Difference between revisions of "Mangabey" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| name = Mangabeys
 
| name = Mangabeys
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
 
| subdivision =  
 
| subdivision =  
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*''Lophocebus'' (crested mangabeys)<br>
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*''Lophocebus'' (crested mangabeys)<br/>
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*''Rungwecebus'' (highland mangabey)<br>
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*''Rungwecebus'' (highland mangabey)<br/>
 
*''Cercocebus'' (white-eyelid mangabeys)
 
*''Cercocebus'' (white-eyelid mangabeys)
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Mangabey''' is the common name for the various [[Old World monkey]]s comprising the [[genera]] '''''Lophocebus''''' ( [[crested mangabey]]s), '''''Cercocebus''''' ([[white-eyelid mangabey]]s), and '''''Rungwecebus''''' (highland mangabey, ''Rungwecebus kipunji'', also known as the kipunji). They belong to the same family (Cercopithecinae) and tribe (Papionini) as [[macaque]]s, [[baboon]]s, and [[mandrill]]s.
  
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'''Mangabey''' is the common name for the various [[Old World monkey]]s comprising the [[genera]] '''''Lophocebus''''' ( [[crested mangabey]]s) and '''''Cercocebus''''' ([[white-eyelid mangabey]]s), as well as the sole extant species in the [[genus]] '''''Rungwecebus''''' (''Rungwecebus kipunji'', the highland mangabey; also known as the kipunji). They belong to the same family (Cercopithecinae) and tribe (Papionini) as [[macaque]]s, [[baboon]]s, and [[mandrill]]s.
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Mangabeys, which are found only in [[Africa]], include many of the more rare species of monkeys, but nonetheless provide important roles in the [[ecosystem]]. Some, such as the highland mangabey ''(R. kipunji)'' and black mangabey or gray-cheeked mangabey ''(L. albigena)'', provide seed dispersal for plants (Boomershine and Olson 2007; Davis 2002). Mangabeys, which typically consume vegetative matter ([[fruit]]s, [[seed]]s, leaves) and some [[invertebrate]]s (such as [[insect]]s), also serve in [[food chain]]s as the prey of [[leopard]]s ''(Panthera pardus)'' and large birds of prey, such as crowned eagles ''(Stephanoaetus coronatus)'' (Boomershine and Olson 2007). Some also provide food indirectly: ''L. albigena'' monkeys have been observed peeling the tough skin of the ''Gambeya lacourtiana'' fruit and then tossing it on the ground after taking a bite, with these fruits ripening on the ground and providing food to other species.
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{{toc}}
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Mangabeys also are used by [[human]]s as a source of [[food]]. However, excessive hunting pressure and habitat destruction have helped to contribute to threats to various mangabey populations, with many severely limited in population size and areas of inhabited forest.
  
 
==Classification==
 
==Classification==
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::::Genus ''[[Mandrillus]]'' - Drill and Mandrill
 
::::Genus ''[[Mandrillus]]'' - Drill and Mandrill
  
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The three genera of mangabeys&mdash;''[[Lophocebus]]'', ''[[Rungwecebus]]'', and ''Cercocebus''&mdash;were once thought to be very closely related, so much so that all the species were in one genera. However, it is now understood that ''Lophocebus'' and ''Rungwecebus'' species are more closely related to the [[baboon]]s in genus ''Papio'', while the ''Cercocebus'' species are more closely related to the [[mandrill]] in genus ''Mandrillus''. In 2006, the [[highland mangabey]] was moved from ''Lophocebus'' to a new genus, ''[[Rungwecebus]]'', the first new primate genus in 83 years.
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The three genera of mangabeys&mdash;''[[Lophocebus]]'', ''[[Rungwecebus]]'', and ''Cercocebus''&mdash;were once thought to be very closely related, so much so that all the species were in one genera. However, it is now understood that ''Lophocebus'' and ''Rungwecebus'' species are more closely related to the [[baboon]]s in genus ''Papio'', while the ''Cercocebus'' species are more closely related to the [[mandrill]] in genus ''Mandrillus''. In 2006, the [[highland mangabey]] was moved from ''Lophocebus'' to a new genus, ''Rungwecebus'', the first new primate genus in 83 years.
  
