Kushinagar
Kushinagar or Kusinagar is considered by the Buddhist religion to be one of the world's most holy cities due to its relation to Gautama Buddha. The small city, located in the Kushingar district of India, covers over 2873.5 square kilometers. It is bordered by in the west by the Mahrajganj district in the west, Gorokhpur in the southwest, Deoria in the south, and Bihar to the east.
Geography
Kushingar is located in northern India, near the small rural town of Kasia. According to the political break down of the Indian political system Kushinagar falls within the Uttar Pradesh state. Most visitors who travel to Kushingar travel through the city of Gorakhpur, a major urban city in Northern India.
Economy
The economy of Kushinagar is predominately rural, with approximately 95% of the population participating in agriculture as a primary occupation. Crops in the regions are mainly prepared for large scale exportation, and single crop fields tend to dominate subsistence farsms in the area. Primary export crops include: sugarcane, paddy, and wheat. Crops in the area tend to be produced for exportation. While agriculture is the predominant economic form in the region, smaller enterprises exist in sugar mills and distilleries.
Most of the money that comes into the area; however, comes from the tourism trade. Kushinagar was designated by one of the four official pilgrimage sites by Gautama Buddha. For this reason many devout Budhists travel to the city as part of their religious development. In addition, the Budhist religion states that Gautama Buddha was laid to rest in Kushinagar. Therefore the city plays host to the religiously devout, as well as those who travel to the city as a historic site.
People and Culture
The two predominant languages of Kushinagar are Hindi and Bhojpuri. A unique feature of the linguistic culture of Kushinagar is that the languages are predominantly only spoken. Roughly 54% of the female population is literate, while 59.5% of the male population boasts the same skills. While the percentages of literacy seem low compared to western europe and the United States, the rates are actually quite high when compared to the Indian national literacy rate. The population is also relatively young, with approximately 15% of the population being under 6 years of age.
As a city, Kushinagar is predominately Budhist, an occurance most likely due to the religious significance of the city as an official pilgrimage site. The city hosts the Annual Buddha Festival (on Buddha Purnima), as well as the festivals of Navratri Mela (Palta Devi), and Shiva Ratri Mela.
History
Ancient history In ancient times, it was known as Kushavati (Jatakas). Kushinagar was a celebrated center of the Malla kingdom of ancient India. Later, it would be known as Kushinara, one of the most important four holy sites for Buddhists. At this location, near the Hiranyavati River, Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana (or 'Final Nirvana') after falling ill from eating a meal of a species of mushroom which translates as "pig's delight".
Many of the ruined stupas and viharas here date back to 3rd century B.C.E. - 5th century CE when prosperity was at its peak. The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is known to have contributed to significant construction at this site.
Prior to its rediscovery in the 19th century, there was a silence of more than half a millennium at Kasia. Due to violent invasions, Kushinagar lost its vitality and eventually was neglected.
Visits by Buddha to Kushinagar
| Pilgrimage to Buddha's Holy Sites |
|
| The Four Main Sites |
|---|
| Lumbini · Bodh Gaya Sarnath · Kushinagar |
| Four Additional Sites |
| Sravasti · Rajgir Sankissa · Vaishali |
| Other Sites |
| Patna · Gaya Kausambi · Mathura Kapilavastu · Devadaha Kesariya · Pava Nalanda · Varanasi |
At the time of the Buddha, Kushinagar was the capital of the Mallas, and the scene of the Buddha's death. It was twenty-five yojanas from Rajagaha (DA.ii.609; acc. to Fa Hsien, p.40, it was twenty-four yojanas from Kapilavatthu) and lay on the high road from Alaka to Rájagaha, the road taken by Bávarí's disciples (SN.v.1012). At that time it was a small city, "a branch-township with wattle-and-daub houses in the midst of the jungle," and Ananda was, at first, disappointed that the Buddha should have chosen it for his Parinibbana. But the Buddha, by preaching the Maha-Sudassana Sutta, pointed out to him that in ancient times it had been Kusavati, the royal city of Maha-Sudassana (D.ii.146).
It is said that the Buddha had three reasons for coming to Kusinárá to die:
- Because it was the proper venue for the preaching of the Mahá-Sudassana Sutta;
- Because Subhadda would visit him there and, after listening to his sermon, would develop meditation and become an arahant while the Buddha was still alive; and
- Because the brahman Doha would be there, after the Buddha's death, to solve the problem of the distribution of his relics (UdA.402f; DA.ii.573f6).
