Difference between revisions of "Microcosm and Macrocosm" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | '''Macrocosm/microcosm''' is a [[Greek language|Greek]] compound of μακρο- "Macro-" and μικρο- "Micro-," which are Greek respectively for "large" and "small," and the word κόσμος kósmos which means "order" as well as "world" or "ordered world." | ||
| − | The paired concept of | + | The paired concept of Macrocosm and Microcosm presents the idea that there is a corresponding similarity in pattern, nature, or structure between [[human being]]s and the [[universe]]. The concept of microcosm/macrocosm views man as a smaller representation of the universe and the universe as an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] existence. This concept is found throughout the history of thought from ancient times through the renaissance, and in various religious traditions including [[Buddhism]] and the [[Upanishads]]. Similar concepts were held by hermetic philosophers like [[Paracelsus]], and by [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Leibniz]], and later by [[Friedrich Schelling]] (1775-1854). |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | + | This idea, however, generally declined after the seventeenth century along with the development of modern science. After modern times, this idea was mainly preserved in the realm of literature in works by as [[Novalis]] (1772 - 1801), a German romanticist poet, and [[Baudelaire]] (1821 – 1867), a [[France|French]] [[poet]], as well as by some philosophers listed above. | |
==Ancient thought== | ==Ancient thought== | ||
[[Image:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|thumb|240px|The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in [[Peter Apian]]'s ''Cosmographia'' (Antwerp, 1539).]] | [[Image:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|thumb|240px|The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in [[Peter Apian]]'s ''Cosmographia'' (Antwerp, 1539).]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | In its most general sense, | + | In its most general sense, ''cosmos'' is an orderly or harmonious system. It originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] term κόσμος meaning "order, orderly arrangement, ornaments," and is the antithetical concept of [[chaos]]. Today the word is generally used as synonym of the word '[[universe]]' (considered in its orderly aspect). The word [[cosmetics]] originates from the same root. |
| + | |||
| + | The idea of the correspondence or some continuity between the cosmos and human being is found in [[Pythagoras]] in an incipient form. He, however, did not use the terminology of microcosm/macrocosm and did not have a clear anthropomorphic view of the cosmos. | ||
| − | + | Pythagoras is said to have been the first philosopher to apply the term "cosmos" to the [[Universe]], perhaps from application to the starry firmament. The term so used is parallel to the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] term ''[[aša]]'', the concept of a divine order, or divinely ordered creation. Cosmos, thus, means not only the totality of the universe but it implies that the universe is ordered by the principle of harmony and balance. Pythagoras conceived the number or numerical ratio as the universal principle of harmony and understood that human aesthetic experience in music and art is closed tied to the orderly movement of stars. His understanding of the correspondence between the cosmos and man gave a framework of thought within which religious rituals, studies of [[mathematics]] and [[astronomy]], and artistic activities are closely tied. Pythagoras and his religious sect offered mathematical solutions for questions concerning the divine and conceived mathematical exercises as religious practices for the purpose of purifying the soul. | |
| − | + | Although Plato did not use the terminology, a clearer concept of macrocosm/microcosm is found in his ''[[Timaeus]]''. He wrote on the idea of the soul of cosmos in its anthropomorphic representation: | |
| − | + | {{quote|Therefore, we may consequently state that: this world is indeed a living being endowed with a soul and intelligence...a single visible living entity containing all other living entities, which by their nature are all related.|Plato, Timaeus, 29/30; fourth century B.C.E..E.}} | |
| − | + | ===Neo-Platonism: Plotinus === | |
| + | The [[Neo-Platonism|Neo-Platonist]] [[Plotinus]] fused the concept of microcosm/macrocosm into his unique mystical [[metaphysics]]. He conceived the cosmos and human being not as totally separated beings but as a continuous existence. The soul and body or the spirituality and the materiality were conceived as one fused existence, and the fusion of spirituality/materiality was applied to all beings. In Plotinus' [[metaphysics]], every being is both spiritual and material, and each being manifests these natures in varying degrees. | ||
| − | + | Within the context of his mystical metaphysics, Plotinus developed a clearer concept of "world-soul" ([[Latin]]: Anima mundi) than Plato's idea in ''Timaeus.'' Plato presented the concept of "demiurge" (from the Greek δημιουργός dēmiourgós, Latinized demiurgus, meaning "artisan" or "craftsman," literally "worker in the service of the people," from δήμιος "of the people" + ἔργον "work"), a creative deity, who designed and structured the order of the cosmos, but not the creator of the cosmos itself. | |