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==Crested mangabeys (''Lophocebus'')==
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==Crested mangabeys ''(Lophocebus)''==
 
[[Image:GreycheekedmangabeyJPG.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Juvenile gray-cheeked mangabey]]
 
[[Image:GreycheekedmangabeyJPG.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Juvenile gray-cheeked mangabey]]
  
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The crested mangabeys are West-African [[Old World monkey|Old World]] [[monkey]]s, belonging to the genus '''''Lophocebus'''''. They tend to have dark skin, eyelids that match their facial skin, and crests of hair on their heads. They are closely aligned to baboons (''Papio'') and have been called ''baboon-manabeys'' (Groves 2007). It is believed that they diverged from the baboons and the geladas (''Theropithecus'') only about 4 million years ago, in the mid-Pliocene (Groves 2007).
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The crested mangabeys are West-African [[Old World monkey|Old World]] [[monkey]]s, belonging to the genus '''''Lophocebus'''''. They tend to have dark skin, eyelids that match their facial skin, and crests of hair on their heads. They are closely aligned to baboons ''(Papio)'' and have been called ''baboon-manabeys'' (Groves 2007). It is believed that they diverged from the baboons and the geladas ''(Theropithecus)'' only about four million years ago, in the mid-Pliocene (Groves 2007).
  
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Currently, about six species are recognized (Groves 2007):
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Currently, about six [[species]] are recognized (Groves 2007):
 
*[[Gray-cheeked mangabey]], ''Lophocebus albigena''
 
*[[Gray-cheeked mangabey]], ''Lophocebus albigena''
 
*[[Black crested mangabey]], ''Lophocebus aterrimus''
 
*[[Black crested mangabey]], ''Lophocebus aterrimus''
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*[[Osman Hill's mangabey]], ''Lophocebus osmani''
 
*[[Osman Hill's mangabey]], ''Lophocebus osmani''
  
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Originally, five subspecies were recognized, all placed within ''L. albigena''. However, subsequent analysis led first to the upgrading of ''L. aterrimus'' and ''l. opdenboschi'' to species rank, and then the recognition of the other three subspecies as diagnosably distinct species; subsequent re-examination of field survey data also lead to the designation of a new species ''L. ugandae'' (Groves 2007; Tenywa 2007). Characters on the crest of the crown, cheek whiskers, and pelage in general can be used to recognize the differences in these species. For example, in the color of the mantle of elongated hair over the foreparts, the color in ''L. osmani'' is rusty brown, in ''L. albigena'' is is light gray (sometimes with faint straw tones), and in ''L. johnstoni'' it varies from a dark gray-brown to a very pale, whitish-gray to chocolate (Groves 2007). in ''L. osmani'' and ''L. albigena'' there is usually a black patch on the nape and withers (with this rare in ''L. johnstoni'', and the underside is yellow-gray in ''L. osmani'' but noticeably lighter in ''L. johnstoni'' and ''L. albigena''. In ''osmain'' the cheek-whiskers are long and bright gray or golden-white, while they are more creamy in ''L. albigena'' and light gray-brown to white in ''L. johnstoni''.
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Originally, five subspecies were recognized, all placed within ''L. albigena''. However, subsequent analysis led first to the upgrading of ''L. aterrimus'' and ''l. opdenboschi'' to species rank, and then the recognition of the other three subspecies as diagnosably distinct species; subsequent re-examination of field survey data also lead to the designation of a new species ''L. ugandae'' (Groves 2007; Tenywa 2007). Characters on the crest of the crown, cheek whiskers, and pelage in general can be used to recognize the differences in these species. For example, in the color of the mantle of elongated hair over the foreparts, the color in ''L. osmani'' is rusty brown, in ''L. albigena'' is is light gray (sometimes with faint straw tones), and in ''L. johnstoni'' it varies from a dark gray-brown to a very pale, whitish-gray to chocolate (Groves 2007). In ''L. osmani'' and ''L. albigena'' there is usually a black patch on the nape and withers (with this rare in ''L. johnstoni''), and the underside is yellow-gray in ''L. osmani'' but noticeably lighter in ''L. johnstoni'' and ''L. albigena''. In ''osmain'' the cheek-whiskers are long and bright gray or golden-white, while they are creamier in ''L. albigena'' and light gray-brown to white in ''L. johnstoni''.
  
