Graham Greene

This article is about the writer. For the actor, see Graham Greene (actor).

Graham Greene

Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH (October 2, 1904 – April 3, 1991) was a visionary English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic. He also penned several screenplays for Hollywood, and in turn, many of his works, which are full of action and suspense, have been made into films. Greene's stylistic work is known for its explorations of moral issues dealt with in a political setting. His novels gained him a reputation as one of the most widely read writers of the 20th century.

Graham Greene, known as a world-traveler, would often seek out adventure to fuel his stories and experience the political world of various nations up close. Many of his writings are centered on the religious beliefs of Roman Catholicism, although he detested being described as a "Catholic novelist" rather than as a "novelist who happened to be Catholic". His focus on religion did not deter readers or jade Greene's writings, but on the contrary, in novels such as Brighton Rock, The Heart of the Matter, The End of the Affair, Monsignor Quixote, and his famous work The Power and the Glory, it only made them more poignant. His intense focus on moral issues, politics, and religion, mixed with suspense and adventure, became the trademark of Graham Greene's ingenious works.

Life and work

Childhood

Graham Greene was the fourth born child to Charles Henry and Marion Raymond Greene. Greene was raised in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, and was a very shy and sensitive child. Graham was born into a large and influential family. His parents were first cousins, and were related to the writer Robert Louis Stevenson. His father was related to the owners of the large and influential Greene King brewery. The more distant relations of the family were comprised of various bankers, barristers, and businessmen.

Graham's siblings also made significant individual marks on the world. Greene's younger brother, Hugh served as the Director-General of the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), and his older brother Raymond was an eminent doctor and mountaineer, involved in both the 1931 Kamet and 1933 Everest expeditions.

In 1910, Charles Greene succeeded Dr. Thomas Fry as headmaster at Berkhamsted School, and Graham, along with his brothers, began attending Berkhamsted. Greene's years as a student at the school were full of profound unhappiness. Graham was constantly bullied, beat-up, mocked, and made fun of. He often skipped classes to find solitude in reading. His escapes only garnered him censure from his father, and he found that he could not balance the torrid treatment by his peers and the stern treatment by his father. During the three years at Berkhamsted, it is reported that Greene attempted suicide on several different occasions. Greene claimed that often he would sit and play Russian roulette - but Michael Shelden's biography of the author discredits this claim.

One day, Greene simply left school, leaving a letter for his parents that said he would not return. This culminated in his parents sending him to a therapist in London to deal with his depression. Greene was seventeen at the time. His therapist, Kenneth Richmond, encouraged Greene to write and even introduced Greene to a few of his literary friends like Walter de la Mare.

Greene returned to finish his high school education at Berkhamsted. He continued on at Balliol College, Oxford, where he published more than sixty stories, articles, reviews, and poems in the student magazine, Oxford Outlook. He reached a milestone in his life when his first volume of poetry was published in 1925, while he was still an undergraduate. In 1926, Graham Greene converted to Roman Catholicism, later stating that "I had to find a religion... to measure my evil against."

Early career

In 1926 Greene graduated and began a career in journalism. His first post was in Nottingham, a city he depicted in several of his novels, and while working he received a letter from Vivien Dayrell-Browning, also a Catholic, who had written to Greene and corrected him on points of Catholic doctrine. Greene was intrigued and they began a correspondence. Greene moved to London that same year and began working as an editor of The Times as well as The Spectator, where he was employed as a film critic and a literary editor until 1940.

In 1927, Greene and Vivien were married, although, Greene is the first to admit that he was not a family man and reportedly disliked children. Greene was unfaithful to Vivien and the marriage fell apart in 1948. Despite his feelings about children, the couple had two, Lucy (1933) and Francis (1936). Throughout his marriage, Greene had a number of affairs with various women. Often his mistresses were married women who lived in different countries. In 1948 Greene left Vivien for Catherine Walston even though the couple never officially filed for divorce.

Novels and other works

Graham Greene published his first novel in 1929, and with the publication of The Man Within, he began devoting all his time to writing. Greene quit his full-time post and supplemented his income with freelance jobs. Along with working for The Spectator, he also co-edited the magazine Night and Day. In 1937 the magazine closed down after Greene wrote a review of Wee Willie Winkie, a film starring Shirley Temple. In the review, Greene wrote that Temple displayed "a certain adroit coquetry which appealed to middle-aged men", this comment caused the magazine to lose a libel case, and it remains the first criticism in the entertainment industry of the sexualization of children.