| − | + | Plotinus conceived this process of the creation of the cosmos as an "emanation from the one." He argued that "nouse" (Greek: νοῦς or νόος; mind or intellect) and "world-soul" were emanated from the divine origin, which he called the One. In the context of the emanation, Plotinus explained the soul of the cosmos. Plonitus's view of the creation of the universe is more naturalistic than Christian concept of [[Creation]]. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | Plotinus, in a sense, offered an alternative to the orthodox [[Christianity|Christian]] notion of creation ''ex nihilo'' (out of nothing), which attributes to God the deliberation of mind and action of a will, although Plotinus never mentions Christianity in any of his works. Emanation ''ex deo'' (out of God), confirms the absolute transcendence of the One, making the unfolding of the cosmos purely a ''consequence'' of its existence; even though the emanations themselves diminish the farther they are from the source, the One is in no way affected or diminished. Plotinus uses the analogy of the [[Sun]] which emanates [[light]] indiscriminately without thereby diminishing itself, or the reflection in a mirror that does not diminish or otherwise alter the object being reflected. | |
| − | The | + | The first emanation is ''[[nous]]'' (thought), identified metaphorically with the [[demiurge]] in Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''. It is the first [[will (philosophy)|will]] towards Good. From ''nous'' proceeds the [[world soul]], which Plotinus subdivides into upper and lower, identifying the lower aspect of Soul with [[nature]]. From the world soul proceeds individual [[human]] souls, and finally, matter, at the lowest level of [[chain of being|being]] and thus the least [[perfection|perfected]] level of the cosmos. Despite this relatively pedestrian assessment of the material world, Plotinus asserted the ultimately divine nature of material creation since it ultimately derives from the One, through the mediums of ''nous'' and the world soul. It is by the Good or through beauty that we recognize the One, in material things and then in the [[Forms]]. |
| − | + | Based upon the idea of continuity between the cosmos and man, and between spirituality and materiality, mystic union between man and the cosmic deity became an important religious practice for Plotinus. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | The essentially devotional nature of Plotinus' philosophy may be further illustrated by his concept of attaining ecstatic union with the One ([[henosis]] see [[Iamblichus]]). Porphyry relates that Plotinus attained such a union four times during the years he knew him. This may be related to [[enlightenment (concept)|enlightenment]], [[liberation]], and other concepts of [[mysticism|mystical union]] common to many Eastern and Western traditions. Some have compared Plotinus' teachings to the Hindu school of [[Advaita Vedanta]] (''advaita'' "not two," or "non-dual"). | |
| − | |||
| + | ==Medieval and modern thought== | ||
| + | With the idea of [[God]]'s [[Creation]] of the universe, the concept of man as a microcosm flourished in [[Scholasticism]]. [[Thomas Aquinas]] explained that man exists in a level between the [[angel|angelic]] and the animal realm, or between the spiritual and physical realm. In other words, he conceived the human being as a microcosm that encapsulates the entire cosmos by containing both spirituality and materiality. | ||
| − | + | With the rise of Platonism and [[Hermeticism]] during the [[Renaissance]] period, the idea of the correspondence between microcosm and macrocosm was discussed by various authors such as [[Nicholas of Cusa]] (1401– 1464), [[Giordano Bruno]] (1548 – 1600), and [[Giambattista della Porta]] (1535? -1615). | |
| − | |||
| − | + | The macrocosm/microcosm schema was also developed further by the Swiss physician and alchemist [[Paracelsus]], who proposed that within man was an inner heaven with stars. Paracelsus's philosophy of correspondences was based upon the belief that for every ailment and illness in Man (the microcosm) there existed a cure in nature (the macrocosm). | |
| − | |||
| + | The English physician and alchemist [[Robert Fludd]] (1574-1637) expicitly based his work ''Utriusque Cosmi Historia'' (The history of the two worlds) upon the macro/micro correspondence, as does [[Sir Thomas Browne]] in his ''binary'' Discourses of 1658. His ''[[Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial]]'' depicts the small, temporal world of man, whilst ''[[The Garden of Cyrus]]'' represents the macrocosm, in which the ubiquitous and eternal [[quincunx]] pattern is discerned in art, nature and the Cosmos. | ||
| − | [[ | + | [[Leibniz]] (1646 – 1716) developed a [[metaphysics]] that explained the universe as the composite of an infinite number of non-spatial unit called "[[monad|monads]]" which exist in harmony. Each monad is like a microcosm and it "reflects" the entire universe. |
| − | [[ | ||
| − | [[ | ||
| − | + | ==Bibliography== | |
| + | *Anna-Teresa. ''Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm.'' Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. ISBN 1402041144 | ||
| + | *Barkan, Leonard. ''Nature's Work of Art The Human Body As Image of the World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. ISBN 0300016948 | ||
| + | *Cavendish, Richard, C. A. Burland, and Brian Innes. ''Man, Myth & Magic The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown.'' New York: M. Cavendish, 1995. | ||
| + | *Conger, George Perrigo. ''Theories of Macrocosms and Microcosms in the History of Philosophy.'' New York: Russell & Russell, 1967. | ||
