunications service provider in the country with more than ten million subscribers as of November 2006, according to Grameen Phone website.
- Village Phone
The Grameen Phone (Village Phone) (পল্লি ফোন, polli fon) project is another brainchild of Dr. Yunus that aims to bring phone connectivity to the rural population of Bangladesh, and at the same time give entrepreneural opportunities to rural women. Village Phone works by the basic idea of providing small amount loans to rural women to buy cellular phones to set up "public call centers" at their homes. Income generated by the call centers is used to pay off the loans.
- Grameen Star Education
This was a project where students could take courses on currently needed sectors; they could also use this as a source. Grameen took this step to prevent foreign multi-level marketing (MLM) firms from rushing into Bangladesh.
- "Grameen Check"
To build on the tradition of self-sufficiency, Dr. Yunus started a trend to wear simple garments made from locally-handwoven cotton, modeled after Indian Madras plaid, known as "Grameen check." He also always wears Grameen Check. Not only is wearing this a popular trend spanning all classes of people of Bangladesh, especially in the capital Dhaka, export of "Grameen Check has spread to other nations. There are dozens of Grameen-based showrooms all over the country.
Notes
- ↑ Mjøshttp, Ole Danbolt "Presenting Speech: The Nobel Peace Prize, 2006" December 10, 2006 Presenting Speech: The nobel Peace Prize, 2006 retrieved 16 June 2007
- ↑ "Professor Muhammad Yunus," Grameen Bank Professor Muhammad Yunus retrieved 16 June 2007
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPalo-interview - ↑ "Open PenRahman, Matiur Prothom Alo (interview in Bengali) "An interview of Dr. Muhammad Yunus conducted by Matiur Rahman, Editor retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ "Open PenRahman, Matiur Prothom Alo (interview in Bengali) "An interview of Dr. Muhammad Yunus conducted by Matiur Rahman, Editor retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ Banker to the Poor, p. 20-29
- ↑ "Citation for Mohammed Yunus," Ramon Magsaysay Foundation, 1984Ramon Magsaysay Award Citation retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ Banker to the Poor, p. 46-49
- ↑ "Profile: World Banker to the Poor," BBC 13 Oct 2006Profile: World Banker to the Poor retrieved 16 June 2007
- ↑ "Citation for Mohammed Yunus," Ramon Magsaysay Foundation, 1984Ramon Magsaysay Award Citation retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ Negus, George "Interview with Professor Muhammad Yunus," Australian Broadcasting Corporation World in Focus, 25 March 1997Interview with Prof. Muhammad Yunus retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ "Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize," Asoka Internation, October 13, 2006 Muhammad Yunus, Ashoka's Global Academy Member, Wins Nobel Peace Prize retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/Listofawards.html Retrieved August 14, 2007.
- ↑ Boulden, Jim "The Birth of Micro-credit," CNN March 29 2001The birth of micro credit, retrieved 17 June 2007
- ↑ Clinton, Bill My Life, NY: Random House, 1994. ISBN 9781400030033 p 533 "Muhammad Yunus should have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics years ago"
- ↑ "Transcript of Jan 29 2002 talk by former President Bill Clinton," University of California at Berkeley President Clinton's Talk at University of California, Berkeley retrieved 17 June 2007
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bornstein, David The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank Oxford: Oxford University Press, reissued with a new foreword 2006) ISBN 9780684811918
- Holcombe, Susan. Managing to Empower: The Grameen Bank's Experience of Poverty Alleviation. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1995 ISBN 9781856493154
- Szpara, Michelle Yvonne, Iftikhar Ahmad, and Patricia Velde Pederson. 2007. "Nobel Peace Laureate Muhammad Yunus: A Banker Who Believes Credit is a Human Right." Social Education. 71, no. 1: 9-14 ISSN 0037-7724
- Yunus, Muhammad Banker to the Poor: Micro-lending and the battle against world poverty, NYL Public Affairs, 1997 ISBN 9781891620119
- Yunus, Muhammad. 2001. "Crossing the Digital Divide: Microcredit and IT for the Poor." New Perspectives Quarterly. 18, no. 1: 25-26 ISSN 0893-7850
- Yunus, Muhammad. 1997. "A Bank for the Poor." The Unesco Courier. 50, no. 1: 20 ISSN 0041-5278
External links
- Yunus's autobiography retrieved 17 June 2007
- Grameen Bank - Grameen Bank's Official Web Site. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- MuhammadYunus.org - Website of Muhammad Yunus. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- Campaign website - 2007 campaign to elect Yunus prime minister of Bangladesh. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- Muhammad Yunus Bio - The World Food Prize. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- Muhammad Yunus Receives the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize - A Photo Essay by Scott London. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- World Banker to the Poor - A BBC Profile. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
- Microcredit Missionary - A BusinessWeek Profile. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- The Birth of Micro Credit - CNN Business Article. Retrieved 17 June 2007
- Audio Interview with Muhammad Yunus - By Wolfgang Blau (a.k.a. Harrer) and Alysa Selene, ZDF Germany. (in German and English) Retrieved 17 June 2007
Videos
- A Collection of Video Documentaries about Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank retrieved 17 June 2007
- "Pennies A Day" video featuring Muhammad Yunus retrieved 17 June 2007
- International Forum Social Entrepreneurship Award: Honoring Muhammad Yunus — video] retrieved 17 June 2007.
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