Difference between revisions of "Gustav Kirchhoff" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox_Scientist | {{Infobox_Scientist | ||
| name = Gustav Robert Kirchhoff | | name = Gustav Robert Kirchhoff | ||
| − | | image = Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg| | + | | image = Gustav R. Kirchhoff.jpg|350px |
| image_width = 350px | | image_width = 350px | ||
| caption = Gustav Kirchhoff | | caption = Gustav Kirchhoff | ||
| − | | birth_date = | + | | birth_date = 12 March, 1824 |
| birth_place = [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]] | | birth_place = [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]] | ||
| − | | death_date = | + | | death_date = 17 October, 1887 |
| death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | ||
| residence = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|]] [[Germany]] | | residence = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|]] [[Germany]] | ||
| nationality = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|]] [[Germany|German]] | | nationality = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|]] [[Germany|German]] | ||
| field = [[Physicist]] | | field = [[Physicist]] | ||
| − | | work_institution = [[University of Berlin]] </ | + | | work_institution = [[University of Berlin]] <br/> [[University of Breslau]] <br/> [[University of Heidelberg]] |
| alma_mater = [[Kant Russian State University|University of Königsberg]] | | alma_mater = [[Kant Russian State University|University of Königsberg]] | ||
| doctoral_advisor = [[Franz Ernst Neumann]] | | doctoral_advisor = [[Franz Ernst Neumann]] | ||
| − | | doctoral_students = [[Max Noether]]</ | + | | doctoral_students = [[Max Noether]]<br/>[[Ernst Schröder]] |
| − | <!--[Theodor Adrian]]</ | + | <!--[Theodor Adrian]]<br/>[[Johannes Knoblauch]]<br/>[[Jacob Lroth]]—> |
| − | | known_for = [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws]] </ | + | | known_for = [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws]] <br/> [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation]] |
| prizes = [[Rumford medal]] | | prizes = [[Rumford medal]] | ||
| religion = | | religion = | ||
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{{redirect|Kirchhoff}} | {{redirect|Kirchhoff}} | ||
| − | '''Gustav Robert Kirchhoff''' ( | + | '''Gustav Robert Kirchhoff''' (March 12, 1824 – October 17, 1887) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]] who contributed to the fundamental understanding of [[electrical circuit]]s, [[spectroscopy]], and the emission of [[black-body]] radiation by heated objects. He coined the term "black body" radiation in 1862, and two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission are named "[[Kirchhoff's laws]]" after him. |
Gustav Kirchhoff was born in [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]], the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 where he attended the mathematico-physical seminar directed by [[Franz Ernst Neumann]] and Friedrich Julius Richelot. He married Clara Richelot, the daughter of his mathematics professor Richelot. In the same year, they moved to [[Berlin]], where he stayed until he received a professorship at [[Wrocław|Breslau]]. | Gustav Kirchhoff was born in [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]], the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 where he attended the mathematico-physical seminar directed by [[Franz Ernst Neumann]] and Friedrich Julius Richelot. He married Clara Richelot, the daughter of his mathematics professor Richelot. In the same year, they moved to [[Berlin]], where he stayed until he received a professorship at [[Wrocław|Breslau]]. | ||
| − | Kirchhoff formulated his [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws|circuit laws]], which are now ubiquitous in [[electrical engineering]], in | + | Kirchhoff formulated his [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws|circuit laws]], which are now ubiquitous in [[electrical engineering]], in 1845, while still a student. He completed this study as a seminar exercise; it later became his doctoral dissertation. He proposed his [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation|law of thermal radiation]] in 1859, and gave a proof in 1861. He was called to the University of [[Heidelberg]] in 1854, where he collaborated in spectroscopic work with [[Robert Bunsen]]. Together Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]] in 1861 while studying the chemical composition of the [[Sun]] via its spectral signature. At Heidelberg he ran a mathematico-physical seminar, modelled on Neumann's, with the mathematician Leo Koenigsberger. Among those who attended this seminar were [[Arthur Schuster]] and [[Sofia Kovalevskaya]]. In 1875 Kirchhoff accepted the first chair specifically dedicated to theoretical physics at [[Berlin]]. |
| − | In | + | In 1862 he was awarded the [[Rumford Medal]] for his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light. |
