Difference between revisions of "Empire of Trebizond" - New World Encyclopedia
(credit Wiki) |
|||
| Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | The '''Empire of Trebizond''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Βασίλειον τής Τραπεζούντας) was a [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine Greek]] successor state of the [[Byzantine Empire]] founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of [[Constantinople]] by the [[Fourth Crusade]]. Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] provided troops to her nephew [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexius I]], who conquered the [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] cities of [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]] and [[Paphlagonia]]. It is often known as "''the last Greek Empire''". | + | The '''Empire of Trebizond''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Βασίλειον τής Τραπεζούντας) was a [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine Greek]] successor state of the [[Byzantine Empire]] founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of [[Constantinople]] by the [[Fourth Crusade]]. Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] provided troops to her nephew [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexius I]], who conquered the [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] cities of [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]] and [[Paphlagonia]]. It is often known as "''the last Greek Empire''". Until it was defeated by the Ottomans in 1461, it represented the continuation of the Eastern [[Roman Empire]] as well as continuity with the world of [[Ancient Greece]]. |
==Foundation== | ==Foundation== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
The rulers of Trebizond called themselves Grand Comnenus and at first claimed the traditional Byzantine title of "[[Emperor]] and Autocrat of the Romans." After reaching an agreement with the Byzantine Empire in 1282, the official title of the ruler of Trebizond was changed to "Emperor and Autocrat of the entire East, of the [[Caucasian Iberia| Iberia]]ns and the Transmarine Provinces" and remained such until the empire's end in 1461. The state is sometimes called the ''Comnenian'' empire because the ruling dynasty descended from [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I Comnenus]]. | The rulers of Trebizond called themselves Grand Comnenus and at first claimed the traditional Byzantine title of "[[Emperor]] and Autocrat of the Romans." After reaching an agreement with the Byzantine Empire in 1282, the official title of the ruler of Trebizond was changed to "Emperor and Autocrat of the entire East, of the [[Caucasian Iberia| Iberia]]ns and the Transmarine Provinces" and remained such until the empire's end in 1461. The state is sometimes called the ''Comnenian'' empire because the ruling dynasty descended from [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I Comnenus]]. | ||
| − | Trebizond initially controlled a contiguous area on the southern [[Black Sea]] coast between | + | Trebizond initially controlled a contiguous area on the southern [[Black Sea]] coast between Soterioupolis andSinope, comprising the modern Turkish provinces of Sinop, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Bayburt, Gümüşhane, Rise and Artvin. In the [[thirteenth century]], the empire controlled Perateia which included Cherson and Kerch on the Crimean peninsula]]. David Comnenus expanded rapidly to the west, occupying first Sinope, then Paphlagonia and Heraclea Pontica until his territory bordered the [[Empire of Nicaea]] founded by [[Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]]. The territories west of Sinope were lost to the Empire of Nicaea by 1206. Sinope itself fell to the [[Seljuks]] in 1214. |
==Prosperity== | ==Prosperity== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
While Epirus effectively disintegrated in the 14th century, and the Nicaean Empire succeeded in retaking Constantinople and extinguishing the feeble [[Latin Empire]], only to be conquered in 1453 by the [[Ottoman Empire]], Trebizond managed to outlive its competitors in Epirus and Nicaea. | While Epirus effectively disintegrated in the 14th century, and the Nicaean Empire succeeded in retaking Constantinople and extinguishing the feeble [[Latin Empire]], only to be conquered in 1453 by the [[Ottoman Empire]], Trebizond managed to outlive its competitors in Epirus and Nicaea. | ||
| − | Trebizond was in continual conflict with the [[Sultanate of Iconium]] and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]]. It was an | + | Trebizond was in continual conflict with the [[Sultanate of Iconium]] and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]]. It was an empire more in title than in fact, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous [[dowry|dowries]], especially with the [[Turkmen]] rulers of inland [[Anatolia]]. |
The [[Battle of Baghdad (1258)|destruction of Baghdad]] by [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258 made Trebizond the western terminus of the [[Silk Road]]. The city grew to tremendous wealth on the Silk Road trade under the protection of the [[Mongol]]s. [[Marco Polo]] returned to Europe by way of Trebizond in 1295. Under the rule of [[Alexios III of Trebizond|Alexius III]] (1349–1390) the city was one of the world's leading trade centres and was renowned for its great wealth and artistic accomplishment. | The [[Battle of Baghdad (1258)|destruction of Baghdad]] by [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258 made Trebizond the western terminus of the [[Silk Road]]. The city grew to tremendous wealth on the Silk Road trade under the protection of the [[Mongol]]s. [[Marco Polo]] returned to Europe by way of Trebizond in 1295. Under the rule of [[Alexios III of Trebizond|Alexius III]] (1349–1390) the city was one of the world's leading trade centres and was renowned for its great wealth and artistic accomplishment. | ||
Revision as of 10:09, 22 August 2008
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Empire of Trebizond (Greek: Βασίλειον τής Τραπεζούντας) was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. Queen Tamar of Georgia provided troops to her nephew Alexius I, who conquered the Pontic Greek cities of Trebizond, Sinope and Paphlagonia. It is often known as "the last Greek Empire". Until it was defeated by the Ottomans in 1461, it represented the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire as well as continuity with the world of Ancient Greece.