His first success came with the publication of Stamboul Train in 1932 (adapted into the film Orient Express, in 1934). He met with other success as he continued to write, often having two very distinct audiences. There was the audience that loved Greene's thrillers and suspense novels like Brighton Rock and there was a completely different audience who admired Greene's genius in literary novels such as The Power and the Glory. Thus, Graham Greene was able to divide his works into two genres, yet in time, his reputation as a literary writer gained more recognition.

But over the years, Greene showed his amazing diversity and talent when his mystery/suspense novels began to be valued as much as his more serious novels. Such works as The Human Factor, The Comedians (novel)|The Comedians, Our Man in Havana and The Quiet American, showed Greene's amazing ability to create an entertaining and thrilling story and combine it with serious insight, depth of character, and universal themes.

With the success of his books, Greene expanded his literary repertoire when he published short stories and a quite a few plays, although they were well-received, and even admired, he produced nothing that could take away his reputation as a serious novelist. This did not stop him from writing many screenplays, his most famous one being The Third Man. In addition, several of his books have been made into films, including 1947's Brighton Rock and most recently, [[The Quiet American, set in Vietnam and starring Michael Caine (for which Caine was nominated for an Oscar).

It was rumored that Graham Greene was considered for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1974, but much to the dismay of his large audience, he never received the prize. Some attributed this to the very fact that he was so popular, as the scholarly elite disliked this trait. His religious themes were also thought to have played a role in whether or not he was awarded the honor, as it would have alienated some of the judges.

Writing style and themes

Greene's writing were innovative, not only in the religious themes he incorporated, but also in his avoidance of popular modernist experiments. His writings were characterized by a straightforward and clear manner. He was a realist, yet his technique created suspenseful and exciting plots. His word combinations led many to feel like they were reading something cinematic, and the simple fact was that his novels, more than many of his contemporaries, were more easily transferable to the big screen. His descriptions were full of imagery, yet he was not superfluous in his word usage, a trait that was admired by his audience and contributed to his wide popularity.

Another facet of Greene's recognizable and admired writing style was the ability he had to depict the internal struggles that his characters faced, as well as their outward struggles. His characters were deeply spiritual, reaching depths of emotion and intelligence. They each faced universal struggles, but Greene portrayed them as highly individual, the reader cares deeply for the characters facing rampant cynicism and world-weariness. He emphasized the internal struggles of his characters, with his vivid depictions of their external struggles. His characters often faced living conditions that were harsh, wretched and squalid. The settings of Greene's stories were poverty stricken countries like Mexico, West Africa, Vietnam, Haiti, Argentina - countries that were hot, humid, and abject. This trait led to the coining of the expression "Greeneland" for describing such settings.

Even with the most destitute of circumstances, Greene's characters had something on their side that was different from most novels being written at the time. Greene made sure that the values and beliefs of Catholicism were explicitly present. In fact, Greene was known to write several critiques that attacked the literature of his time, he was claimed that the lack of religion in literature resulted in dull, superficial characters who "wandered about like cardboard symbols through a world that is paper-thin." He felt deeply that literature could be saved by adding religious elements to the stories. The basic struggle between good and evil, the basic beliefs in right and wrong, the realities of sin and grace, these were the tools to be used in creating a more sensitive and spiritual public. Greene truly believed that good and evil existed in the world, and that the consequences of evil were just as real as the benefits of being good. V. S. Pritchett praised Greene, saying that he was the first English novelist since Henry James to present, and grapple with, the reality of evil. This ever present portrayal of evil was scorned by the leading theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar who said the Greene had given sin a certain "mystique". But, these ideas could not hold true for all of Greene's novels, they were diverse, some characters turned to sin and some found redemption. And Greene so eloquently illustrated, not only the opposites of sin verses virtue, but he explored many other Christian aspects of life as well, such as the value of faith, peace, and joy. Praise of Greene from an orthodox Catholic point of view by Edward Short can be found at Crisis magazine: [1], while a Catholic critique is presented by Joseph Pearce: [2].

