Difference between revisions of "Little Richard" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox musical artist | {{Infobox musical artist | ||
|Name = Little Richard|Img = Little Richard in 2007.jpg | |Name = Little Richard|Img = Little Richard in 2007.jpg | ||
|Img_capt=Little Richard performing in [[Austin, Texas]] in March, 2007 | |Img_capt=Little Richard performing in [[Austin, Texas]] in March, 2007 | ||
| − | |Img_size = | + | |Img_size = |
|Background = solo_singer | |Background = solo_singer | ||
|Birth_name = Richard Wayne Penniman | |Birth_name = Richard Wayne Penniman | ||
| − | |Alias = | + | |Alias = The Originator, The Emancipator, The Architect Of Rock 'n' Roll; The Georgia Peach<br/> |
| − | |Born = {{birth date | + | |Born = {{birth date|1932|12|5}} [[United States|U.S.]]</small> |
| + | |Died = {{Death date and age|2020|05|09|1932|12|05}} | ||
|Origin = [[Macon, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]] | |Origin = [[Macon, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]] | ||
|Instrument = [[singer|Vocals]]<br/>[[Piano]]<br/>[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]<br/> | |Instrument = [[singer|Vocals]]<br/>[[Piano]]<br/>[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]<br/> | ||
| Line 12: | Line 14: | ||
|Years_active = 1951 - present | |Years_active = 1951 - present | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | '''Richard Wayne Penniman''' (December 5, 1932 - May 9, 2020), better known by the [[stage name]] '''Little Richard,''' was an [[United States|American]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]], and [[pianist]]. A key figure in the transition from [[rhythm & blues]] to [[rock and roll]] in the 1950s, Penniman's legacy rests on a string of groundbreaking hit singles from 1955 through 1957, such as "[[Tutti Frutti (song)|Tutti Frutti]]," "[[Lucille (Little Richard song)|Lucille]]," "Good Golly Miss Molly," and "[[Long Tall Sally]]," which helped lay the foundations of rock and roll and later influenced generations of later artists. | |
| − | + | Little Richard's early work was a mix of [[boogie-woogie]], [[rhythm and blues]], and [[gospel music]], with a heavily accentuated [[back-beat]], [[saxophone]] accompaniment, and raspy, shouted vocals, moans, screams, and other emotive inflections that marked a kind of music not previously heard by mainstream audiences. In 1957, while at the height of his stardom, he became a [[born-again]] [[Christianity|Christian]] and withdrew from recording and performing secular music. Citing a calling to be an [[evangelism|evangelist]], attended [[Bible college]] and was ordained as a [[Seventh Day Adventist minister]] in 1958. He has since devoted large segments of his life to his ministry, but has also often performed in rock revival shows, [[film]]s, commercials, and documentaries on the history of rock and roll. | |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | Little Richard's early work was a mix of [[boogie-woogie]], [[rhythm and blues]], and [[gospel music]], | + | Little Richard was honored as one of the first seven inductees into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1986 and was one of only four of these honorees (along with [[Ray Charles]], [[James Brown]], and [[Fats Domino]]) to also receive the [[Rhythm & Blues Foundation]]'s Pioneer Lifetime Achievement Award. |
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
===Early life=== | ===Early life=== | ||
| − | Penniman was born in [[Macon, Georgia]], the son of Leva Mae ([[married and maiden names|née]] Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Penniman, a [[Rum-runner|bootlegger]]. Despite his father's occupation, the family was a religious one. Growing up amid [[poverty]] and [[racism]], | + | Richard Penniman was born in [[Macon, Georgia]], the son of Leva Mae ([[married and maiden names|née]] Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Penniman, a [[Rum-runner|bootlegger]]. Despite his father's occupation, the family was a religious one. Growing up amid [[poverty]] and [[racism]], singing was an important part of his early life that, according to Richard, brought him and his family closer to [[God]]. The family formed a [[gospel music|gospel]] group called the Penniman Singers that sang in local churches and entered contests with other singing families. Richard's siblings nicknamed him "War Hawk" because of his loud, screaming-style singing voice. |
| − | Richard regularly attended the New Hope Baptist Church in Macon, where his mother was a member. However, of all the churches he frequented, Richard's favorites were the [[Pentecostal]] churches because of the music and | + | Richard regularly attended the New Hope [[Baptist Church]] in Macon, where his mother was a member. However, of all the churches he frequented, Richard's favorites were the [[Pentecostal]] churches because of the music and excitement he and his friends experienced doing the "holy dance" and [[glossolalia|speaking in tongues]] with members of the congregation. People sometimes testified to the young Richard's gift of healing when ministered to them while singing. |
