Difference between revisions of "Korean Martyrs" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | ==Korean Saints== | + | ==Korean Martyrs and Saints== |
Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by [[Pope John Paul II]]. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in [[Rome]], but in [[Seoul]]. | Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by [[Pope John Paul II]]. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in [[Rome]], but in [[Seoul]]. | ||
#'''Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)''' | #'''Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)''' | ||
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#'''Ulhae Persecution (1815) | #'''Ulhae Persecution (1815) | ||
#'''Chonghae Persecution (1827) | #'''Chonghae Persecution (1827) | ||
| − | #'''Martyrs from the Gihye Persection (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)''' | + | #'''Martyrs from the Gihye Persection (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)'''In the Gihae Persecution, the French Bishop Imbert and two other missionaries priests, Maubant and Chaston were martyred, as well as Paul Chung Hasang, one of the most successful lay leaders of the Korean Catholic Church, in addition to hundreds of other faithful. |
#*[[Paul Chung Hasang ]], (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persection, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831. He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest. (103 Saints) | #*[[Paul Chung Hasang ]], (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persection, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831. He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest. (103 Saints) | ||
#*Cecilia Yu, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839 (103 Saints) | #*Cecilia Yu, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839 (103 Saints) | ||
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##Rosa Kim (103 Saints) | ##Rosa Kim (103 Saints) | ||
#*Barbara Kim (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison. (103 Saints) | #*Barbara Kim (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison. (103 Saints) | ||
| − | + | #'''Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846)''' Martyrs from the Byeongoh Persecution included the first Korean-born Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, and nine other believers. | |
| − | #'''Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846)''' | ||
#*[[Andrew Kim Taegon]], Korea's first native priest, son of Ignatius, also a martyr (103 Saints) | #*[[Andrew Kim Taegon]], Korea's first native priest, son of Ignatius, also a martyr (103 Saints) | ||
| − | #''' | + | #'''Byungin Persecution (1866-1871)''', sometimes called the Great Persecution, under the rule of Daewongun, was the final and most severe persecution under the Joseon Dynasty. 9 foreign missionaries were killed, along with an estimated 8,000 Korean Catholics. |
#*Bishop Anthony Daveluy (103 Saints) | #*Bishop Anthony Daveluy (103 Saints) | ||
#*Father Peter Aumaitre , French Catholic Priest (103 Saints) | #*Father Peter Aumaitre , French Catholic Priest (103 Saints) | ||
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| − | ==Full list of the 103 Korean Saints= | + | ==Full list of the 103 Korean Saints== |
'''Gihae Persecution (1839)''' | '''Gihae Persecution (1839)''' | ||
* 성녀 고순이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Ko Suni | * 성녀 고순이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Ko Suni | ||
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* 성녀 김 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Kim | * 성녀 김 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Kim | ||
* 성녀 김노사 로사 (기해박해) Rosa Kim (widow) | * 성녀 김노사 로사 (기해박해) Rosa Kim (widow) | ||
| − | * 성녀 김누시아 루치아 (기해박해) | + | * 성녀 김누시아 루치아 (기해박해) Lucia Kim Lucia (Duplicate???) |
* 성녀 김성임 마르타 (기해박해) Martha Kim Songim | * 성녀 김성임 마르타 (기해박해) Martha Kim Songim | ||
* 성녀 김아기 아가타 (기해박해) Agatha Kim Agi | * 성녀 김아기 아가타 (기해박해) Agatha Kim Agi | ||
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'''Byungoh Persecution (1846) 병오박해(丙午迫害)''' | '''Byungoh Persecution (1846) 병오박해(丙午迫害)''' | ||
| − | |||
* 성 [[김대건]] 안드레아 (병오박해) Andrew Kim Taegon | * 성 [[김대건]] 안드레아 (병오박해) Andrew Kim Taegon | ||
* 성녀 김임이 데레사 (병오박해) Teresa Kim Imi | * 성녀 김임이 데레사 (병오박해) Teresa Kim Imi | ||
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'''Byungin Persecution (1866) 병인박해(丙寅迫害)''' | '''Byungin Persecution (1866) 병인박해(丙寅迫害)''' | ||
Great Persecution under Daewongun | Great Persecution under Daewongun | ||
| − | |||
* 성 남종삼 요한 (병인박해) John Nam Chong-sam | * 성 남종삼 요한 (병인박해) John Nam Chong-sam | ||
* 성 다블뤼 안토니오 (병인박해) Anthony Daveluy (bishop) | * 성 다블뤼 안토니오 (병인박해) Anthony Daveluy (bishop) | ||
Revision as of 02:47, 3 September 2007
| Korean Martyrs | |
|---|---|
 Korean Martyrs | |
| Martyrs | |
| Born | Various |
| Died | 1839, 1840, 1841, 1846, 1866 |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism |
| Beatified | 1925, 1968 |
| Canonized | May 6, 1984, Yeouido, Seoul, South Korea |
| Feast | September 20 |
A religious martyr is a person who is killed as a result of maintaining and practicing religious faith. In the early years of the Christian faith in Korea, several thousand Christians, most of them Roman Catholics, were martyred. The Catholic faith started to develop in Korea at the beginning of the 17th century, during the Joseon period, a time when outside influence of any kind was not welcomed in Korea. Catholicism was seen as a threat to the state ideology of Confucianism, and many Catholic monks, priests and lay members were executed, producing as many as 8,000 or more martyrs.