As Greene grew older, his writings changed. No longer did he focus as intently on religious views in accordance with the themes he had chosen. Instead, his focus became more wide-spread and approachable to a broader audience. He turned from themes of good verses evil that encapsulated earlier works, and instead wrote from a more "humanistic" viewpoint. In addition to this, he outwardly rejected many of the orthodox Catholic teachings he had embraced earlier in his life. Readers of his work began to see that the protagonists were much more likely to be believers in Communism rather than Catholicism.

Greene's political views were different from other "Catholic writers" of the time, like Evelyn Waugh and Anthony Burgess. While they maintained a strictly right-winged agenda, Greene was always leaning left, and his travels influenced these ideas. Though many claim that politics didn't interest Greene, his audience would differ in that opinion, as his novels all strongly reflect and criticize what he witnessed of American imperialism. To add to this, Greene was often a sympathizer with those who opposed American government, like the Cuban leader Fidel Castro. [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/greene.htm

Travel

During World War II, Greene began to travel extensively, this travel would play a major part in the rest of his life. In fact, it was his travels and the people he met in various countries that inspired many of his plots, themes, and characters. In 1938, for example, the Roman Catholic Church funded Greene's trip to Mexico. The purpose of this trip was for Greene to observe and write about the effects of a forced anti-Catholic campaign against secularization. This event led to Greene writing The Lawless Roads (or Another Mexico as it was known in America) and it is at the core of the fictional novel, The Power and the Glory.

During World War II, a notorious double agent, Kim Philby recruited Greene to work for England's own MI6. This stint in espionage fueled Greene's desire to travel, as well as provided him with memorable and intriguing characters. Greene became obsessed with traveling to the "wild and remote" places of the world. His travels led him to Duvalierist Haiti, where he set his 1966 novel The Comedians. Greene became so well-known in Haiti that the proprietor of the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince, where Greene stayed whenever he was there, named a room in the hotel in honor of Greene. After the war ended, he continued to travel as a free-lance journalist. He spend a long period in the French Riviera, in particular, Nice. He also made several anti-American comments during his travels, thus opening the doors of Communist leaders like Fidel Castro and Ho Chi Minh, whom he interviewed. In contradiction, Greene's close friend, the English writer, Evelyn Waugh, wrote in a letter that Greene "is a secret agent on our side and all his buttering up of the Russians is 'cover'."

There is so much weariness and disappointment in travel that people have to open up – in railway trains, over a fire, on the decks of steamers, and in the palm courts of hotels on a rainy day. They have to pass the time somehow, and they can pass it only with themselves. Like the characters in Chekhov they have no reserves – you learn the most intimate secrets. You get an impression of a world peopled by eccentrics, of odd professions, almost incredible stupidities, and, to balance them, amazing endurances.

Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads (1939)

Final years

During the final years of Graham Greene's life, he was honored and awarded many times. In 1981 he was the recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, a prize awarded to writers who are concerned with 'the freedom of the individual in society'. His final work expresses his continued mission to reveal the corruptions of society. In, J'Accuse - The Dark Side of Nice (1982), one of his last works, he wrote about the travesties he saw while living in Nice. He wrote specifically about the organized crime that corrupted the very foundations of the civic government and the severe judicial and police corruption abounding in the society. His writings were not ignored, and this led to a libel case, which he lost.[3]. Vindication came in 1994, three years after his death, when the former mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin, was finally convicted and sentenced to jail for several counts of corrupt behavior and criminal actions.

Greene had several affairs over the years and throughout his travels, they are even depicted in several novels, and in 1966, he made a move to Antibes. His purpose was to be close to Yvonne Cloetta, a women whom he had known for many years. This relationship, unlike many others, endured his travels and continued on until his death. Nearing the end of his life, Greene moved to the small Swiss town of Vevey, on Lake Geneva. Even though he confessed to still being a Catholic, he had not practiced the religion since the 1950s, but at the end of his life, he made a point of attending Mass and honoring the sacraments. On April 3, 1991, Graham Greene passed away, his body was buried in a cemetery in Corsier-sur-Vevey. He was 86 years old.