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Given the close similarity of these monkeys, a description of the gray-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'') will help to provide insights on crested mangabeys in general. Gray-cheeked mangabeys have very long, slender, somewhat prehensile tails, which can reach 55 to 100 centimeters in length, while the adults themselves measure between 40 and 72 centimeters in length and between 4 and 11 kilograms in weight (Davis 2002). They have slight sexual dimorphism with males 15% to 30% larger than females (Davis 2002).''L. albigena'' is nearly completely arboreal, preferring to inhabit the middle and upper layers of the canopy (Davis 2002). They only come to ground occasionally for feeding, such as to raid cultivated fields (Davis 2002). The majority of time they feed on [[fruit]]s, with [[nut]]s and [seed]]s also prominent in their diet (Davis 2002). Other food sources are flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as cultivated crops such as maize and sweet potatoes.
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Given the close similarity of these monkeys, a description of the gray-cheeked mangabey ''(Lophocebus albigena)'' will help to provide insights on crested mangabeys in general. Gray-cheeked mangabeys have very long, slender, somewhat prehensile tails, which can reach 55 to 100 centimeters in length, while the adults themselves measure between 40 and 72 centimeters in length and between four and 11 kilograms in weight (Davis 2002). They have slight sexual dimorphism with males 15 percent to 30 percent larger than females (Davis 2002). ''L. albigena'' is nearly completely arboreal, preferring to inhabit the middle and upper layers of the canopy (Davis 2002). They only come to ground occasionally for feeding, such as to raid cultivated fields (Davis 2002). The majority of time they feed on [[fruit]]s, with [[nut]]s and [[seed]]s also prominent in their diet (Davis 2002). Other food sources are [[flower]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], and [[insect]]s, as well as cultivated crops such as [[maize]] and [[sweet potatoe]]s.
  
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==Highland mangabey==
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==Highland mangabey ''(Rungwecebus kipunji)''==
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[[image:Kipunji walking h.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Artist's reconstruction of highland mangabey (''Rungwecebus kipunji'')]]
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[[image:Kipunji walking h.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Artist's reconstruction of highland mangabey ''(Rungwecebus kipunji)'']]
  
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The '''highland mangabey''' (''Rungwecebus kipunji'') is a [[species]] of [[Old World monkey]] that lives in the highland forests of [[Tanzania]]. Also known as the '''Kipunji''', it is about three feet long and has long brown fur, which stands in tufts on the sides and top of its head. Its face and eyelids are uniformly black. The Kipunji is [[arboreal]] in its habits. All the males of this [[mangabey]] species emit a loud call to coordinate spacing between different groups.  The Kipunji has a unique call, described as a 'honk-bark', which distinguishes it from its close relatives the [[Grey-cheeked Mangabey]] and the [[Black Crested Mangabey]], whose calls are described as 'whoop-gobbles'.
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The highland mangabey ''(Rungwecebus kipunji)'' is a [[species]] of [[Old World monkey]] that lives in the highland forests of [[Tanzania]]. Also known as the kipunji, it is about three feet long and has long brown fur, which stands in tufts on the sides and top of its head. Its face and eyelids are uniformly black. It has an off-white colored tail (Boomershine and Olson 2007).
  