| − | Deeply influenced by the gospel artists of the 1930s and 40s, Richard cited [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] as his favorite singer when he was a child. In 1945, after hearing him sing before | + | Deeply influenced by the gospel artists of the 1930s and 40s, Richard cited [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]] as his favorite singer when he was a child. In 1945, after hearing him sing before a concert, she invited him to sing a song with her onstage at the Macon City Auditorium. He was also strongly influenced by [[Marion Williams]], from whom he got his trademark shout of "who-o-o-o," inserted in his vocals. His appearance (hair, clothing, shoes, makeup, and so on) and sound were also reportedly influenced by the blues shouter [[Billy Wright (musician)|Billy Wright]]. Another influence was powerful gospel vocalist [[Brother Joe May]], known as the "Thunderbolt." |
| − | Penniman's piano-playing was partly inherited from pianist | + | Penniman's piano-playing was partly inherited from pianist Eskew Reeder Jr., better known as [[Esquerita]], who demonstrated to Richard how to emphasize high notes without compromising the driving boogie [[Bass (musical term)|bass]] line that would also characterize Penniman's playing. Penniman explained, "I used to get in a room and try to make my piano sound just like him. He had so much energy." |
Richard also learned to mix ministerial qualities with theatrics by watching the traveling [[medicine show]]s that rolled through his native Macon. In these shows, colorful lead performers would often wear lavish capes, robes, or turbans. | Richard also learned to mix ministerial qualities with theatrics by watching the traveling [[medicine show]]s that rolled through his native Macon. In these shows, colorful lead performers would often wear lavish capes, robes, or turbans. | ||
===1950s=== | ===1950s=== | ||
| − | In 1951, Penniman won a talent show in Atlanta, which resulted in a recording contract with [[RCA Records|RCA]] | + | In 1951, Penniman won a talent show in Atlanta, which resulted in a recording contract with [[RCA Records|RCA]] that produced no notable successes. In 1952, Richard's father was murdered, after which he returned to Macon and performed [[blues]] and [[boogie-woogie]] music at the local Tick Tock Club in the evenings. He went on to record for [[Peacock Records]] in [[Houston]] from 1951 to 1955. In early 1955, he recorded his last two singles for Peacock backed by the [[Johnny Otis]] Trio. These records sold poorly, however, and Penniman had little success until he sent a demo tape to [[Specialty Records]] on February 17, 1955. |
| − | Blackwell intended to have Richard compete against Ray Charles and [[B.B. King]] by having him record [[blues]] tracks. During a break in recording session in [[New Orleans]] in the late summer of 1955, however, Penniman began singing an impromptu recital of "[[Tutti Frutti (song)|Tutti Frutti]]," in his shouted vocal style, while pounding out a boogie-woogie | + | Specialty's owner, Art Rupe, purchased Richard's contract from Peacock and connected him to [[A&R]] man [[Robert Blackwell|Robert "Bumps" Blackwell]]. Blackwell, who had nurtured [[Ray Charles]] and [[Quincy Jones]] at the start of their careers, intended to have Richard compete against Ray Charles and [[B.B. King]] by having him record [[blues]] tracks. During a break in a recording session in [[New Orleans]] in the late summer of 1955, however, Penniman began singing an impromptu recital of "[[Tutti Frutti (song)|Tutti Frutti]]," in his shouted vocal style, while pounding out a boogie-woogie [[rhythm]] on the piano. Blackwell, who knew a hit when he heard one, had Richard record the song, after toning down its suggestive lyrics. The song was released in late 1955, and became the first of Little Richard's many hits. |
| − | + | [[Image:Little richard specialty 624 a.jpg|thumb|225px|"Good Golly Miss Molly" 45-rpm single]] | |
| − | + | A rapid succession of hit songs soon followed, characterized by Richard's intense vocals and driving piano, funky [[saxophone]]-section arrangements, and Richard's high pitched screams before sax solos. The hits included "[[Long Tall Sally]]," "[[Lucille (Little Richard song)|Lucille]]," "[[Rip It Up (song)|Rip It Up]]," "[[The Girl Can't Help It (song)|The Girl Can't Help It]]," "[[Slippin' and Slidin']]," "[[Jenny, Jenny]]," "[[Good Golly, Miss Molly]]," and "[[Keep A-Knockin']]," all of which reached high or topped on the R&B charts and also crossed over to the pop Top 40. | |
| − | In the commercial fashion of the day, several of | + | In the commercial fashion of the day, several of Little Richard's early hits were re-recorded in other styles. "Tutti Frutti," was covered by [[Pat Boone]], whose version initially outdid the source record on the pop charts, number 12 to number 17. Boone also released a version of "Long Tall Sally." But this time, the Little Richard original outperformed it on the [[Billboard]] charts, number six to number eight. [[Bill Haley]] covered Richard's third major hit, "Rip It Up," but again, Richard's version prevailed. With the record-buying public's preference established, Little Richard's subsequent releases did not face the same chart competition. [[Elvis Presley]] and the [[Everly Brothers]] would soon pay tribute to Richard by covering his hits on their early albums. |
===Conversion=== | ===Conversion=== | ||
| − | Suddenly, | + | Suddenly, at the top of the music world, Richard Penniman's Christian conscience began to plague him. Fearing his own [[damnation]], he abandoned [[rock and roll]] music to pursue a calling as an [[evangelist]]. This brought an abrupt halt to the recording style that had made him famous and changed the world of music. He attended Oakwood theological college in Huntsville, Alabama where he reportedly was ordained as [[Seventh Day Adventist]] minister in 1958. |