The Early Christian Church in Korea
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The Roman Catholic church began to develop in Korea at the beginning of the 17th century, brought by Koreans who had met the faith and been converted in China. They also brought translations of the scriptures from China, and the strong and dynamic Catholic communities were led almost entirely by lay people until the arrival of the first Catholic missionaries from France in 1836. The protestant churches did not start sending missionaries until nearly 50 years later, in 1884.
Catholic Martyrs
The Catholic community suffered major persecutions in the years 1839, 1846 and 1866, producing at least 8,000 known martyrs, killed for following a false religion. Among them were the fervent Korean priest Andrew Kim Taegeon and the Korean lay catechist Paul Chung Hasang. The vast majority of the martyrs were simple lay people, including men and women, married and single, old and young. The members of this group of martyrs have been canonized as saints, with feast day September 20. Currently, Korea has the 4th largest number of saints in the Catholic world.
Protestant Martyrs
Robert Jermain Thomas (1839-1866), a Welshman, is the first Protestant missionary on record to have visited Korea, arriving in 1865, to distribute Chinese Bibles, about 20 years before the first organized Protestant evangelists began work in Korea. He returned to Korea again in 1866, on the General Sherman officially as an interpreter, continuing to also distribute Bibles. He was executed along with the rest of the ships crew when the ship sailed too close to Pyungyang and was attached by Korean forces. Thus, he became the first Protestant Korea martyr in Korea.
Many other Protestant missionaries and laymen were killed during the Japanese occupation. Many of the political activists killed during the March 1 Movement in 1919 were Christians. They are better described as political martyrs than religious martyrs, because they were killed as a direct result of their participation in political activism. From that time on, the Japanese occupation government was increasingly suspicious that any Christian might have political motives, and many Christians were imprisoned, tortured and killed.
North Korean Martyrs
At the end of the Korea war, there were an estimated 300,000 Catholics in North Korea, including a number of Benedictine monks. Today, according to Pyungyang, the number of Catholics in North Korea is less than 5,000. At the end of the war, some fled to the South. Others were killed, or gave up their faith. It is impossible to know how many became martyrs.
36 members of the Benedictine order associated with Tokwon Abbey in North Korea have been confirmed as killed by the Stalinist regime between 1949 and 1952, when they refused to abandon their faith. The 36 have been recommended for sainthood, and the Order of St. Benedict Waegwan Abbey in South Korea is working to move the process of their beatification and canonization forward.
Legacy
Although the history of Catholicism in Korea is relatively short, as a result of the brutal persecutions of the church by the Joseon court, the number of martyrs is quite high, and Korea is the country has the 4th largest number of Catholic saints. Pope John Paul II broke with tradition and held a canonization ceremony in Seoul, bestowing sainthood on 103 of the Korean Martyrs.
The courage and sacrifice of the Korean Catholic Church is well known outside Korea, and there are more than a dozen Catholic Churches in North America bearing the name Church of the Korean Martyrs.
Message from Korea's first native Priest
From the last letter of Andrew Kim Taegeon to his parish as he awaited martyrdom with a group of twenty persons:
- My dear brothers and sisters, know this: Our Lord Jesus Christ upon descending into the world took innumerable pains upon and constituted the holy Church through his own passion and increases it through the passion of its faithful....