Between Kusinara and Pava, three gavutas away (DA.ii.573) - from where the Buddha came to Kusinára on his last journey from Rajagaha, stopping at various places - lay the stream of Kakuttha on the banks of which was the Ambavana; beyond that was the Hiraññavati river, and near the city, in a south-westerly direction, lay the Upavattana, the Sala-grove of the Mallas, which the Buddha made his last resting-place (UdA.238; DA.ii.572f).
After the Buddha's death his body was carried into the city by the northern gate and out of the city by the eastern gate; to the east of the city was Makutabandhana, the shrine of the Mallas, and there the body was cremated. For seven days those assembled at the ceremony held a festival in honour of the relics (D.ii.160f).
As the scene of his death, Kusinara became one of the four holy places declared by the Buddha to be fit places of pilgrimage for the pious, the other three being Kapilavatthu, Buddhagaya and Isipatana (D.ii.140).
Mention is made of other visits paid to Kusinárá by the Buddha, prior to that when his death took place. Thus, once he went there from Ápana and having spent some time at Kusinárá, proceeded to Átumá. The Mallas of Kusinárá were always great admirers of the Buddha, even though not all of them were his followers, and on the occasion of this visit they decided that any inhabitant of Kusinárá who failed to go and meet the Buddha and escort him to the city, would be fined five hundred. It was on this occasion that Roja the Mallan was converted and gave to the Buddha and the monks a supply of green vegetables and pastries (Vin.i.247f). During some of these visits the Buddha stayed in a wood called Baliharana, and there he preached two of the Kusinárá Suttas (A.i.274f; v.79f) and the "Kinti" Sutta (M.ii.238f). A third Kusinárá Sutta he preached while staying at Upavattana. (A.ii.79; for another discourse to some noisy monks at Upavattana, see Ud.iv.2).
According to a late tradition, one-eighth of the Buddha's relics were deposited in a cairn in Kusinárá and honoured by the Mallas (D.ii.167; Bu.xxviii.3).
In Hiouen Thsang's day there still existed towers and Sarighárámas erected to mark the spots connected with the Buddha's last days and obsequies at Kusinárá. According to his account (Beal. op. cit.li. lii. n) Kusinárá was nineteen yojanas from Vesáli. A copper plate belonging to the thúpa erected at the site of the Buddha's death has recently been discovered (CAGI.i.714).
Rediscovery
The remains of the Parinirvana Stupa and Parinirvana Temple, when rediscovered, were covered in a 40 foot high mound of bricks surrounded by a dense thorny forest. After E. Buchanan, an officer of the East India Company, arrived in Kasia in the course of his survey-work, H. H. Wilson, in 1854, made the suggestion that ancient Kushinagar and Kasia were the same. Work resumed around 1861-1862 when General Alexander Cunningham, an archaeological surveyor, would prove the site to be that of Gautama Buddha's passing. A British officer named Mr. A.C.L. Carlleyle followed suit. Excavations began in the late 1800s and many important remnants of the main site such as the Matha Kuar and Ramabhar stupa were unveiled.
Today Today, Kushinagar is a much-frequented pilgrimage site for Indian and foreign tourists, and temples have been constructed by Indian, Chinese, Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, South Korean, Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, alongside the ruins of monasteries and stupas. Kushinagar is one of the main four Buddhist pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha. The other three are Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Sarnath.
The two places most frequently visited in Kushinagar are the Mahaparinirvana Stupa, which is built on the place of Buddha's Mahaparinirvana (Great Nirvana or passing away), and the place of his cremation, which is 1.6 km away. Close to the Mahaparinirvana Stupa is located a 1500 year old Buddha-image of the Buddha as he attained Parinirvana. The Mahaparinirvana Stupa is surrounded by ruins of ancient monasteries.
Notes
Resources
- Pryor, Robert. 1989. Buddhist pilgrimage to India and Nepal. Yellow Springs, Ohio: Insight Travel. (VHS tape)
External links
- Entry on Kusinara (Kushinagar) in the Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
- The Maitreya Project is building a 500ft/152m bronze statue of Maitreya Buddha near Kushinagar (previously planned in Bodhgaya).
- photos of Kushinagar ruins and stupas
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