| + | *Gatti, Hilary. ''Giordano Bruno Philosopher of the Renaissance.'' Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002. ISBN 0754605620 | ||
| + | *Holmes, Christopher P. ''Microcosm/Macrocosm Towards a Metaphysics and Cosmology of Consciousness.'' Oxford Mills, Ont: Zero Point, 2002. | ||
| + | *Lotze, Hermann. ''Microcosmus An Essay Concerning Man and His Relation to the World.'' Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. ISBN 0836959892 | ||
| − | + | ==External Links== | |
| + | All links retrieved November 9, 2022. | ||
| − | [[category: | + | ===General Philosophy Sources=== |
| + | *[http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] | ||
| + | *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] | ||
| + | *[http://www.bu.edu/wcp/PaidArch.html Paideia Project Online] | ||
| + | *[http://www.gutenberg.org/ Project Gutenberg] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[category:Philosophy and religion]] | ||
| + | [[Category:philosophy]] | ||
| + | {{credits|Microcosm_and_Macrocosm|23631085|Cosmos|162224720|Anima_mundi_(spirit)|163551718|Plotinus|168908946|Demiurge|168651865}} | ||
Latest revision as of 17:28, 9 November 2022
Macrocosm/microcosm is a Greek compound of μακρο- "Macro-" and μικρο- "Micro-," which are Greek respectively for "large" and "small," and the word κόσμος kósmos which means "order" as well as "world" or "ordered world."
The paired concept of Macrocosm and Microcosm presents the idea that there is a corresponding similarity in pattern, nature, or structure between human beings and the universe. The concept of microcosm/macrocosm views man as a smaller representation of the universe and the universe as an anthropomorphic existence. This concept is found throughout the history of thought from ancient times through the renaissance, and in various religious traditions including Buddhism and the Upanishads. Similar concepts were held by hermetic philosophers like Paracelsus, and by Baruch Spinoza, Leibniz, and later by Friedrich Schelling (1775-1854).
This idea, however, generally declined after the seventeenth century along with the development of modern science. After modern times, this idea was mainly preserved in the realm of literature in works by as Novalis (1772 - 1801), a German romanticist poet, and Baudelaire (1821 – 1867), a French poet, as well as by some philosophers listed above.
Ancient thought
In its most general sense, cosmos is an orderly or harmonious system. It originates from the Greek term κόσμος meaning "order, orderly arrangement, ornaments," and is the antithetical concept of chaos. Today the word is generally used as synonym of the word 'universe' (considered in its orderly aspect). The word cosmetics originates from the same root.
The idea of the correspondence or some continuity between the cosmos and human being is found in Pythagoras in an incipient form. He, however, did not use the terminology of microcosm/macrocosm and did not have a clear anthropomorphic view of the cosmos.
Pythagoras is said to have been the first philosopher to apply the term "cosmos" to the Universe, perhaps from application to the starry firmament. The term so used is parallel to the Zoroastrian term aša, the concept of a divine order, or divinely ordered creation. Cosmos, thus, means not only the totality of the universe but it implies that the universe is ordered by the principle of harmony and balance. Pythagoras conceived the number or numerical ratio as the universal principle of harmony and understood that human aesthetic experience in music and art is closed tied to the orderly movement of stars. His understanding of the correspondence between the cosmos and man gave a framework of thought within which religious rituals, studies of mathematics and astronomy, and artistic activities are closely tied. Pythagoras and his religious sect offered mathematical solutions for questions concerning the divine and conceived mathematical exercises as religious practices for the purpose of purifying the soul.
Although Plato did not use the terminology, a clearer concept of macrocosm/microcosm is found in his Timaeus. He wrote on the idea of the soul of cosmos in its anthropomorphic representation:
Therefore, we may consequently state that: this world is indeed a living being endowed with a soul and intelligence...a single visible living entity containing all other living entities, which by their nature are all related.
Plato, Timaeus, 29/30; fourth century B.C.E.
Neo-Platonism: Plotinus
The Neo-Platonist Plotinus fused the concept of microcosm/macrocosm into his unique mystical metaphysics. He conceived the cosmos and human being not as totally separated beings but as a continuous existence. The soul and body or the spirituality and the materiality were conceived as one fused existence, and the fusion of spirituality/materiality was applied to all beings. In Plotinus' metaphysics, every being is both spiritual and material, and each being manifests these natures in varying degrees.
Within the context of his mystical metaphysics, Plotinus developed a clearer concept of "world-soul" (Latin: Anima mundi) than Plato's idea in Timaeus. Plato presented the concept of "demiurge" (from the Greek δημιουργός dēmiourgós, Latinized demiurgus, meaning "artisan" or "craftsman," literally "worker in the service of the people," from δήμιος "of the people" + ἔργον "work"), a creative deity, who designed and structured the order of the cosmos, but not the creator of the cosmos itself.