Foundation
When Constantinople fell in the Fourth Crusade in 1204 to the Western European and Venetian Crusaders, the Empire of Trebizond was one of the three smaller Greek states that emerged from the wreckage, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus. Alexius, a grandson of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, son of Rusudan daughter of George III of Georgia, made Trebizond his capital and asserted a claim to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Emperor Andronicus I had been deposed and killed in 1185. His son Manuel was blinded and may have died of his injuries. The sources agree that Rusudan, the wife of Manuel and the mother of Alexios and David, fled Constantinople with her children, to escape persecution by Isaac II Angelus, Andronicus' successor. It is unclear whether Rusudan fled to Georgia or to the southern coast of the Black Sea where the Comnenus family had its origins. There is some evidence that the Comnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state centred on Trebizond before 1204.
The rulers of Trebizond called themselves Grand Comnenus and at first claimed the traditional Byzantine title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans." After reaching an agreement with the Byzantine Empire in 1282, the official title of the ruler of Trebizond was changed to "Emperor and Autocrat of the entire East, of the Iberians and the Transmarine Provinces" and remained such until the empire's end in 1461. The state is sometimes called the Comnenian empire because the ruling dynasty descended from Alexius I Comnenus.
Trebizond initially controlled a contiguous area on the southern Black Sea coast between Soterioupolis andSinope, comprising the modern Turkish provinces of Sinop, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Bayburt, Gümüşhane, Rise and Artvin. In the thirteenth century, the empire controlled Perateia which included Cherson and Kerch on the Crimean peninsula]]. David Comnenus expanded rapidly to the west, occupying first Sinope, then Paphlagonia and Heraclea Pontica until his territory bordered the Empire of Nicaea founded by Theodore I Lascaris. The territories west of Sinope were lost to the Empire of Nicaea by 1206. Sinope itself fell to the Seljuks in 1214.
Prosperity
While Epirus effectively disintegrated in the 14th century, and the Nicaean Empire succeeded in retaking Constantinople and extinguishing the feeble Latin Empire, only to be conquered in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire, Trebizond managed to outlive its competitors in Epirus and Nicaea.
Trebizond was in continual conflict with the Sultanate of Iconium and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the Genoese. It was an empire more in title than in fact, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers for marriage with generous dowries, especially with the Turkmen rulers of inland Anatolia.
The destruction of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan in 1258 made Trebizond the western terminus of the Silk Road. The city grew to tremendous wealth on the Silk Road trade under the protection of the Mongols. Marco Polo returned to Europe by way of Trebizond in 1295. Under the rule of Alexius III (1349–1390) the city was one of the world's leading trade centres and was renowned for its great wealth and artistic accomplishment.
Climax and civil war
The small Empire of Trebizond had been most successful in asserting itself at its very start, under the leadership of Alexius I (1204–1222) and especially his younger brother David Comnenus, who died in battle in 1214. Alexius' second son Manuel I (1238–1263) had preserved internal security and acquired the reputation of a great commander, but the empire was already losing outlying provinces to the Turkmen, and found itself forced to pay tribute to the Seljuks of Rum and then to the Mongols of Persia, a sign of things to come. The troubled reign of John II (1280–1297) included a reconciliation with the Byzantine Empire and the end of Trapezuntine claims to Constantinople. Trebizond reached its greatest wealth and influence during the long reign of Alexius II (1297–1330). Trebizond suffered a period of repeated imperial depositions and assassinations from the end of Alexius' reign until the first years of Alexius III, ending in 1355. The empire never fully recovered its internal cohesion, commercial supremacy or territory.
Decline and fall
Manuel III (1390–1417), who succeeded his father Alexius III as emperor, allied himself with Timur, and benefited from Timur's defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Ancyra in 1402. His son Alexius IV (1417–1429) married two of his daughters to Jihan Shah, khan of the Kara Koyunlu, and to Ali Beg, khan of the Ak Koyunlu; while his eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus. Pero Tafur, who visited the city in 1437, reported that Trebizond had less than 4,000 troops.