| − | + | Richard recorded only [[gospel music]] from just after his spiritual conversion in 1957 until the early 1960s. He was married in 1959. During this time, he expressed the opinion that rock and roll was of the [[Devil]] and that it was not possible for him to be a rocker and please [[God]] at the same time. | |
===1960s and 70s=== | ===1960s and 70s=== | ||
| − | By 1963, however, Richard's attitude had changed | + | By 1963, however, Richard's attitude had changed. He toured Europe with the [[Beatles]] as his opening act and soon returned to both recording and performing secular material. He was divorced in 1964, and in that year he again toured Europe with the then-unknown [[Rolling Stones]]. In 1964, he brought a fledgling guitarist into his band then known as Maurice James. Soon to become world famous as [[Jimi Hendrix]], he toured with Penniman and played on at least a dozen Little Richard recordings between the spring of 1964 and 1965. In the mid-60s Little Richard recorded funky [[soul music]] with Hendrix joining some sessions, along with [[Johnny Guitar Watson]] on guitar. None of these session, however, yielded major hits. |
| − | + | Following the death of a beloved nephew in 1977, Little Richard turned away once more from secular music and returned to [[evangelism]]. He then recorded more [[gospel music]] and remained devoted to his ministry until the mid-1980s. He also represented Memorial Bibles International and promoted the Black Heritage Bible, which highlighted the characters in the Bible thought to be [[Black]]. In sermons during this period, Richard again proclaimed that it was not possible to perform [[rock and roll]] and serve God at the same time. | |
| − | + | ===1980s=== | |
| + | [[Image:Little Richard 1988.jpg|thumb|225px|Little Richard at the 1988 [[Academy Awards]].]] | ||
| + | In the mid-1980s, popular attention was again focused on Little Richard following the release of [[Charles White]]'s critically acclaimed authorized biography ''The Life and Times of Little Richard''. In the book, Richard candidly explained his struggles with and repentance for [[substance abuse]] and [[homosexuality]]. At the same time, the new [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] honored Little Richard as one of its first inductees. | ||
| − | + | This renewed attention resulted in a show-business comeback for Little Richard. In 1986, he finally reconciled his role as a minister and as a rock-and-roll artist. He recorded an album of inspirational songs for Warner Brother Records that he called "messages in rhythm." His old friend [[Billy Preston]] helped him write the soundtrack of the motion picture ''[[Down and Out in Beverly Hills]]'' in which he also co-starred. The result was the song "Great Gosh A'Mighty," which became a hit. Richard also received critical acclaim for his acting performance in the movie. | |
| − | + | ||
| + | Richard began performing his old classic rock and roll hits in the late 1980s, but continued to evangelize by performing gospel material in his rocking style. He testified to his faith both on and off-stage. | ||
| − | + | ===1990s-2000s=== | |
| + | Through the remainder of the 1980s, 1990s, and into the twenty-first century, Little Richard was a popular guest on [[television]], in [[music videos]], commercials, movies, and as a recording artist. He has contributed new recordings to movie soundtracks (''[[Twins (film)|Twins]],'' ''Casper the Friendly Ghost,'' ''Why Do Fools Fall in Love'') and wrote and performed a song for the 2001 film [[The Trumpet of the Swan (film)|''The Trumpet of the Swan'']]. In 1994, he was featured on an episode of Full House titled: "Too Little Richard Too Late." He played himself in the [[1999 in film|1999]] film, ''[[Mystery, Alaska]],'' singing the "[[Star-Spangled Banner]]" and "[[O Canada]]" (slowly) before a pond hockey game between the local team and the [[New York Rangers]]. | ||
| − | He | + | He also recorded duets in the 1990s with [[Jon Bon Jovi]], [[Hank Williams Jr.]], Living Colour, [[Elton John]], [[Tanya Tucker]], [[Solomon Burke]], and in 2006 with [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], in which they covered the Little Richard-influenced early 1960s, hit Beatles track, "I Saw Her Standing There." |
| − | + | On February 10, 2008, he performed at the [[50th Grammy Awards]], singing "Good Golly, Miss Molly" with [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] and [[John Fogerty]]. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | Throughout the first decade of the new millennium, he kept up a stringent touring schedule, performing primarily in the United States and Europe. However, sciatic nerve pain in his left leg and then replacement of the involved hip began affecting the frequency of his performances by 2010. Despite his health problems, he continued to perform to receptive audiences and critics. ''Rolling Stone'' reported that at a performance at the [[Howard Theater]] in Washington, D.C., in June 2012, he was "still full of fire, still a master showman, his voice still loaded with deep gospel and raunchy power."