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Perhaps fewer than 1,000 of the animals live in the highland [[Ndundulu Forest Reserve]], an unprotected forest adjacent to [[Udzungwa Mountains National Park]], and in a disjunct population 250 miles away on [[Mount Rungwe]] and in [[Kitulo National Park]], which is adjacent to it. The forest at Rungwe is highly degraded, and fragmentation of the remaining forest threatens to split that population into three smaller populations. The Ndundulu forest is in better shape, but the population there is smaller.  The monkey will likely be classified as a [[Conservation status|critically endangered species]].  
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The highland mangabey is [[arboreal]] in its habits. All the males of this mangabey species emit a loud call to coordinate spacing between different groups. The kipunji has a unique call, described as a "honk-bark," which distinguishes it from its close relatives, the [[gray-cheeked mangabey]] and the [[black crested mangabey]], whose calls are described as "whoop-gobbles." It is a social species, traveling in mixed male-female groups estimated at 30 to 36 individuals (Boomershine and Olson 2007).
  
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The Kipunji was independently discovered by researchers from the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS), the [[University of Georgia]] (UGA) and [[Conservation International]] (CI), in December 2003 and July 2004, making it the first new [[Africa]]n monkey species discovered since the [[Sun-tailed Monkey]] in 1984.<ref name=Science2005>{{cite journal | first = Trevor | last = Jones| coauthors = Carolyn L. Ehardt, Thomas M. Butynski, Tim R. B. Davenport, Noah E. Mpunga, Sophy J. Machaga, Daniela W. De Luca | year = 2005 | title = The Highland Mangabey ''Lopocebus kipunji'': A New Species of African Monkey | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 308 | pages = 1161–1164 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109191 | issue = 5725 | pmid = 15905399}}</ref> Originally assigned to the genus ''[[Lophocebus]]'',<ref name=Science2005/> genetic and morphological tests showed that it is more closely related to the [[baboon]]s (genus ''Papio'') than to the other mangabeys in the genus ''Lophocebus'' and that the genus is [[diphyletic]], meaning that species with differing genealogies have been mistakenly lumped together. Scientists have assigned it to a new genus, '''''Rungwecebus''''', named after [[Mount Rungwe]], where it is found.<ref name=Science2006>{{cite journal | last = Davenport | first = Tim R. B. | coauthors = William T. Stanley, Eric J. Sargis, Daniela W. De Luca, Noah E. Mpunga, Sophy J. Machaga, and Link E. Olson | year = 2006 | title = A New Genus of African Monkey, ''Rungwecebus'': Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | doi = 10.1126/science.1125631 | volume = 312 | pages = 1378 | pmid = 16690815}}</ref>
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Perhaps fewer than 1,000 of the animals live in the highland [[Ndundulu Forest Reserve]], an unprotected forest adjacent to [[Udzungwa Mountains National Park]], and in a disjunct population 250 miles away on [[Mount Rungwe]] and adjacent [[Kitulo National Park]]. The forest at Rungwe is highly degraded, and fragmentation of the remaining forest threatens to split that population into three smaller populations. The Ndundulu forest is in better shape, but the population there is smaller. The monkey will likely be classified as a [[Conservation status|critically endangered species]].  
  
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''Rungwecebus'' is the first new monkey genus to be discovered since [[Allen's Swamp Monkey]] in 1923, according to researchers.<ref>"[http://www.livescience.com/animals/060511_monkey_genus.html Scientists Discover New Monkey Genus In Africa]"</ref>
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The highland mangabey was independently discovered by researchers from the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (WCS), the [[University of Georgia]] (UGA), and [[Conservation International]] (CI) in December 2003 and July 2004, making it the first new [[Africa]]n monkey species discovered since the [[sun-tailed monkey]] in 1984 (Trevor et al. 2005). Originally assigned to the genus ''[[Lophocebus]]'' (Trevor et al. 2005), genetic and morphological tests showed that it is more closely related to the [[baboon]]s (genus ''Papio'') than to the other mangabeys in the genus ''Lophocebus'' and that the genus is [[diphyletic]], meaning that species with differing genealogies have been mistakenly lumped together. Scientists have assigned it to a new genus, ''Rungwecebus'', named after [[Mount Rungwe]], where it is found (Davenport et al. 2006). ''Rungwecebus'' is the first new monkey genus to be discovered since [[Allen's Swamp Monkey]] in 1923, according to researchers (Than 2006).
  