He contributed greatly to the field of spectroscopy by formalizing three laws that describe the [[optical spectrum|spectral]] composition of [[light]] emitted by incandescent objects, building substantially on the discoveries of [[David Alter]] and [[Anders Jonas Angstrom]] (see also: [[spectrum analysis]]) | He contributed greatly to the field of spectroscopy by formalizing three laws that describe the [[optical spectrum|spectral]] composition of [[light]] emitted by incandescent objects, building substantially on the discoveries of [[David Alter]] and [[Anders Jonas Angstrom]] (see also: [[spectrum analysis]]) | ||
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | ||
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physicist]] | |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physicist]] | ||
| − | |DATE OF BIRTH= | + | |DATE OF BIRTH= 12 March, 1824 |
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]] | |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Kaliningrad|Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]] | ||
| − | |DATE OF DEATH= | + | |DATE OF DEATH= 17 October, 1887 |
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | |PLACE OF DEATH= [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 00:01, 28 March 2007
|
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff | |
|---|---|
 Gustav Kirchhoff | |
| Born |
12 March, 1824 |
| Died | 17 October, 1887 |
| Residence |  Germany
|
| Nationality | German
|
| Field | Physicist |
| Institutions | University of Berlin University of Breslau University of Heidelberg |
| Alma mater | University of Königsberg |
| Academic advisor | Franz Ernst Neumann |
| Notable students | Max Noether Ernst Schröder |
| Known for | Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation |
| Notable prizes | Rumford medal |
- "Kirchhoff" redirects here.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824 – October 17, 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects. He coined the term "black body" radiation in 1862, and two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him.
Gustav Kirchhoff was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 where he attended the mathematico-physical seminar directed by Franz Ernst Neumann and Friedrich Julius Richelot. He married Clara Richelot, the daughter of his mathematics professor Richelot. In the same year, they moved to Berlin, where he stayed until he received a professorship at Breslau.
Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws, which are now ubiquitous in electrical engineering, in 1845, while still a student. He completed this study as a seminar exercise; it later became his doctoral dissertation. He proposed his law of thermal radiation in 1859, and gave a proof in 1861. He was called to the University of Heidelberg in 1854, where he collaborated in spectroscopic work with Robert Bunsen. Together Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered caesium and rubidium in 1861 while studying the chemical composition of the Sun via its spectral signature. At Heidelberg he ran a mathematico-physical seminar, modelled on Neumann's, with the mathematician Leo Koenigsberger. Among those who attended this seminar were Arthur Schuster and Sofia Kovalevskaya. In 1875 Kirchhoff accepted the first chair specifically dedicated to theoretical physics at Berlin.
In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light.
He contributed greatly to the field of spectroscopy by formalizing three laws that describe the spectral composition of light emitted by incandescent objects, building substantially on the discoveries of David Alter and Anders Jonas Angstrom (see also: spectrum analysis)
Kirchhoff's Three Laws of Spectroscopy:
- A hot solid object produces light with a continuous spectrum.
- A hot tenuous gas produces light with spectral lines at discrete wavelengths (i.e. specific colors) which depend on the energy levels of the atoms in the gas. (See also: emission spectrum)
- A hot solid object surrounded by a cool tenuous gas (i.e. cooler than the hot object) produces light with an almost continuous spectrum which has gaps at discrete wavelengths depending on the energy levels of the atoms in the gas. (See also: absorption spectrum)
The existence of these discrete lines was later explained by the Bohr model, which helped lead to the development of quantum mechanics.
Kirchhoff died in 1887, and was buried in the St Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery in Schöneberg, Berlin, only a few meters from the graves of the Brothers Grimm.
See also
- Kirchhoff's circuit laws
- Kirchhoff equations
- Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor
- Spectrum analysis
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Short biography
- John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson. Gustav Kirchhoff at the MacTutor archive
- Eric W. Weisstein, Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824-1887) at ScienceWorld.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 12 March, 1824 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Königsberg, East Prussia |
| DATE OF DEATH | 17 October, 1887 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Berlin, Germany |
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