<ref>Patrick Doyle, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/little-richard-tears-through-raucous-set-in-washington-d-c-190700/ Little Richard Tears Through Raucous Set in Washington, D.C.] ''Rolling Stone'', June 17, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</ref> Little Richard performed a full 90-minute show at the Pensacola Interstate Fair in [[Pensacola, Florida]], in October 2012, at the age of 79, and headlined at the Orleans Hotel in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] during Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend in March 2013. In 2013, ''Rolling Stone'' published an interview with Little Richard who admitted that he would be retiring from performing: "I am done, in a sense, because I don't feel like doing anything right now." He told in the magazine adding, "I think my legacy should be that when I started in showbusiness there wasn't no such thing as rock'n'roll. When I started with 'Tutti Frutti', that's when rock really started rocking." <ref>Tom Eames, [https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a511687/little-richard-retires-from-showbusiness-at-80-im-done/ Little Richard retires at 80: "I'm done"] ''Digital Spy'', February 9, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</ref> | |
| − | In | + | In November 2009, he entered a hospital to have replacement surgery on his left hip. Despite returning to performance the following year, his problems with his hip continued and he had to use a [[wheelchair]]. Still, he performed sitting at his piano with all his fiery rock and roll spirit. His last concert was on August 25, 2014, in [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee]]. |
| − | + | ===Death=== | |
| + | Little Richard's death on May 9, 2020, was announced by his son, Danny Penniman, who said his death was related to [[Bone tumor|Bone Cancer]].<ref>David Browne, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/little-richard-dead-48505/ Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87] ''Rolling Stone'', May 9, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</ref> | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| − | Little Richard | + | Little Richard earned wide praise from many other performers and critics alike, as one of the major founders of rock and roll. [[James Brown]] called Richard his idol and credited him with "first putting the funk in the rock and roll beat." [[Smokey Robinson]] said Penniman's music was "the start of that driving, funky, never let up rock and roll," while [[Dick Clark]] described his music as "the model for almost every rock and roll performer of the 1950s and years thereafter." Ray Charles asserted that Little Richard was "the man that started a kind of music that set the pace for a lot of what's happening today." In his high-school yearbook, [[Bob Dylan]] declared that his ambition was "to follow Little Richard." |
| − | + | [[Elvis Presley]], [[Otis Redding]], [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[George Harrison]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Keith Richards]], [[Pete Townsend]], [[Roger Daltrey]], [[John Fogerty]], [[Dick Dale]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Robert Plant]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[Jeff Beck]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[David Bowie]], and numerous other rock-and-roll icons have also cited Little Richard as being their first major influence. | |
| − | + | Little Richard was chosen as the eighth greatest artist of all time by ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. At least six of the seven artists that preceded him on the list were heavily influenced by his music. In 1986 he was one of the first seven inductees into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and has also received the [[Rhythm & Blues Foundation]]'s Pioneer Lifetime Achievement Award. | |
==Discography== | ==Discography== | ||
| Line 89: | Line 95: | ||
*1964: ''[[Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)]]'' (Vee-Jay) | *1964: ''[[Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!)]]'' (Vee-Jay) | ||
*1965: ''[[Little Richard's Greatest Hits]]'' (Vee-Jay) | *1965: ''[[Little Richard's Greatest Hits]]'' (Vee-Jay) | ||
| − | *1966: ''[[The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live!]]'' (Modern) | + | *1966: ''[[The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits--Live!]]'' (Modern) |
*1966: ''[[The Wild and Frantic Little Richard]]'' (Modern) | *1966: ''[[The Wild and Frantic Little Richard]]'' (Modern) | ||
*1967: ''[[The Explosive Little Richard]]'' (Okeh) | *1967: ''[[The Explosive Little Richard]]'' (Okeh) | ||
| Line 106: | Line 112: | ||
*1972: ''[[The Second Coming (Little Richard album)|The Second Coming]]'' (Reprise) | *1972: ''[[The Second Coming (Little Richard album)|The Second Coming]]'' (Reprise) | ||
*1972: ''''[[Southern Child]]'' (Reprise, unreleased) | *1972: ''''[[Southern Child]]'' (Reprise, unreleased) | ||
| − | *1972: ''[[Friends from the Beginning - Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix]]'' | + | *1972: ''[[Friends from the Beginning--Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix]]'' |
*1972: ''The Original'' | *1972: ''The Original'' | ||
*1972: ''You Cant Keep a Good Man Down'' | *1972: ''You Cant Keep a Good Man Down'' | ||
| Line 341: | Line 347: | ||
|align="center"|#67 | |align="center"|#67 | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| − | + | <references/> | |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | *Garodkin, John. ''Little Richard Special''. Denmark: Mjoelner Edition, 1984. | + | * Garodkin, John. ''Little Richard Special''. Denmark: Mjoelner Edition, 1984. ASIN B001KRX2RU. |