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==White-eyelid mangabeys==
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==White-eyelid mangabeys ''(Cercocebus)''==
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[[Image: Barcelona.Zoologico.Mangabey.Gris.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Collared mangabey]] (''Cercocebus torquatus'')]]
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[[Image: Barcelona.Zoologico.Mangabey.Gris.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Collared mangabey]] ''(Cercocebus torquatus)'']]
  
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The '''white-eyelid mangabeys''' are West-African [[Old World monkey|Old World]] [[monkey]]s, belonging to the genus '''''Cercocebus'''''. They are characterized by their bare upper eye-lids which are lighter than their facial skin coloring, and the uniformly colored hairs of the fur.  
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The white-eyelid mangabeys are West-African [[Old World monkey|Old World]] [[monkey]]s, belonging to the genus ''Cercocebus''. The name Cerocebus is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "tail monkey" (Nguyen 1999). White-eyelid mangabeys are characterized by their bare upper eye-lids, which are lighter than their facial skin coloring, and the uniformly colored hairs of the fur.  
  
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====Species====
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There are about six extant species recognized:
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*'''Genus ''Cercocebus'' '''
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*[[Sooty mangabey]], ''Cercocebus atys''
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**[[Sooty Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus atys''
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*[[Collared mangabey]], ''Cercocebus torquatus''
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**[[Collared Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus torquatus''
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*[[Agile mangabey]], ''Cercocebus agilis''
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**[[Agile Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus agilis''
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*[[Golden-bellied mangabey]], ''Cercocebus chrysogaster''
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**[[Golden-bellied Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus chrysogaster''
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*[[Tana River mangabey]], ''Cercocebus galeritus''
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**[[Tana River Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus galeritus''
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*[[Sanje mangabey]], ''Cercocebus sanjei''
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**[[Sanje Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus sanjei''
 
  
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The collared mangabey or red-capped mangabey is both arboreal and terrestrial, but mainly occupy the lower levels of forests (Nguyen 1999). They usually use the trees for food-gathering, hiding, and sleeping, while escaping predators (eagles and leopards) on the ground (Nguyen 1999). As with other mangabeys, they feed on both vegetative material (fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, etc.) and [[invertebrate]]s such as [[insect]]s.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
 
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* Boomershine, L. and L. Olson. 2007. "Rungwecebus kipunji" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 26, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rungwecebus_kipunji.html.
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* Boomershine, L., and L. Olson. 2007. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rungwecebus_kipunji.html ''Rungwecebus kipunji''] ''Animal Diversity Web''. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
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* Davenport, T. R. B., W. T. Stanley, E. J. Sargis, D. W. De Luca, N. E. Mpunga, S. J. Machaga, and L. E. Olson. 2006. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690815 A new genus of African monkey, ''Rungwecebus'': Morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics] ''Science'', 312: 1378. PMID 16690815. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Davis, S. 2002. "Lophocebus albigena" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 26, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lophocebus_albigena.html.
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* Davis, S. 2002. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lophocebus_albigena.html ''Lophocebus albigena''] ''Animal Diversity''. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
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* Groves, C. 2005. Order Primates. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801882214.
 
* Groves, C. 2005. Order Primates. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801882214.
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* &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. 2007. [http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Uganda%20mangabey.pdf The endemic Uganda mangabey, ''Lophocebus ugandae'', and other members of the ''albigena''-group ''(Lophocebus)''] ''Primate Conservation'' 22. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Groves, C. 2007. [http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Uganda%20mangabey.pdf The endemic Uganda mangabey, ''Lophocebus ugandae'', and other members of the ''albigena''-group (''Lophocebus'')]. ''Primate Conservation'' 22. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Nguyen, K. 1999. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cercocebus_torquatus.html ''Cercocebus torquatus''] ''Animal Diversity''. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
−
 