Previous to this time, Greene had published two volumes of his autobiography, A Sort of Life in 1971, and Ways of Escape in 1980. Finally, in October 2004, the third and final volume of his life was published. Greene was not the author, The Life of Graham Greene was written by Norman Sherry, Greene's official biographer. Sherry's adventures in writing Greene's life story were many. He followed his footsteps, traveled to various countries, and even contracted several of the same diseases that Greene had been afflicted with. Sherry made a interesting discovery as he sought to know the details of Greene's life, he found that Greene had continued to submit reports to British intelligence until the end of his life. This has led scholars and Greene's literary audience to entertain the provocative and necessary question: "Was Greene a novelist who was also a spy, or was his lifelong literary career the perfect cover?"

Bibliography

Verse

• Babbling April (1925)

Novels

• The Man Within (1929) ISBN 0140185305
• The Name of Action (1930) (repudiated by author, never re-published)
• Rumour at Nightfall (1932) (repudiated by author, never re-published)
• Stamboul Train (1932) (also published as Orient Express) ISBN 0140185321
• It's a Battlefield (1934) ISBN 0140185410
• England Made Me (1935) ISBN 0140185518
• A Gun for Sale (1936) (also published as This Gun for Hire) ISBN 014303930X
• Brighton Rock (1938) ISBN 0142437972
• The Confidential Agent (1939) ISBN 0140185380
• The Power and the Glory (1940) (also published as The Labyrinthine Ways) ISBN 0142437301
• Ministry of Fear|The Ministry of Fear (1943) ISBN 0143039113
• The Heart of the Matter (1948) ISBN 0140283323
• The Third Man (1949) (novella, as a basis for the screenplay} ISBN 0140286829
• The End of the Affair (1951) ISBN 0099478447
• The Quiet American (1955) ISBN 0143039024
• Loser Takes All (1955) ISBN 0140185429
• Our Man in Havana (1958) ISBN 0140184937
• A Burnt-Out Case (1960) ISBN 0140185399
• The Comedians (novel)|The Comedians (1966) ISBN 0143039199
• Travels with My Aunt (1969) ISBN 0143039008
• The Honorary Consul (1973) ISBN 0684871254
• The Human Factor (1978) ISBN 0679409920
• Doctor Fischer of Geneva|Doctor Fischer of Geneva or The Bomb Party (1980)
• Monsignor Quixote (1982) ISBN 0671474707
• The Tenth Man (1985) ISBN 0671019090
• The Captain and the Enemy (1988) ISBN 014018855X

Autobiography

• A Sort of Life (1971) (autobiography) ISBN 0671210106
• Ways of Escape (1980) (autobiography) ISBN 0671412191
• A World of My Own (1992) (dream diary, posthumously published) ISBN 0670852791
• Getting to Know the General (1984) (A Story of An Involvement) ISBN 0671541609

Travel books

• Journey Without Maps (1936) ISBN 0140185798
• The Lawless Roads (1939) ISBN 0140185801
• In Search of a Character: Two African Journals (1961) ISBN 014018578X

Plays

• The Living Room (1953) ISBN 067043549X
• The Potting Shed (1957) ISBN 0670000949
• The Complaisant Lover (1959) ISBN 0670233730
• Carving a Statue (1964) ISBN 0370003365
• The Return of A.J.Raffles (1975) ISBN 0317039423
• The Great Jowett (1981) ISBN 037030439X
• Yes and No (1983)
• For Whom the Bell Chimes (1983) ISBN 037030988X

Screenplays

• The Future's in the Air (1937)
• The New Britain (1940)
• 21 Days (1940) (based on the novel The First and The Last by John Galsworthy)
• Brighton Rock (1947)
• The Fallen Idol (1948)
• The Third Man (1949)
• Loser Takes All (1956)
• Saint Joan (1957 film)|Saint Joan (1957) (based on the play by George Bernard Shaw)
• Our Man in Havana (1959)
• The Comedians (novel)|The Comedians (1967)

Short stories (selected)

• Twenty-One Stories (1954) (originally "Nineteen Stories" [1947], the collection usually presents the stories in reverse chronological order) ISBN 0140185348

"The End of the Party" (1929)

"The Second Death" (1929)

"Proof Positive" (1930)

"I Spy" (1930)

"A Day Saved" (1935)

"Jubilee" (1936)

"Brother" (1936)

"A Chance For Mr Lever" (1936)

"The Basement Room" (1936) (aka "The Fallen Idol", later turned into a film directed by Carol Reed)

"The Innocent" (1937)