| − | *Seay, Davin, and Neely | + | * Seay, Davin, and Mary Neely. ''Stairway to Heaven: The Spiritual Roots of Rock 'n' Roll, From the King and Little Richard to Prince and Amy Grant''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986. ISBN 978-0345330222. |
| − | *White, Charles. ''The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Quasar of Rock''. New York: Harmony Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0517554982 | + | * White, Charles. ''The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Quasar of Rock''. New York: Harmony Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0517554982. |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 2, 2022. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | *[https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/little-richard Little Richard biography] ''Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'' | ||
| + | *[http://www.warr.org/littlerichard.html Little Richard] ''Wilson & Alroy's Record reviews'' | ||
| − | |||
[[Category:music]] | [[Category:music]] | ||
[[Category:musicians]] | [[Category:musicians]] | ||
{{credit|240433143}} | {{credit|240433143}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:37, 3 November 2022
| Little Richard | |
|---|---|
 Little Richard performing in Austin, Texas in March, 2007
| |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Richard Wayne Penniman |
| Also known as | The Originator, The Emancipator, The Architect Of Rock 'n' Roll; The Georgia Peach |
| Born | December 5 1932 U.S. |
| Origin | Macon, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | May 9 2020 (aged 87) |
| Genre(s) | Rhythm & Blues Rock & Roll Soul Gospel |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals Piano Keyboard |
| Years active | 1951 - present |
Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 - May 9, 2020), better known by the stage name Little Richard, was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. A key figure in the transition from rhythm & blues to rock and roll in the 1950s, Penniman's legacy rests on a string of groundbreaking hit singles from 1955 through 1957, such as "Tutti Frutti," "Lucille," "Good Golly Miss Molly," and "Long Tall Sally," which helped lay the foundations of rock and roll and later influenced generations of later artists.
Little Richard's early work was a mix of boogie-woogie, rhythm and blues, and gospel music, with a heavily accentuated back-beat, saxophone accompaniment, and raspy, shouted vocals, moans, screams, and other emotive inflections that marked a kind of music not previously heard by mainstream audiences. In 1957, while at the height of his stardom, he became a born-again Christian and withdrew from recording and performing secular music. Citing a calling to be an evangelist, attended Bible college and was ordained as a Seventh Day Adventist minister in 1958. He has since devoted large segments of his life to his ministry, but has also often performed in rock revival shows, films, commercials, and documentaries on the history of rock and roll.
Little Richard was honored as one of the first seven inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and was one of only four of these honorees (along with Ray Charles, James Brown, and Fats Domino) to also receive the Rhythm & Blues Foundation's Pioneer Lifetime Achievement Award.
Biography
Early life
Richard Penniman was born in Macon, Georgia, the son of Leva Mae (née Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Penniman, a bootlegger. Despite his father's occupation, the family was a religious one. Growing up amid poverty and racism, singing was an important part of his early life that, according to Richard, brought him and his family closer to God. The family formed a gospel group called the Penniman Singers that sang in local churches and entered contests with other singing families. Richard's siblings nicknamed him "War Hawk" because of his loud, screaming-style singing voice.
Richard regularly attended the New Hope Baptist Church in Macon, where his mother was a member. However, of all the churches he frequented, Richard's favorites were the Pentecostal churches because of the music and excitement he and his friends experienced doing the "holy dance" and speaking in tongues with members of the congregation. People sometimes testified to the young Richard's gift of healing when ministered to them while singing.
Deeply influenced by the gospel artists of the 1930s and 40s, Richard cited Sister Rosetta Tharpe as his favorite singer when he was a child. In 1945, after hearing him sing before a concert, she invited him to sing a song with her onstage at the Macon City Auditorium. He was also strongly influenced by Marion Williams, from whom he got his trademark shout of "who-o-o-o," inserted in his vocals. His appearance (hair, clothing, shoes, makeup, and so on) and sound were also reportedly influenced by the blues shouter Billy Wright. Another influence was powerful gospel vocalist Brother Joe May, known as the "Thunderbolt."
Penniman's piano-playing was partly inherited from pianist Eskew Reeder Jr., better known as Esquerita, who demonstrated to Richard how to emphasize high notes without compromising the driving boogie bass line that would also characterize Penniman's playing. Penniman explained, "I used to get in a room and try to make my piano sound just like him. He had so much energy."
Richard also learned to mix ministerial qualities with theatrics by watching the traveling medicine shows that rolled through his native Macon. In these shows, colorful lead performers would often wear lavish capes, robes, or turbans.