- Now, however, some fifty or sixty years since holy Church entered into our Korea, the faithful suffer persecutions again. Even today persecution rages, so that many of our friends of the same faith, among whom am I myself, have been thrown into prison. just as you also remain in the midst of persecution. Since we have formed one body, how can we not be saddened in our innermost hearts? How can we not experience the pain of separation in our human faculties?
- However, as Scripture says, God cares for the least hair of our heads, and indeed he cares with his omniscience; therefore, how can persecution be considered as anything other than the command of God, or his prize, or precisely his punishment?...
- We are twenty here, and thanks be to God all are still well. If anyone is killed, I beg you not to forget his family. I have many more things to say, but how can I express them with pen and paper? I make an end to this letter. Since we are now close to the struggle, I pray you to walk in faith, so that when you have finally entered into Heaven, we may greet one another. I leave you my kiss of love.
Korean Martyrs and Saints
Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by Pope John Paul II. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in Rome, but in Seoul.
- Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)
- Zhou (Chu) Munmo, Chinese, Korea's only priest at the time
- Charles Yi Kyongdo
- Lutgardis Yi Sooni
- Chung Yakjong, father of Paul Chung Hasang
- Ulhae Persecution (1815)
- Chonghae Persecution (1827)
- Martyrs from the Gihye Persection (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)In the Gihae Persecution, the French Bishop Imbert and two other missionaries priests, Maubant and Chaston were martyred, as well as Paul Chung Hasang, one of the most successful lay leaders of the Korean Catholic Church, in addition to hundreds of other faithful.
- Paul Chung Hasang , (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persection, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831. He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest. (103 Saints)
- Cecilia Yu, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839 (103 Saints)
- Elisabeth Chung Junghye, younger sister of Paul Chung Hasang. (103 Saints)
- Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
- Nine faithful hung on crosses and then beheaded May 24, 1839:
- Magdalene Kim Obi (1774-1839). (103 Saints)
- Agatha Kim Agi (1787-1839). Baptized in prison 1839. (103 Saints)
- Barbara Han Agi (1792-1839). (103 Saints)
- Damian Nam Myonghyeok, a leader of the Catholic Church beginning from the 1820's (103 Saints)
- Peter Kwon Tugin (103 Saints)
- Anna Pak Agi (103 Saints)
- Augustine Yi Hwanghon (103 Saints)
- Lucy Park Huisun (103 Saints)
- Agatha Yi Sosa, sister of Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
- Martyred September 21-22, 1839
- Augustine Yu Chingil (1791-1839), one of just a few government officials in the Catholic Church, father of Peter Yu Taecheol, baptized in 1824 in China, executed September 22, 1839. (103 Saints)
- Peter Yu Taecheol, a thirteen-year old boy, youngest of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints.
- Ignatius Kim Jejun, father of Andrew Kim Taegon, executed September 22, 1839 (103 Saints)
- Bishop Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert, the first bishop assigned to Korea, arriving in 1837 (103 Saints)
- Father Philibert Maubant, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
- Father James Honore' Chastan, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
- Among 8 Catholics beheaded on July 20th, 1839, the first group to be martyred after Cho Pyongku issued a decree that the Church be completely eliminated.
- Martha Kim Songim (1787-1839)(103 Saints)
- Magdalena Yi (103 Saints)
- Theresa Yi Mae-im (103 Saints)
- Lucy Kim (103 Saints)
- Maria Won Kwi-im, beaten badly and tortured (103 Saints)
- Rosa Kim (103 Saints)
- Barbara Kim (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison. (103 Saints)
- Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846) Martyrs from the Byeongoh Persecution included the first Korean-born Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, and nine other believers.
- Andrew Kim Taegon, Korea's first native priest, son of Ignatius, also a martyr (103 Saints)
- Byungin Persecution (1866-1871), sometimes called the Great Persecution, under the rule of Daewongun, was the final and most severe persecution under the Joseon Dynasty. 9 foreign missionaries were killed, along with an estimated 8,000 Korean Catholics.
- Bishop Anthony Daveluy (103 Saints)
- Father Peter Aumaitre , French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
- Beheaded March 7, 1866
- Bishop Siméon François Berneux (1814-1866), French Catholic Bishop, appointed 4th Bishop of Korea in 1854 (103 Saints)
- Father Peter Henricus Dorie, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
- Father Ludovicus Beaulieu, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
- Father Justin de Bretenières, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
Full list of the 103 Korean Saints
Gihae Persecution (1839)
- 성녀 고순이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Ko Suni
- 성 권득인 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Kwon Tugin
- 성녀 권희 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Kwon Hui
- 성녀 김 루치아 (기해박해) Lucia Kim
- 성녀 김 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Kim
- 성녀 김노사 로사 (기해박해) Rosa Kim (widow)
- 성녀 김누시아 루치아 (기해박해) Lucia Kim Lucia (Duplicate???)