"A Drive in the Country" (1937)

"Across The Bridge" (1938)

"A Little Place Off The Edgeware Road" (1939)

"The Case for the Defence" (1939)

"Alas, Poor Maling" (1940)

"Men At Work" (1940)

"Greek Meets Greek" (1941)

"The Hint of an Explanation" (1948)

The Third Man (1949) ISBN 0140286829

"The Blue Film" (1954)

"Special Duties" (1954)

"The Destructors" (1954)

• A Sense of Reality (1963)

"Under the Garden"

"A Visit to Morin"

"Dream of a Strange Land"

"A Discovery in the Woods"

"Church Militant" (1956)

"Dear Dr Falkenheim" (1963)

"The Blessing" (1966)

• May We Borrow Your Husband? (1967) ISBN 0140185372

"May We Borrow Your Husband?"

"Beauty"

"Chagrin in Three Parts"

"The Over-night Bag"

"Mortmain"

"Cheap in August"

"A Shocking Accident"

"The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen"

"Awful When You Think of It"

"Doctor Crombie"

"The Root of All Evil"

"Two Gentle People"

• The Last Word and Other Stories (1990) ISBN 0141181575

"The Last Word"

"The News in English"

"The Moment of Truth"

"The Man Who Stole the Eiffel Tower"

"The Lieutenant Died Last"

"A Branch of the Service"

"An Old Man's Memory"

"The Lottery Ticket"

"The New House"

"Work Not in Progress"

"Murder for the Wrong Reason"

"An Appointment With the General"

Children's books

• The Little Fire Engine (n.d., illus. Dorothy Craigie; 1973, illus. Edward Ardizzone) ISBN 0370020219
• The Little Horse Bus (1966, illus. Dorothy Craigie) ISBN 038509826X
• The Little Steamroller (1963, illus. Dorothy Craigie) ISBN 0385089171
• The Little Train (1957, illus. Dorothy Craigie; 1973, illus. Edward Ardizzone) ISBN 0370020200

Other

• An impossible woman: The memories of Dottoressa Moor of Capri (ed. Greene, 1975)
• Introduction to My Silent War, by Kim Philby, 1968, British Intelligence double agent, mole for Soviets

ISBN 0375759832

• J'Accuse - The Dark Side of Nice (1982)
• Lord Rochester's monkey: Being the life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester (1974) ISBN 0140041974
• The Pleasure-Dome: The Collected Film Criticism, 1935–40 (ed. John Russell Taylor, 1980) ISBN 0436187981
• The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands (ed. Greene, 1974)
• Yours, etc.: Letters to the Press (1989)
• Why the Epigraph? (1989)

Further reading

• Paul O'Prey, A Reader's Guide to Graham Greene, Thames and Hudson, 1988
• Kelly, Richard Michael, Graham Greene, Ungar, 1984
• Kelly, Richard Michael, Graham Greene: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne, 1992.
• Duran, Leopoldo , Graham Greene: Friend and Brother, translated by Euan Cameron, HarperCollins
• Shelden, Michael , Graham Greene: The Enemy Within, (pub. William Heinemann, 1994), Random House ed. 1995: ISBN 0-679-42883-6
• Sherry, Norman (1989-2004), The Life of Graham Greene: vol. 1 1904-1939, (pub. Random House UK, 1989, ISBN 0-224-02654-2), Viking ed. 1989: ISBN 0-670-81376-1, Penguin reprint 2004: ISBN 0-14-200420-0
• Sherry, Norman, The Life of Graham Greene: vol. 2 1939-1955, (pub. Viking 1994: ISBN 0-670-86056-5), Penguin reprint 2004: ISBN 0-14-200421-9
• Sherry, Norman, The Life of Graham Greene: vol. 3 1955-1991, (pub. Viking 2004, ISBN 0-670-03142-9)
• The Graham Greene Film Reader

External links

• The Times obituary
• Greeneland: the world of Graham Greene
• The Graham Greene Birthplace Trust
• Graham Greene Writeup in the Literary Encyclopedia
• Biography at Authors' Calendar website
• A Review of Graham Greene's "Lawless Roads"
• 1989 audio interview of Norman Sherry, biographer of Graham Greene, RealAudio
• The Paris Review Interview
• CatholicAuthors Biography by Joseph Pearce

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