1950s
In 1951, Penniman won a talent show in Atlanta, which resulted in a recording contract with RCA that produced no notable successes. In 1952, Richard's father was murdered, after which he returned to Macon and performed blues and boogie-woogie music at the local Tick Tock Club in the evenings. He went on to record for Peacock Records in Houston from 1951 to 1955. In early 1955, he recorded his last two singles for Peacock backed by the Johnny Otis Trio. These records sold poorly, however, and Penniman had little success until he sent a demo tape to Specialty Records on February 17, 1955.
Specialty's owner, Art Rupe, purchased Richard's contract from Peacock and connected him to A&R man Robert "Bumps" Blackwell. Blackwell, who had nurtured Ray Charles and Quincy Jones at the start of their careers, intended to have Richard compete against Ray Charles and B.B. King by having him record blues tracks. During a break in a recording session in New Orleans in the late summer of 1955, however, Penniman began singing an impromptu recital of "Tutti Frutti," in his shouted vocal style, while pounding out a boogie-woogie rhythm on the piano. Blackwell, who knew a hit when he heard one, had Richard record the song, after toning down its suggestive lyrics. The song was released in late 1955, and became the first of Little Richard's many hits.
A rapid succession of hit songs soon followed, characterized by Richard's intense vocals and driving piano, funky saxophone-section arrangements, and Richard's high pitched screams before sax solos. The hits included "Long Tall Sally," "Lucille," "Rip It Up," "The Girl Can't Help It," "Slippin' and Slidin'," "Jenny, Jenny," "Good Golly, Miss Molly," and "Keep A-Knockin'," all of which reached high or topped on the R&B charts and also crossed over to the pop Top 40.
In the commercial fashion of the day, several of Little Richard's early hits were re-recorded in other styles. "Tutti Frutti," was covered by Pat Boone, whose version initially outdid the source record on the pop charts, number 12 to number 17. Boone also released a version of "Long Tall Sally." But this time, the Little Richard original outperformed it on the Billboard charts, number six to number eight. Bill Haley covered Richard's third major hit, "Rip It Up," but again, Richard's version prevailed. With the record-buying public's preference established, Little Richard's subsequent releases did not face the same chart competition. Elvis Presley and the Everly Brothers would soon pay tribute to Richard by covering his hits on their early albums.
Conversion
Suddenly, at the top of the music world, Richard Penniman's Christian conscience began to plague him. Fearing his own damnation, he abandoned rock and roll music to pursue a calling as an evangelist. This brought an abrupt halt to the recording style that had made him famous and changed the world of music. He attended Oakwood theological college in Huntsville, Alabama where he reportedly was ordained as Seventh Day Adventist minister in 1958.
Richard recorded only gospel music from just after his spiritual conversion in 1957 until the early 1960s. He was married in 1959. During this time, he expressed the opinion that rock and roll was of the Devil and that it was not possible for him to be a rocker and please God at the same time.
1960s and 70s
By 1963, however, Richard's attitude had changed. He toured Europe with the Beatles as his opening act and soon returned to both recording and performing secular material. He was divorced in 1964, and in that year he again toured Europe with the then-unknown Rolling Stones. In 1964, he brought a fledgling guitarist into his band then known as Maurice James. Soon to become world famous as Jimi Hendrix, he toured with Penniman and played on at least a dozen Little Richard recordings between the spring of 1964 and 1965. In the mid-60s Little Richard recorded funky soul music with Hendrix joining some sessions, along with Johnny Guitar Watson on guitar. None of these session, however, yielded major hits.
Following the death of a beloved nephew in 1977, Little Richard turned away once more from secular music and returned to evangelism. He then recorded more gospel music and remained devoted to his ministry until the mid-1980s. He also represented Memorial Bibles International and promoted the Black Heritage Bible, which highlighted the characters in the Bible thought to be Black. In sermons during this period, Richard again proclaimed that it was not possible to perform rock and roll and serve God at the same time.
1980s
In the mid-1980s, popular attention was again focused on Little Richard following the release of Charles White's critically acclaimed authorized biography The Life and Times of Little Richard. In the book, Richard candidly explained his struggles with and repentance for substance abuse and homosexuality. At the same time, the new Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honored Little Richard as one of its first inductees.
This renewed attention resulted in a show-business comeback for Little Richard. In 1986, he finally reconciled his role as a minister and as a rock-and-roll artist. He recorded an album of inspirational songs for Warner Brother Records that he called "messages in rhythm." His old friend Billy Preston helped him write the soundtrack of the motion picture Down and Out in Beverly Hills in which he also co-starred. The result was the song "Great Gosh A'Mighty," which became a hit. Richard also received critical acclaim for his acting performance in the movie.
Richard began performing his old classic rock and roll hits in the late 1980s, but continued to evangelize by performing gospel material in his rocking style. He testified to his faith both on and off-stage.
