Difference between revisions of "Marmoset" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | The monkey is mentioned in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Tempest (play)|Tempest]]'', when [[Caliban (character)|Caliban]] says he will instruct his new master Stephano "how to snare the nimble marmoset" [for eating], on the no-man island where the play takes place (Act 2, Scene 2). | ||
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Most marmosets are about 20 centimeters long. However, the pygmy marmoset (''Callithrix pygmaea'') measure on the average only 13.6 centimeters (5.35 inches) and weigh only 119 grams (4.2 ounces), making them the smallest monkeys in the world (Cawthon Lang 2005b). In the common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus''), also known as the true marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset, males measure on the average 18.8 centimeters (7.4 inches) and females 18.5 centimeters (7.28 inches), with the average weights about 256 grams (9.03 ounces) in males and 236 grams (8.32 ounces) in females (Cawthon Lang 2005a). | Most marmosets are about 20 centimeters long. However, the pygmy marmoset (''Callithrix pygmaea'') measure on the average only 13.6 centimeters (5.35 inches) and weigh only 119 grams (4.2 ounces), making them the smallest monkeys in the world (Cawthon Lang 2005b). In the common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus''), also known as the true marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset, males measure on the average 18.8 centimeters (7.4 inches) and females 18.5 centimeters (7.28 inches), with the average weights about 256 grams (9.03 ounces) in males and 236 grams (8.32 ounces) in females (Cawthon Lang 2005a). | ||
| − | Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on [[insect]]s, [[fruit]] and leaves. Marmosets are exudativore-insectivores (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). That is all callitrichines feed on plant exudates, such as gum, [[sap]], latex, and resin, and also consume [[insect]]s and other small animals. Their sharp lower teeth help them to gouge holes in trees or vines to eat the gum, sap or other fluids exuded. Marmosets supplement their diet with fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, small invertebrates such as snails, and small vertebrates, such as lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, and small mammals (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). | + | Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on [[insect]]s, [[fruit]] and leaves. Marmosets are exudativore-insectivores (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). That is all callitrichines feed on plant exudates, such as gum, [[sap]], latex, and resin, and also consume [[insect]]s and other small animals. Their sharp lower teeth help them to gouge holes in trees or vines to eat the gum, sap or other fluids exuded. Some species are specialized feeders on gum. Marmosets supplement their diet with fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, small invertebrates such as snails, and small vertebrates, such as lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, and small mammals (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). |
| + | Marmosets are social animals, living in family groups of 3 to 15, consisting of one to two breeding females, an unrelated male, their offspring and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and can include [[monogamy]], [[polygyny]], and occasionally [[polyandry]]. While in most species fraternal twins usually are born, triplets are not unknown. Like other [[callitrichine]]s, marmosets are characterized by a high degree of cooperative care of the young and some food sharing and tolerated theft. Adult males, females other than the mother, and older offspring participate in carrying infants. Most groups scent mark and defend the edges of their ranges, but it is unclear if they are truly territorial, as group home ranges greatly overlap. | ||
| − | + | According to recent research, marmosets exhibit [[germline chimerism]], which is not known to occur in nature in any other [[primate]] (Ross et al. 2007). Germline chimerism is when the [[sperm]] and [[ovum|egg]] cells of an organism are not genetically identical to its own. Marmosets can carry the reproductive cells of their twin siblings, because of placental fusion during development. | |
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| − | According to recent research, marmosets exhibit [[germline chimerism]], which is not known to occur in nature in any other [[primate]] | ||
==Species list== | ==Species list== | ||
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* Cawthon Lang, K.A. 2005b. [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/pygmy_marmoset Primate Factsheets: Pygmy marmoset (''Callithrix pygmaea''). Taxonomy, morphology, and ecology]. ''Wisconsin Primate Research Center''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | * Cawthon Lang, K.A. 2005b. [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/pygmy_marmoset Primate Factsheets: Pygmy marmoset (''Callithrix pygmaea''). Taxonomy, morphology, and ecology]. ''Wisconsin Primate Research Center''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | ||
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* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572774 Callitrichidae Gray, 1821] ''ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572774''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | * Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572774 Callitrichidae Gray, 1821] ''ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572774''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | ||
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* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572807 Callithrix Erxleben, 1777] ''ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572807''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | * Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572807 Callithrix Erxleben, 1777] ''ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572807''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | ||
| + | * Primate Info Net (PIN). 2008. [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/callithrix Marmoset (''Callithrix sp.'')]. ''Wisconsin Primate Research Center''. Retrieved June 29, 2008. | ||
| − | + | * Ross, C. N., J. A. French, and G. Ortí. 2007. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0607426104v1 Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (''Callithrix kuhlii'')]. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'' 104: 6278. PMID 17389380. | |
{{Cebidae nav}} | {{Cebidae nav}} | ||
Revision as of 02:29, 29 June 2008
| Marmosets[1] | ||||||||||||||
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 Common Marmoset
(Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus) | ||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
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| Simia jacchus Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||||||||||
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18 species, see text |
Marmoset is the common name for the small, arboreal New World monkeys comprising the genus Callithrix of the primate family Cebidae, characterized by claw-like nails instead of the flat nails of other primates, long lower incisors, a specialized cecum, and squirrel-like movement in trees. All marmosets feed on plant exudates (such as gum, sap, and resin) as well as an insectivore diet (Cawthon Lang 2005a).
The term marmoset is also used in reference to the Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii), a New World monkey that is not part of the genus Callithrix and is not discussed in this article.