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* Tenywa, G. 2007. [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/549484 New monkey species in Mabira&mdash;expert] ''New Vision'', February 16, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Nguyen, K. 1999. "Cercocebus torquatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 26, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cercocebus_torquatus.html.
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* Than, K. 2006. [http://www.livescience.com/animals/060511_monkey_genus.html Scientists discover new monkey genus in Africa] ''LiveScience'', May 11, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Trevor, T., C. L. Ehardt, T. M. Butynski, T. R. B. Davenport, N. E. Mpunga, S. J. Machaga, and D. W. de Luca. 2005. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905399 The highland mangabey ''Lopocebus kipunji'': A new species of African monkey] ''Science'', 308: 1161–1164. PMID 15905399. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
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* Tenywa, G. 2007. [http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/549484 New monkey species in Mabira&mdash;expert]. ''New Vision'' February 16, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links retrieved November 5, 2022.
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* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/lophocebus Primate Info Net ''Lophocebus'' Factsheets]
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* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/lophocebus Primate Info Net ''Lophocebus'' Factsheets]  
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* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/cercocebus Primate Info Net ''Cercocebus'' Factsheets]
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* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/cercocebus Primate Info Net ''Cercocebus'' Factsheets]  
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*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Lophocebus_kipunji/ images and movies of the highland mangabey ''(Lophocebus kipunji)'']
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4562589.stm BBC: New African monkey discovered]  
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4562589.stm BBC: New African monkey discovered]
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4759535.stm BBC: New genus of African monkey found]  
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4759535.stm BBC: New genus of African monkey found]
 
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*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12741407/from/RS.1/ African monkey reshapes the tree of life]
 
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*[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7399 New scientist: New monkey species discovered in Africa]
 
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*[http://www.wcs.org/353624/mangabeypressrelease Press release from the Wildlife Conservation Society]
 
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*http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4759535.stm
 
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*http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_4760000/newsid_4762300/4762373.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1
 
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*http://www.wcs.org/international/Africa/Tanzania/highlandmangabey WCS profile of Highland Mangabey]
 
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*[http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104165&org=NSF National Science Foundation press release]
 
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*[http://www.wcs.org/media/file/Highlandmangabeycall.wav Highland Mangabey's honk-bark] (in .[[WAV]] format)
 
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*[http://www.wcs.org/media/file/Highlandmangabeyvideo.mpg Video of Highland Mangabey] (in [[MPEG]] format)
 
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*[http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=676820 ITIS Report: Lophocebus kipunji] (Accessed September 28, 2005)
 
  
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
[[Category:Animals]]
 
[[Category:Animals]]
 
[[Category:Mammals]]
 
[[Category:Mammals]]
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[[Category:Primates]]
 
  
 
{{credit|Mangabey|129381240|Crested_mangabey|201971902|Kipunji|221173499|White-eyelid_mangabey|194431128}}
 
{{credit|Mangabey|129381240|Crested_mangabey|201971902|Kipunji|221173499|White-eyelid_mangabey|194431128}}

Latest revision as of 06:45, 5 November 2022

Mangabeys
Golden-bellied mangabey
Golden-bellied mangabey
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genera
  • Lophocebus (crested mangabeys)
  • Rungwecebus (highland mangabey)
  • Cercocebus (white-eyelid mangabeys)

Mangabey is the common name for the various Old World monkeys comprising the genera Lophocebus ( crested mangabeys), Cercocebus (white-eyelid mangabeys), and Rungwecebus (highland mangabey, Rungwecebus kipunji, also known as the kipunji). They belong to the same family (Cercopithecinae) and tribe (Papionini) as macaques, baboons, and mandrills.