1990s-2000s
Through the remainder of the 1980s, 1990s, and into the twenty-first century, Little Richard was a popular guest on television, in music videos, commercials, movies, and as a recording artist. He has contributed new recordings to movie soundtracks (Twins, Casper the Friendly Ghost, Why Do Fools Fall in Love) and wrote and performed a song for the 2001 film The Trumpet of the Swan. In 1994, he was featured on an episode of Full House titled: "Too Little Richard Too Late." He played himself in the 1999 film, Mystery, Alaska, singing the "Star-Spangled Banner" and "O Canada" (slowly) before a pond hockey game between the local team and the New York Rangers.
He also recorded duets in the 1990s with Jon Bon Jovi, Hank Williams Jr., Living Colour, Elton John, Tanya Tucker, Solomon Burke, and in 2006 with Jerry Lee Lewis, in which they covered the Little Richard-influenced early 1960s, hit Beatles track, "I Saw Her Standing There."
On February 10, 2008, he performed at the 50th Grammy Awards, singing "Good Golly, Miss Molly" with Jerry Lee Lewis and John Fogerty.
Throughout the first decade of the new millennium, he kept up a stringent touring schedule, performing primarily in the United States and Europe. However, sciatic nerve pain in his left leg and then replacement of the involved hip began affecting the frequency of his performances by 2010. Despite his health problems, he continued to perform to receptive audiences and critics. Rolling Stone reported that at a performance at the Howard Theater in Washington, D.C., in June 2012, he was "still full of fire, still a master showman, his voice still loaded with deep gospel and raunchy power."[1] Little Richard performed a full 90-minute show at the Pensacola Interstate Fair in Pensacola, Florida, in October 2012, at the age of 79, and headlined at the Orleans Hotel in Las Vegas during Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend in March 2013. In 2013, Rolling Stone published an interview with Little Richard who admitted that he would be retiring from performing: "I am done, in a sense, because I don't feel like doing anything right now." He told in the magazine adding, "I think my legacy should be that when I started in showbusiness there wasn't no such thing as rock'n'roll. When I started with 'Tutti Frutti', that's when rock really started rocking." [2]
In November 2009, he entered a hospital to have replacement surgery on his left hip. Despite returning to performance the following year, his problems with his hip continued and he had to use a wheelchair. Still, he performed sitting at his piano with all his fiery rock and roll spirit. His last concert was on August 25, 2014, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
Death
Little Richard's death on May 9, 2020, was announced by his son, Danny Penniman, who said his death was related to Bone Cancer.[3]
Legacy
Little Richard earned wide praise from many other performers and critics alike, as one of the major founders of rock and roll. James Brown called Richard his idol and credited him with "first putting the funk in the rock and roll beat." Smokey Robinson said Penniman's music was "the start of that driving, funky, never let up rock and roll," while Dick Clark described his music as "the model for almost every rock and roll performer of the 1950s and years thereafter." Ray Charles asserted that Little Richard was "the man that started a kind of music that set the pace for a lot of what's happening today." In his high-school yearbook, Bob Dylan declared that his ambition was "to follow Little Richard."
Elvis Presley, Otis Redding, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Pete Townsend, Roger Daltrey, John Fogerty, Dick Dale, Bob Seger, Jimi Hendrix, Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, David Bowie, and numerous other rock-and-roll icons have also cited Little Richard as being their first major influence.
Little Richard was chosen as the eighth greatest artist of all time by Rolling Stone. At least six of the seven artists that preceded him on the list were heavily influenced by his music. In 1986 he was one of the first seven inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and has also received the Rhythm & Blues Foundation's Pioneer Lifetime Achievement Award.
Discography
Albums
- 1957: Here's Little Richard (Specialty)
- 1958: Volume 2 (Specialty)
- 1959: The Fabulous Little Richard (Specialty)
- 1960: Clap Your Hands
- 1960: Pray Along with Little Richard, Vol. 1
- 1960: Pray Along with Little Richard, Vol. 2
- 1962: King of the Gospel Singers
- 1963: Sings Spirituals
- 1964: Sings the Gospel
- 1964: Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!) (Vee-Jay)
- 1965: Little Richard's Greatest Hits (Vee-Jay)
- 1966: The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits—Live! (Modern)
- 1966: The Wild and Frantic Little Richard (Modern)
- 1967: The Explosive Little Richard (Okeh)
- 1967: Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live! (Okeh)
- 1967: Rock N Roll Forever
- 1968: Little Richard's Grooviest 17 Original Hits (Specialty)
- 1968: Forever Yours (Roulette)
- 1969: Good Golly Miss Molly
- 1969: Little Richard
- 1970: Rock Hard Rock Heavy
- 1970: Little Richard
- 1970: Well Alright!