- 성녀 김성임 마르타 (기해박해) Martha Kim Songim
- 성녀 김아기 아가타 (기해박해) Agatha Kim Agi
- 성녀 김업이 막달레나 (기해박해) Magdalene Kim Obi
- 성녀 김유리대 율리에타 (기해박해) Juliet Kim (virgin)
- 성녀 김장금 안나 (기해박해) Anna Kim
- 성 김제준 이냐시오 (기해박해) Ignatius Kim Chejun (catechist)
- 성녀 김효임 골룸바 (기해박해) Columba Kim Hyo-im
- 성녀 김효주 아녜스 (기해박해) Agnes Kim Hyoju
- 성 남명혁 다미아노 (기해박해) Damien Nam Myong-hyok
- 성 남이관 세바스티아노 (기해박해) Sebastian Nam
- 성 모방 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Maubant (priest MEP)
- 성녀 박봉손 막달레나 (기해박해)Magdalene Pak Pongson (widow)
- 성녀 박아기 안나 (기해박해) Anna Pak Agi
- 성녀 박큰아기 마리아 (기해박해) Maria Park K'unagi
- 성 박후재 요한 (기해박해) John Pak
- 성녀 박희순 루치아 (기해박해) Lucia Park Huisun
- 성 샤스탕 야고보 (기해박해) Jacob Chastan (priest)
- 성 앵베르 라우렌시오 (기해박해) Lawrence Imbert (bishop)
- 성녀 원귀임 마리아 (기해박해) Maria Won Kwi-im (virgin)
- 성녀 유 체칠리아 (기해박해) Cecilia Yu
- 성 유대철 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Yu Tae-Chol
- 성 유진길 아우구스티노 (기해박해) Augustine Yu Chin-gil
- 성녀 이 가타리나 (기해박해) Catherine Yi
- 성녀 이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Yi
- 성 이광렬 요한 (기해박해) John Baptist Yi Kwangnyol (catechist)
- 성 이광헌 아우구스티노 (기해박해) Augustine Yi Kwang-hon
- 성녀 이매임 데레사 (기해박해) Teresa Yi Mae-im
- 성녀 이소사 아가타 (기해박해) Agatha Yi Sosa
- 성녀 이연희 마리아 (기해박해) Maria Yi Yonhui
- 성녀 이영덕 막달레나 (기해박해) Magdalene Yi Yongdog
- 성녀 이영희 막달레나 (기해박해) Magdalene Yi Yong-hui
- 성녀 이정희 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Yi Chong-hui
- 성 이호영 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Yi Hoyong
- 성 장성집 요셉 (기해박해) Joseph Chang Songjib
- 성녀 전경협 아가타 (기해박해) Agatha Chon Kyonghyob
- 성 정국보 프로타시오 (기해박해) Protasius Chong Kurbo
- 성녀 정정혜 엘리사벳 (기해박해) Elisabeth Chong Chong-hye (virgin)
- 성 정하상 바오로 (기해박해) Paul Chong Hasang
- 성녀 조 막달레나 (기해박해) Magdalene Cho
- 성 조신철 가롤로 (기해박해) Charles Cho Shin-ch'ol
- 성녀 조증이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Cho Chung-i
- 성 최경환 프란치스코 (기해박해) Francis Ch'oe Hyong-hwan
- 성 최창흡 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Ch'oe Ch'ang-hub (catechist)
- 성녀 한아기 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Han Agi
- 성녀 한영이 막달레나 (기해박해) Magdalene Han Yong-i
- 성녀 홍금주 페르페투아 (기해박해) Perpetua Hong Kumju (widow)
- 성녀 허계임 막달레나 (기해박해) Magalena Ho Kye-im
- 성녀 현경련 베네딕타 (기해박해) Benedicta Hyon Kyongnyon
Martyred 1840
- 성녀 권진이 아가타 (1840년) Agatha Kwon Chini
- 성녀 김 데레사 (1840년) Teresa Kim
- 성 민극가 스테파노 (1840년) Stephen Min Kukka (catechist)
- 성 박종원 아우구스티노 (1840년) Augustine Pak Chong-won
- 성녀 손소벽 막달레나 (1840년) Magdalene Son Sobyog
- 성녀 이 아가타 (1840년) Agatha Yi
- 성녀 이경이 아가타 (1840년) Agatha Yi Kyong-i
- 성 이문우 요한 (1840년) John Yi Munu
- 성녀 이인덕 마리아 (1840년) Maria Yi Indog
- 성 정화경 안드레아 (1840년) Andrew-Chong Kwagyong (catechist)
- 성녀 최영이 바르바라 (1840년) Barbara Ch'oe Yong-i
- 성 허협 바오로 (1840년) Paul Ho
- 성 홍병주 베드로 (1840년) Peter Hong Pyongju
- 성 홍영주 바오로 (1840년) Paul Hong Yongju (catechist)
Martyred 1841
- 성 김성우 안토니오 (1841년) Anthony Kim Son-u