Plotinus conceived this process of the creation of the cosmos as an "emanation from the one." He argued that "nouse" (Greek: νοῦς or νόος; mind or intellect) and "world-soul" were emanated from the divine origin, which he called the One. In the context of the emanation, Plotinus explained the soul of the cosmos. Plonitus's view of the creation of the universe is more naturalistic than Christian concept of Creation.
Plotinus, in a sense, offered an alternative to the orthodox Christian notion of creation ex nihilo (out of nothing), which attributes to God the deliberation of mind and action of a will, although Plotinus never mentions Christianity in any of his works. Emanation ex deo (out of God), confirms the absolute transcendence of the One, making the unfolding of the cosmos purely a consequence of its existence; even though the emanations themselves diminish the farther they are from the source, the One is in no way affected or diminished. Plotinus uses the analogy of the Sun which emanates light indiscriminately without thereby diminishing itself, or the reflection in a mirror that does not diminish or otherwise alter the object being reflected.
The first emanation is nous (thought), identified metaphorically with the demiurge in Plato's Timaeus. It is the first will towards Good. From nous proceeds the world soul, which Plotinus subdivides into upper and lower, identifying the lower aspect of Soul with nature. From the world soul proceeds individual human souls, and finally, matter, at the lowest level of being and thus the least perfected level of the cosmos. Despite this relatively pedestrian assessment of the material world, Plotinus asserted the ultimately divine nature of material creation since it ultimately derives from the One, through the mediums of nous and the world soul. It is by the Good or through beauty that we recognize the One, in material things and then in the Forms.
Based upon the idea of continuity between the cosmos and man, and between spirituality and materiality, mystic union between man and the cosmic deity became an important religious practice for Plotinus.
The essentially devotional nature of Plotinus' philosophy may be further illustrated by his concept of attaining ecstatic union with the One (henosis see Iamblichus). Porphyry relates that Plotinus attained such a union four times during the years he knew him. This may be related to enlightenment, liberation, and other concepts of mystical union common to many Eastern and Western traditions. Some have compared Plotinus' teachings to the Hindu school of Advaita Vedanta (advaita "not two," or "non-dual").
Medieval and modern thought
With the idea of God's Creation of the universe, the concept of man as a microcosm flourished in Scholasticism. Thomas Aquinas explained that man exists in a level between the angelic and the animal realm, or between the spiritual and physical realm. In other words, he conceived the human being as a microcosm that encapsulates the entire cosmos by containing both spirituality and materiality.
With the rise of Platonism and Hermeticism during the Renaissance period, the idea of the correspondence between microcosm and macrocosm was discussed by various authors such as Nicholas of Cusa (1401– 1464), Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600), and Giambattista della Porta (1535? -1615).
The macrocosm/microcosm schema was also developed further by the Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus, who proposed that within man was an inner heaven with stars. Paracelsus's philosophy of correspondences was based upon the belief that for every ailment and illness in Man (the microcosm) there existed a cure in nature (the macrocosm).
The English physician and alchemist Robert Fludd (1574-1637) expicitly based his work Utriusque Cosmi Historia (The history of the two worlds) upon the macro/micro correspondence, as does Sir Thomas Browne in his binary Discourses of 1658. His Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial depicts the small, temporal world of man, whilst The Garden of Cyrus represents the macrocosm, in which the ubiquitous and eternal quincunx pattern is discerned in art, nature and the Cosmos.
Leibniz (1646 – 1716) developed a metaphysics that explained the universe as the composite of an infinite number of non-spatial unit called "monads" which exist in harmony. Each monad is like a microcosm and it "reflects" the entire universe.
Bibliography
- Anna-Teresa. Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. ISBN 1402041144
- Barkan, Leonard. Nature's Work of Art The Human Body As Image of the World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. ISBN 0300016948
- Cavendish, Richard, C. A. Burland, and Brian Innes. Man, Myth & Magic The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown. New York: M. Cavendish, 1995.
- Conger, George Perrigo. Theories of Macrocosms and Microcosms in the History of Philosophy. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967.
- Gatti, Hilary. Giordano Bruno Philosopher of the Renaissance. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002. ISBN 0754605620
- Holmes, Christopher P. Microcosm/Macrocosm Towards a Metaphysics and Cosmology of Consciousness. Oxford Mills, Ont: Zero Point, 2002.
- Lotze, Hermann. Microcosmus An Essay Concerning Man and His Relation to the World. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. ISBN 0836959892
External Links
All links retrieved November 9, 2022.
General Philosophy Sources
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Paideia Project Online
- Project Gutenberg
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