- 1970: The Rill Thing (Reprise)
- 1971: Mr. Big
- 1971: The King of Rock and Roll (Reprise)
- 1972: The Second Coming (Reprise)
- 1972: ''Southern Child (Reprise, unreleased)
- 1972: Friends from the Beginning—Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix
- 1972: The Original
- 1972: You Cant Keep a Good Man Down
- 1973: Right Now!
- 1973: Rip It Up
- 1974: Talkin' 'Bout Soul
- 1974: Recorded Live
- 1974: Super Hits (Trip)
- 1975: Keep a Knockin'
- 1976: Sings
- 1976: Little Richard Live
- 1977: Now
- 1977: 22 Original Hits (Warwick)
- 1979: God's Beautiful City
- 1983: 20 Greatest Hits (Lotus)
- 1986: Lifetime Friend
- 1988: Lucille
- 1992: Shake It All About
- 1996: Shag on Down by the Union Hall Featuring Shea Sandlin & Richard "The Sex" Hounsome
- 2006: Here Comes Little Richard/Little Richard
Hit singles
| Release date | Title | Chart Positions | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Charts | US R&B chart | UK Singles Chart | |||||||||
| 11/55 | "Tutti Frutti" | #17 | #2 | #29 | |||||||
| 4/56 | "Long Tall Sally" | #6 | #1 | #3 | |||||||
| 4/56 | "Slippin' and Slidin'" | #33 | #2 | - | |||||||
| 6/56 | "Rip It Up" | #17 | #1 | #30 | |||||||
| 6/56 | "Ready Teddy" | #44 | #8 | - | |||||||
| 10/56 | "Heebie-Jeebies" | - | #7 | - | |||||||
| 10/56 | "She's Got It" | - | #9 | #15 | |||||||
| 12/56 | "The Girl Can't Help It" | #49 | #7 | #9 | |||||||
| 12/56 | "All Around the World" | - | #13 | - | |||||||
| 3/57 | "Lucille" | #21 | #1 | #10 | |||||||
| 3/57 | "Send Me Some Lovin'" | #54 | #3 | - | |||||||
| 6/57 | "Jenny Jenny" | #10 | #2 | #11 | |||||||
| 6/57 | "Miss Ann" | #56 | #6 | - | |||||||
| 9/57 | "Keep A-Knockin'" | #8 | #2 | #21 | |||||||
| 2/58 | "Good Golly, Miss Molly" | #10 | #4 | #8 | |||||||
| 6/58 | "Ooh! My Soul" | #31 | #15 | #22 | |||||||
| 6/58 | "True, Fine Mama" | #68 | - | - | |||||||
| 9/57 | "Baby Face'" | #41 | #12 | #2 | |||||||
| 2/58 | "Kansas City" | #95 | - | #26 | |||||||
| 3/59 | "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" | - | - | #17 | |||||||
| 11/61 | "He's Not Just A Soldier" | #113 | - | - | |||||||
| 11/62 | "He Got What He Wanted" | - | - | #38 | |||||||
| 3/63 | "Crying In The Chapel" | #119 | - | - | |||||||
| 7/64 | "Bama Lama Bama Loo" | #82 | #82 | #20 | |||||||
| 9/64 | "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" (A-side) | #126 | - | - | |||||||
| 9/64 | "Goodnight Irene" (B-side) | #128 | - | - | |||||||
| 11/65 | "I Don't Know What You've Got But It's Got Me" | #92 | #12 | - | |||||||
| 6/66 | "Poor Dog (Who Can't Wag His Own Tail)" | #121 | #41 | - | |||||||
| 5/70 | "Freedom Blues" | #47 | #28 | - | |||||||
| 9/70 | "Greenwood Mississippi" | #85 | - | - | |||||||
| 8/73 | "In the Middle of the Night" | - | #71 | - | |||||||
| 1/76 | "Call My Name" | #106 | - | - | |||||||
| 3/86 | "Great Gosh A'Mighty!" | #42 | - | #62 | |||||||
| 10/86 | "Operator" | - | - | #67 | |||||||
Notes
- ↑ Patrick Doyle, Little Richard Tears Through Raucous Set in Washington, D.C. Rolling Stone, June 17, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ↑ Tom Eames, Little Richard retires at 80: "I'm done" Digital Spy, February 9, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ↑ David Browne, Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87 Rolling Stone, May 9, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Garodkin, John. Little Richard Special. Denmark: Mjoelner Edition, 1984. ASIN B001KRX2RU.
- Seay, Davin, and Mary Neely. Stairway to Heaven: The Spiritual Roots of Rock 'n' Roll, From the King and Little Richard to Prince and Amy Grant. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986. ISBN 978-0345330222.
- White, Charles. The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Quasar of Rock. New York: Harmony Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0517554982.
External links
All links retrieved November 2, 2022.
- Little Richard biography Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- Little Richard Wilson & Alroy's Record reviews
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