Byungoh Persecution (1846) 병오박해(丙午迫害)
- 성 김대건 안드레아 (병오박해) Andrew Kim Taegon
- 성녀 김임이 데레사 (병오박해) Teresa Kim Imi
- 성 남경문 베드로 (병오박해) Peter Nam Kyongmun (catechist)
- 성녀 우술임 수산나 (병오박해) Susanna U Surim
- 성녀 이간난 아가타 (병오박해) Agatha Yi Kannan
- 성 임치백 요셉 (병오박해) Joseph Im Ch'ibaeg
- 성녀 정철염 가타리나 (병오박해) Catherine Chong Ch'oryom
- 성 한이형 라우렌시오 (병오박해)Lawrence Han Ihyong (catechist)
- 성 현석문 가롤로 (병오박해) Charles Hyon Songmun
Byungin Persecution (1866) 병인박해(丙寅迫害) Great Persecution under Daewongun
- 성 남종삼 요한 (병인박해) John Nam Chong-sam
- 성 다블뤼 안토니오 (병인박해) Anthony Daveluy (bishop)
- 성 도리 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Henricus Dorie (priest)
- 성 베르뇌 시메온 (병인박해) Simon Berneux (bishop)
- 성 볼리외 베르나르도 (병인박해) Bernard Ludovicus Beaulieu (priest)
- 성 브르트니에르 유스토 (병인박해) Justin de Bretenières (priest)
- 성 손선지 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Son Sonji (catechist)
- 성 손자선 토마스 (병인박해) Thomas Son Chason
- 성 오메트르 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Aumaitre (priest)
- 성 우세영 알렉시오 (병인박해) Alex U Seyong
- 성 위앵 마르티노 루카 (병인박해) Martin Luke Huin (priest)
- 성 유정률 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Yu Chongyul (catechist)
- 성 이명서 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Yi Myongseo
- 성 이윤일 요한 (병인박해) John Yi Yunil (catechist)
- 성 장주기 요셉 (병인박해) Joseph Chang Chugi (priest)
- 성 전장운 요한 (병인박해) John Baptist Chong Chang-un (catechist)
- 성 정문호 바르톨로메오 (병인박해) Bartholomew Chong Munho
- 성 정원지 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Chong Wonji
- 성 정의배 마르코 (병인박해) Mark Chong Uibae (catechist)
- 성 조윤호 요셉 (병인박해) Joseph Cho Yunho
- 성 조화서 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Cho Hwaso
- 성 최형 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Choi Hyong (catechist)
- 성 한재권 요셉 (병인박해) Joseph Peter Han Wonso (catechist)
- 성 황석두 루카 (병인박해) Luke Hwang Seoktu
See also
- Andrew Kim Taegon
- Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert
- Christianity in Korea
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Attwater, Donald, and Catherine Rachel John. 1995. The Penguin dictionary of saints. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140513127
- Kim, Chang-seok Thaddeus, and Choong-woo Andreas Lee. 1986. Holy places of the Korean martyrs. Seoul: Lay Apostolate Council of Korea. OCLC: 50093397
- MacMahon, Hugh. 1995. The Korean martyr saints: founders of a church. Seoul: St. Hwang Sŏk Tu Luke Pub. House. ISBN 9788985996020
External links
- APOSTOLIC JOURNEY TO KOREA: MASS FOR THE CANONIZATION OF KOREAN MARTYRS. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- Catholic Culture: Stories of the Korean Martyrs. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
- Catholic Online: Martyrs of Korea. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
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