Ivy Lee
Ivy Ledbetter Lee (July 16, 1877 – November 9, 1934) is often considered the founder of modern public relations, or PR. Lee was an influential but controversial pioneer in this field; working with George Parker, he established the United States's third public relations firm, Parker and Lee. Lee also handled publicity for Judge Alton Parker’s unsuccessful presidential race against Theodore Roosevelt. The author of the “Declaration of Principles,” the first literary piece describing the concept of public relations and its obligation to the people, Lee is also credited with issuing the first press release. He was a career-long competitor of public relations agent Edward Bernays, and was significantly influential in convincing large corporations to create public relation departments within their firms.
Life
Ivy Lee was born near Cedartown, Georgia, the first son of a Methodist minister, James Wideman Lee, who founded an important Atlanta family with wife Emma Ledbetter. Ledbetter, who was a mere thirteen years older than her first son, would also have two more sons and three daughters. Lee studied at Emory University for two years but would graduate from Princeton University at the top of his class in economics in 1898. Following graduation, Lee enrolled in Harvard Law School but would last only one semester before running out of money. Lee then worked as a newspaper reporter and stringer for the New York Journal, New York Times and New York World. In 1901 he married Cornelia Bigelow, the daughter of a prominent Minnesota lawyer. After three years in the newspaper industry, Lee would resign from his post in 1903 due to low pay and long hours.
In 1904 Lee would establish Parker and Lee, one of the nation’s first public relations firm with partner George Parker. The men made this partnership after working together in the Democratic Party headquarters where they were hired to handle publicity for Judge Alton Parker's unsuccessful presidential race against Theodore Roosevelt.
The firm of Parker and Lee boasted of "Accuracy, Authenticity, and Interest." Under Lee, the firm sought to benefit big businesses by presenting public audiences with two sides to every story in order to alleviate bad press on big business operations. Lee worked to communicate the interests of large businesses to public audiences, and the demands of the public to large industrialists. To ensure smooth communications, Lee aimed to provide as much information to journalists as possible. However the firm often faced various attacks by the press for ghostwritten press releases and the disguising of advertisements as stories. Parker and Lee responded by attempting to transform the image of the firm from an agency of sales, to that of service. Despite minor success, the firm would last only four years. After a highly successful, controversial but influential career in public relations, in 1934 Lee died of a brain tumor in New York at the age of 57.
Work
Following the closure of Harper and Lee, Lee evolved his philosophy in 1906 into the "Declaration of Principles," which identified PR representatives as having a public responsibility that extends beyond the obligations of a client. Drafted during the anthracite coal strike, Lee’s “Declaration” outlined the guiding principles of his personal PR theories. Its major points included factual accuracy, general discretion, and the importance of newspaper reporting and not of newspaper advertising.
In late 1903, after an accident involving the Pennsylvania Railroad, Lee issued what is often considered to be the very first press release after he successfully convinced the railroad company to openly disclose information about the accident to journalists.[1] With his handling of the railroad accident, many historians label Lee the originator of modern crisis communications.
In 1912 Lee was hired by the Pennsylvania Railroad as the company’s first publicity director. Here Lee lobbied for public support against the passage of President Theodore Roosevelt’s Hepburn Act which sought to significantly reform the railroad industry. While working on behalf of a 5 percent freight increase in 1912, Lee also taught the first public relations course at New York University. One year later he successfully received the 5 percent increase from a reluctant federal government. His success marked Lee as influential in the creation of a new type of relationship between big business incentives and government affairs.
In 1914 Lee would enter public relations on a larger scale when he was retained by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to represent his family’s company, the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, following the "Ludlow Massacre.” The massacre, which occurred after a gun battle between striking miners and Colorado state militia, left 15 dead including many women and children. The event sparked a major public outcry and widespread violence throughout nearby mining communities. Lee was hired by the Rockefellers to alleviate the impact of the negative press and to restore the public image of the family to what it once was. Lee is believed to have produced a variety of reports and press releases sent to various state officials and newspapers that contained misleading and inaccurate information concerning the violent event.
From then on Lee faithfully served the Rockefellers and their corporate interests, including a strong involvement in Rockefeller Center. Lee was in fact the first to suggest to Rockefeller Jr., against his reservations, that he give the complex his family name.
In the early 1920s, Lee became an inaugural member of the Council on Foreign Relations after it was established in New York in 1921 and financially backed by the Rockefellers. As a PR representative, Lee espoused a philosophy consistent with what has sometimes been called the "two-way street" approach in which representatives not only listen to clients, but help them communicate a public message. In practice, however, Lee was often criticized for engaging in one-way propaganda on behalf of large corporate clients generally despised by the public. Shortly before his death, the U.S. Congress began investigating Lee’s work in Nazi Germany on behalf of the controversial company IG Farben. However, during World War II, Lee also worked on behalf of the Red Cross, helping to raise more than $400 million dollars in contributions and recruiting millions of volunteers on the organization's behalf. Lee was influential in establishing the Red Cross as the major organization for American's to contribute to for disaster relief.
Lee was also employed by Bethlehem Steel, in which capacity he famously advised managers to list their top priorities and work on tasks in that order. For this suggestion, company head Charles M. Schwab paid him $25,000. Lee also worked as a PR representative on behalf of General Mills and Lucky Strike, and was an advisor to George Westinghouse, Charles Lindbergh, John W. Davis, Otto Kahn and Walter Chrysler.[2] A major proponent of large business mergers, Lee publicly argued company collaborations to be Christian, and denounced economic competition as non-Christian and selfish. Lee was also influential in persuading large companies to create public relation departments.
Legacy
A pioneering yet controversial figure among public relations, Ivy Lee is often labeled the father of the field. A highly skilled representative and advisor, Lee was influential in founding the field of public relations and defining its relationship with both the press and government officials. Lee worked as a longtime advisor to the Rockefeller family, and maintained more controversial ties to large corporations such as IG Farben. A successful lobbyist, Lee was prominent in creating a relationship between the press and the government which serves as a cornerstone within the world of public relations well in the twenty-first century. A legendary figure, Lee’s contributions to the field of public relations throughout the first half of the twentieth century are immense.
Publications
- Lee, Ivy Ledbetter. 1925. Publicity: Some of the Things It Is and Is Not. Industries Publishing. Co.
- Lee, Ivy Ledbetter. 1927. Public Opinion and International Relations. Institute of Pacific Relations.
- Lee, Ivy Ledbetter. 1928. Present-day Russia. The Macmillan Company.
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Sourcewatch. Ivy Lee. Sourcewatch Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- O’Brien, Timothy L. "Spinning Frenzy: P.R.'s Bad Press." New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2005.
- Hiebert, Ray Eldon. Courtier to the Crowd: The Story of Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1966.
- Nobel, Paul. Evaluating Public Relations: A Best Practice Guide to Public Relations Planning, Research and Evaluation. Kogan Page Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0749449799.
- Turney, Michael. Ivy Lee On-line Readings in Public Relations. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- Tye, Larry. The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and The Birth of Public Relations. Holt Paperbacks, 2002. ISBN 0805067892.
- Caywood, Clarke. The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications. McGraw-Hill Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0786311312.
External Links
- Ivy Lee Biography
- Ivy Ledbetter Lee Papers
- Spin Cycles: a century of spin CBC Interview with Fraser Seitel, January 19, 2007.
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