John Herschel

Portrait of Sir John Herschel by Julia Margaret Cameron

John Herschel in 1846

Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH (March 7, 1792–May 11, 1871) was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor, and the son of astronomer William Herschel. He published several star catalogs based on his own observations, and contributed to the development of photography when it first emerged in 1839. Herschel believed that the study of nature was an avenue to the understanding of God's creation, and was supportive of the design theories of Charles Babbage.

Early life and work on astronomy

Left handed and right handed xtals 1825-33 astronomical observations in 1825, he decided to study nebulae, indicating that "nobody else could see them." More than 2300 nebulae and star clusters. 1826, two papers on andromeda and Orion Nebula, and began double star catalog, about 5000 objects, compared to 850 of his father.

Herschel was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the son of William and Mary Herschel. Herschel's father was a world-famous astronomer who had discovered the planet Uranus in 1881, and who continued to make many contributions to astronomy and physics until his death in 1822. When Herschel was seven, he was briefly enrolled at a boarding school at Eaton, but his mother feared the rough treatment he endured there at the hands of the students. He was later placed in a local school, where he made more progress, particularly in languages, although he lagged somewhat in mathematics, not demonstrating an innate proficiency in the subject at that early age. He later studied at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated as senior wrangler in 1813. It was during his time as an undergraduate, that he became friends with Charles Babbage and George Peacock. In 1813, he became a fellow of the Royal Society of London after submitting a mathematics memoir. In 1816, he took up astronomy, assisting his father and building a reflecting telescope with a mirror 18 inches in diameter and with a 20-foot focal length. His interest in Astronomy was said to have been inspired by the optical studies of Henry Hyde Wollaston and David Brewster. In 1819, he reported discovering sodium thiosulphate and its ability to dissolve silver salts. This property would later be used in photography to fix photographic plates.

In 1821 the Royal Society bestowed upon him the Copley Medal for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. In the same year, accompanied by Babbage, Herschel took a tour of Europe, one of three such excursions he would make a space of four years. Herschel and Babbage spent much of time in the Alps taking measurements and making observations. During a stopover in Paris, they met the naturalist and world traveler Alexander von Humboldt. Von Humboldt would become a lifelong friend of Herschel, and the two would later work together to improve the new science of photography. Between 1821 and 1823 Herschel re-examined, with James South, the double stars catalogued by his father, and added observations of his own, thus expanding the list of double stars from 850 to 5,075. For this work he was presented in 1826 with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (which he won again in 1836), and with the Lalande Medal of the French Institute in 1825, while He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1831.

Visit to South Africa

In 1833, Herschel published "A Treatise on Astronomy. In the same year, after the death of his mothe, his waning enthusiasm for the activities of the Royal Society prompted Herschel to embark on a journey to South Africa to observe and catalog the stars and other celestial objects obvervable only from the Southern Hemisphere. This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father William Herschel. He arrived in Cape Town on 15 January 1834. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of Comet Halley.

However, in addition to his astronomical work, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.

Gradualist view of development

Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, he wrote to Lyell commenting and urging a search for natural laws underlying the "mystery of mysteries" of how species formed, prefacing his words with the couplet:

He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing

To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing.

Taking a gradualist view of development, he commented

"Time! Time! Time! — we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we must interpret it in accordance with whatever shall appear on fair enquiry to be the truth for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years."

The document was circulated, and Charles Babbage incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial Bridgewater Treatise, which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer. When HMS Beagle called at Cape Town, Captain Robert FitzRoy and the young naturalist Charles Darwin visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in The Origin of Species. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species — that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel.

Return to England

Upon Herschel's return to England after four years in Capetown, he was welcomed with a dinner attended by about 400 persons, including such notables as Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, William Rowan Hamilton, Charles Lyell, Charles Babbage, William Whewell, and the antarctic explorer James Ross. In the same year, he was created a baronet. He did not publish Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope until 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of Saturn: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus. In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of Uranus: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.

Portrait of Sir John Herschel by his daughter Margaret Louisa Herschel

Photography

Herschel made numerous contributions to photography. He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the cyanotype process and variations, the precursors of the modern blueprint process. He experimented with color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper.

He coined the term photography and applied the terms negative and positive to photography.

He discovered sodium thiosulfate to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a photographic fixer, to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in 1839.

General

Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography, and the telescope for the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

In 1835, the New York Sun newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the Great Moon Hoax, with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.

Herschel Island (in the Arctic Ocean, north of the Yukon Territory) and J. Herschel crater, on the Moon, are named after him.

Family

He married Margaret Brodie Stewart (1810-1864) on 3 March 1829. They had 12 children:

1. Caroline Emilia Mary Herschel (1830-1909)
2. Isabella Herschel (1831-1893)
3. Sir William James Herschel, 2nd Bt. (1833-1917)
4. Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834-1861), an accomplished artist
5. Alexander Stewart Herschel (1836-1907)
6. Colonel John Herschel (1837-1921)
7. Maria Sophie Herschel (1839-1929)
8. Amelia Herschel (1841-1926) married Sir Thomas Francis Wade, diplomat and sinologist
9. Julia Mary Herschel (1842-1933)
10. Matilda Rose Herschel (1844-1914)
11. Francisca Herschel (1846-1932)
12. Constance Ann Herschel (1855-1939)

On his death at Collingwood, his home near Hawkhurst in Kent, he was given a national funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey.

Legacy

John Herschel could have easily been overshadowed by his famous father, who, among his many accomplishments, discovered the planet Uranus. But instead, he first established his own reputation in mathematics before deciding to follow and expand upon his father's path. In his day, he was as legendary as his father, and was the personification of nineteenth century science, particularly in England. In real terms, he made substantial contributions to many fields, beyond his astronomical exploits. He always remained a firm believer in the divine. In his Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy, he supported the association of nature with divine creation. This probably brought him into conflict with the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, although Darwin was quick to point out that Herschel sought to find an explanation for the emergence of species that Darwin's theory attempted to explain.

Publications

• On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses (1821);
• Outlines of Astronomy (1849);
• General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars (published posthumously);
• Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects;
• General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters;
• Manual of Scientific Inquiry (ed.), (1849);
• Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects (1867).

See also

• Charles Lyell
• Saturn
• Uranus
• William Herschel

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

<<We need at least 3 references here, properly formatted.>>

• Ball, Robert S. 1895. Great astronomers. London: Isbister.
• Buttmann, Günther. 1974. The shadow of the telescope a biography of John Herschel; tr. by B. E. J. Pagel. Ed. and intro. by David S. Evans. Guildford: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0718820878
• Ruskin, Steven, and John F. W. Herschel. 2004. John Herschel's Cape voyage: private science, public imagination, and the ambitions of empire. Science, technology, and culture, 1700-1945. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 0754635589.

External links

• http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html
• Biography: JRASC 74 (1980) 203
• The Herschel Chronicle
• Photographic Process and Early Photograms

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