Mangabeys, which are found only in Africa, include many of the more rare species of monkeys, but nonetheless provide important roles in the ecosystem. Some, such as the highland mangabey (R. kipunji) and black mangabey or gray-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena), provide seed dispersal for plants (Boomershine and Olson 2007; Davis 2002). Mangabeys, which typically consume vegetative matter (fruits, seeds, leaves) and some invertebrates (such as insects), also serve in food chains as the prey of leopards (Panthera pardus) and large birds of prey, such as crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) (Boomershine and Olson 2007). Some also provide food indirectly: L. albigena monkeys have been observed peeling the tough skin of the Gambeya lacourtiana fruit and then tossing it on the ground after taking a bite, with these fruits ripening on the ground and providing food to other species.

Mangabeys also are used by humans as a source of food. However, excessive hunting pressure and habitat destruction have helped to contribute to threats to various mangabey populations, with many severely limited in population size and areas of inhabited forest.

Classification

Mangabeys are Old World monkeys (family Cercopithecidae), which, along with apes of the Old World, comprise one of the three major informal groups of the biological order Primates, the other two groups being prosimians and New World monkeys. Old World monkeys typically are characterized by close-set nostrils that are downward or forward facing, a tubular ear bone, and a tail, if present, that is never prehensile (adapted for grasping or holding).

Mangabeys comprise three genera within the Old World monkeys:

  • Subfamily Colobinae
  • Subfamily Cercopithecinae
  • Tribe Cercopithecini
  • Tribe Papionini
Genus Lophocebus - crested mangabeys
Genus Rungwecebus - Highland Mangabey
Genus Cercocebus - white-eyelid mangabeys
Genus Macaca - macaques
Genus Papio - baboons
Genus Theropithecus - Gelada
Genus Mandrillus - Drill and Mandrill

The three genera of mangabeys—Lophocebus, Rungwecebus, and Cercocebus—were once thought to be very closely related, so much so that all the species were in one genera. However, it is now understood that Lophocebus and Rungwecebus species are more closely related to the baboons in genus Papio, while the Cercocebus species are more closely related to the mandrill in genus Mandrillus. In 2006, the highland mangabey was moved from Lophocebus to a new genus, Rungwecebus, the first new primate genus in 83 years.

Crested mangabeys (Lophocebus)

Juvenile gray-cheeked mangabey

The crested mangabeys are West-African Old World monkeys, belonging to the genus Lophocebus. They tend to have dark skin, eyelids that match their facial skin, and crests of hair on their heads. They are closely aligned to baboons (Papio) and have been called baboon-manabeys (Groves 2007). It is believed that they diverged from the baboons and the geladas (Theropithecus) only about four million years ago, in the mid-Pliocene (Groves 2007).

Currently, about six species are recognized (Groves 2007):

  • Gray-cheeked mangabey, Lophocebus albigena
  • Black crested mangabey, Lophocebus aterrimus
  • Opdenbosch's mangabey, Lophocebus opdenboschi
  • Uganda mangabey, Lophocebus ugandae
  • Johnston's mangabey, Lophocebus johnstoni
  • Osman Hill's mangabey, Lophocebus osmani

Originally, five subspecies were recognized, all placed within L. albigena. However, subsequent analysis led first to the upgrading of L. aterrimus and l. opdenboschi to species rank, and then the recognition of the other three subspecies as diagnosably distinct species; subsequent re-examination of field survey data also lead to the designation of a new species L. ugandae (Groves 2007; Tenywa 2007). Characters on the crest of the crown, cheek whiskers, and pelage in general can be used to recognize the differences in these species. For example, in the color of the mantle of elongated hair over the foreparts, the color in L. osmani is rusty brown, in L. albigena is is light gray (sometimes with faint straw tones), and in L. johnstoni it varies from a dark gray-brown to a very pale, whitish-gray to chocolate (Groves 2007). In L. osmani and L. albigena there is usually a black patch on the nape and withers (with this rare in L. johnstoni), and the underside is yellow-gray in L. osmani but noticeably lighter in L. johnstoni and L. albigena. In osmain the cheek-whiskers are long and bright gray or golden-white, while they are creamier in L. albigena and light gray-brown to white in L. johnstoni.