The monkey is mentioned in Shakespeare's Tempest, when Caliban says he will instruct his new master Stephano "how to snare the nimble marmoset" [for eating], on the no-man island where the play takes place (Act 2, Scene 2).
Overview and characteristics
As New World monkeys, marmosets belong to the Platyrrhini ("flat-nosed") parvorder, whose members typically are characterized by relatively broad noses with side-facing, widely separated nostrils, as opposed to the close-set, downward or forward facing nostrils of the Old World monkeys and apes placed in the parvorder Catarrhini. Within Platyrrhini, the marmosets (genus Callithrix) belong to the family Cebidae and the subfamily Callitrichinae (Cawthon Lang 2005a). The Cebidae family also includes squirrel monkeys, tamarins, and capuchin monkeys.
Members of the Callithrix genus have a number of unique morphological, reproductive, and behavioral features. With the exception of the big toe (hallux), they have claw-like nails (tegulae) rather than the flat nails (ungulae) characteristic of other primates, including humans (Cawthon Lang 2005a). Callitrichines have elongated, narrow, chisel-shaped lower incisors, which is an adaptation aiding their ability to gnaw trees and obtain exudates, such as sap, and they have an enlarged cecum (part of the large intestine) that allows extended time for digestion of plant gums (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). Marmosets also have tactile hairs on their wrists, lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive.
Behaviorally, marmosets tend to have a squirrel-like movement, clinging vertically on trees, running across branches quadrupedally, and moving between trees by leaping (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). Reproductively, an unusual trait for primates is that marmosets tend to give birth to non-identical twins, more than singletons or identical twins (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). Metabolically, a marmoset's body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 degrees Celsius (7 degrees Fahrenheit) in a day.
Most marmosets are about 20 centimeters long. However, the pygmy marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea) measure on the average only 13.6 centimeters (5.35 inches) and weigh only 119 grams (4.2 ounces), making them the smallest monkeys in the world (Cawthon Lang 2005b). In the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), also known as the true marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset, males measure on the average 18.8 centimeters (7.4 inches) and females 18.5 centimeters (7.28 inches), with the average weights about 256 grams (9.03 ounces) in males and 236 grams (8.32 ounces) in females (Cawthon Lang 2005a).
Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves. Marmosets are exudativore-insectivores (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b). That is all callitrichines feed on plant exudates, such as gum, sap, latex, and resin, and also consume insects and other small animals. Their sharp lower teeth help them to gouge holes in trees or vines to eat the gum, sap or other fluids exuded. Some species are specialized feeders on gum. Marmosets supplement their diet with fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, small invertebrates such as snails, and small vertebrates, such as lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, and small mammals (Cawthon Lang 2005a, 2005b).
Marmosets are social animals, living in family groups of 3 to 15, consisting of one to two breeding females, an unrelated male, their offspring and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and can include monogamy, polygyny, and occasionally polyandry. While in most species fraternal twins usually are born, triplets are not unknown. Like other callitrichines, marmosets are characterized by a high degree of cooperative care of the young and some food sharing and tolerated theft. Adult males, females other than the mother, and older offspring participate in carrying infants. Most groups scent mark and defend the edges of their ranges, but it is unclear if they are truly territorial, as group home ranges greatly overlap.
According to recent research, marmosets exhibit germline chimerism, which is not known to occur in nature in any other primate (Ross et al. 2007). Germline chimerism is when the sperm and egg cells of an organism are not genetically identical to its own. Marmosets can carry the reproductive cells of their twin siblings, because of placental fusion during development.
Species list
- Subgenus Callithrix - Atlantic marmosets
- Common Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus
- Black-tufted Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) penicillata
- Wied's Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) kuhlii
- White-headed Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) geoffroyi
- Buffy-headed Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) flaviceps
- Buffy-tufted Marmoset, Callithrix (Callithrix) aurita
- Subgenus Mico - Amazonian marmosets
- Rio Acari Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) acariensis
- Manicore Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) manicorensis
- Silvery Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) argentata
- White Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) leucippe
- Emilia's Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) emiliae
- Black-headed Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) nigriceps
- Marca's Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) marcai
- Black-tailed Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) melanura
- Santarem Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) humeralifera
- Maués Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) mauesi
- Gold-and-white Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) chrysoleuca
- Hershkovitz's Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) intermedia
- Satéré Marmoset, Callithrix (Mico) saterei
- Subgenus Callibella - Roosmalens' Dwarf Marmoset
- Roosmalens' Dwarf Marmoset, Callithrix (Callibella) humilis
- Subgenus Cebuella - Pygmy Marmoset
- Pygmy Marmoset, Callithrix (Cebuella) pygmaea
Notes
- ↑ C. Groves, "Order Primates," "Order Monotremata," (and select other orders). Page(s) 129-133 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press (2005). ISBN 0801882214.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cawthon Lang, K.A. 2005a. Primate Factsheets: Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Taxonomy, morphology, and ecology. Wisconsin Primate Research Center. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- Cawthon Lang, K.A. 2005b. Primate Factsheets: Pygmy marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea). Taxonomy, morphology, and ecology. Wisconsin Primate Research Center. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. Callitrichidae Gray, 1821 ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572774. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1999b. Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 ITIS Taxonomic Serial No.: 572807. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- Primate Info Net (PIN). 2008. Marmoset (Callithrix sp.). Wisconsin Primate Research Center. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- Ross, C. N., J. A. French, and G. Ortí. 2007. Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 6278. PMID 17389380.
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