Given the close similarity of these monkeys, a description of the gray-cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena) will help to provide insights on crested mangabeys in general. Gray-cheeked mangabeys have very long, slender, somewhat prehensile tails, which can reach 55 to 100 centimeters in length, while the adults themselves measure between 40 and 72 centimeters in length and between four and 11 kilograms in weight (Davis 2002). They have slight sexual dimorphism with males 15 percent to 30 percent larger than females (Davis 2002). L. albigena is nearly completely arboreal, preferring to inhabit the middle and upper layers of the canopy (Davis 2002). They only come to ground occasionally for feeding, such as to raid cultivated fields (Davis 2002). The majority of time they feed on fruits, with nuts and seeds also prominent in their diet (Davis 2002). Other food sources are flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as cultivated crops such as maize and sweet potatoes.

Highland mangabey (Rungwecebus kipunji)

Artist's reconstruction of highland mangabey (Rungwecebus kipunji)

The highland mangabey (Rungwecebus kipunji) is a species of Old World monkey that lives in the highland forests of Tanzania. Also known as the kipunji, it is about three feet long and has long brown fur, which stands in tufts on the sides and top of its head. Its face and eyelids are uniformly black. It has an off-white colored tail (Boomershine and Olson 2007).

The highland mangabey is arboreal in its habits. All the males of this mangabey species emit a loud call to coordinate spacing between different groups. The kipunji has a unique call, described as a "honk-bark," which distinguishes it from its close relatives, the gray-cheeked mangabey and the black crested mangabey, whose calls are described as "whoop-gobbles." It is a social species, traveling in mixed male-female groups estimated at 30 to 36 individuals (Boomershine and Olson 2007).

Perhaps fewer than 1,000 of the animals live in the highland Ndundulu Forest Reserve, an unprotected forest adjacent to Udzungwa Mountains National Park, and in a disjunct population 250 miles away on Mount Rungwe and adjacent Kitulo National Park. The forest at Rungwe is highly degraded, and fragmentation of the remaining forest threatens to split that population into three smaller populations. The Ndundulu forest is in better shape, but the population there is smaller. The monkey will likely be classified as a critically endangered species.

The highland mangabey was independently discovered by researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the University of Georgia (UGA), and Conservation International (CI) in December 2003 and July 2004, making it the first new African monkey species discovered since the sun-tailed monkey in 1984 (Trevor et al. 2005). Originally assigned to the genus Lophocebus (Trevor et al. 2005), genetic and morphological tests showed that it is more closely related to the baboons (genus Papio) than to the other mangabeys in the genus Lophocebus and that the genus is diphyletic, meaning that species with differing genealogies have been mistakenly lumped together. Scientists have assigned it to a new genus, Rungwecebus, named after Mount Rungwe, where it is found (Davenport et al. 2006). Rungwecebus is the first new monkey genus to be discovered since Allen's Swamp Monkey in 1923, according to researchers (Than 2006).

White-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus)

Collared mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus)

The white-eyelid mangabeys are West-African Old World monkeys, belonging to the genus Cercocebus. The name Cerocebus is Greek for "tail monkey" (Nguyen 1999). White-eyelid mangabeys are characterized by their bare upper eye-lids, which are lighter than their facial skin coloring, and the uniformly colored hairs of the fur.

There are about six extant species recognized:

  • Sooty mangabey, Cercocebus atys
  • Collared mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus
  • Agile mangabey, Cercocebus agilis
  • Golden-bellied mangabey, Cercocebus chrysogaster
  • Tana River mangabey, Cercocebus galeritus
  • Sanje mangabey, Cercocebus sanjei

The collared mangabey or red-capped mangabey is both arboreal and terrestrial, but mainly occupy the lower levels of forests (Nguyen 1999). They usually use the trees for food-gathering, hiding, and sleeping, while escaping predators (eagles and leopards) on the ground (Nguyen 1999). As with other mangabeys, they feed on both vegetative material (fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, etc.) and invertebrates such as insects.

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External links

All links retrieved November 5, 2022.

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