John IV (1429–1459) could not help but see his Empire would soon share the same fate as Constantinople. The Ottoman Sultan Murad II first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed. While Mehmed II was away laying siege to Belgrade in 1456, the Ottoman governor of Amasya attacked Trebizond, and although defeated, took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.
John IV prepared for the eventual assault by forging alliances. He gave his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, khan of the Ak Koyunlu, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of help from the Turkish emirs of Sinope and Karamania, and from the king and princes of Georgia.
After John's death in 1459, his brother David came to power and misused these alliances. David intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of Jerusalem. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues, and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother.
Mehmed's response came in the summer of 1461. He led a sizeable army from Bursa, first to Sinope whose emir quickly surrendered, then south across Armenia to neutralize Uzun Hasan. Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed quickly swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and placed it under siege. The city held out for a month before the emperor David surrendered on August 15, 1461.
With the fall of Trebizond, one of the last territories of the Roman Empire was extinguished.
Dynasty of the Empire of Trebizond
| Name | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| David Megas Komnenos | 1459 | 1461 |
| Ioannis IV Megas Komnenos | 1429 | 1459 |
| Alexios IV Megas Komnenos | 1416 | 1429 |
| Manuel III Megas Komnenos | 1390 | 1416 |
| Alexios III Megas Komnenos | 1349 | 1390 |
| Michael Megas Komnenos | 1344 | 1349 |
| Ioannis III Megas Komnenos | 1342 | 1344 |
| Anna Megale Komnene | 1341 | 1342 |
| Irene Palaiologina | 1340 | 1341 |
| Basilios Megas Komnenos | 1332 | 1340 |
| Manuel II Megas Komnenos | 1332 | 1332 |
| Andronikos III Megas Komnenos | 1330 | 1332 |
| Alexios II Megas Komnenos | 1297 | 1330 |
| Ioannis II Megas Komnenos | 1285 | 1297 |
| Theodora Megale Komnene | 1284 | 1285 |
| Ioannis II Megas Komnenos | 1280 | 1284 |
| Georgios Megas Komnenos | 1266 | 1280 |
| Andronikos II Megas Komnenos | 1263 | 1266 |
| Manuel I Megas Komnenos | 1238 | 1263 |
| Ioannis I Megas Komnenos | 1235 | 1238 |
| Andronikos I Gidos | 1222 | 1235 |
| Alexios I Megas Komnenos | 1204 | 1222 |
* restored
List of Trapezuntine people
- Johannes Bessarion
- George of Trebizond
- Michael Panaretos
- George Amiroutzes
- Gregory Choniades
- Ecumenical Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Sources and research
- Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt (Munich, 1827–1848)
- Michael Panaretos: Chronicle
- Johannes Bessarion: The praise of Trebizond
- Miller, W., Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire, (1926; repr. Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968)
- Fyodor Uspensky, From the history of the Empire of Trabizond (Ocherki iz istorii Trapezuntskoy Imperii), Leningrad, 1929, 160 pp: a monograph in Russian.
- Levan Urushadze, The Comnenus of Trabizond and the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia. — J. "Tsiskari", Tbilisi, No 4, 1991, pp. 144–148: in Georgian.
- Sergei Karpov. L' impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma, 1204-1461. Rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali. Roma, 1986, 321 P.
- Sergei Karpov. The Empire of Trebizond and the nations of Western Europe, 1204-1461. Moscow, 1981, 231 pp (in Russian).
- Sergei Karpov. A history of the empire of Trebizond. Saint Petersburg, 2007, 656 pp (in Russian).
- Rustam Shukurov. The Megas Komnenos and the Orient (1204-1461). Saint Petersburg, 2001, 446 pp (in Russian).
- Bryer, Anthony (1980). The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 9780860780625.
- Anthony Bryer & David Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (DOS. XX), vol. 1–2, Washington, 1985.
- Anthony Bryer, Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900, Variorum collected studies series, London, 1988.
See also
- Ayasofya museum
- Sumela Monastery
- Dorothy Dunnett, a Scottish historical novelist, much of whose book The Spring of the Ram is set in Trebizond at the time of its fall.
External links
cs:Trapezuntské císařství cy:Ymerodraeth Trebizond de:Kaiserreich Trapezunt el:Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας es:Imperio de Trebisonda eo:Trebizonda imperio fr:Empire grec de Trébizonde gl:Imperio de Trebisonda hr:Trapezuntsko Carstvo it:Impero di Trebisonda he:האימפריה של טרפזונטה ka:ტრაპიზონის იმპერატორთა სია hu:Trapezunti Császárság nl:Keizerrijk Trebizonde ja:トレビゾンド帝国 no:Trapezunt pl:Cesarstwo Trapezuntu ro:Imperiul din Trapezunt ru:Трапезундская империя sk:Trapezuntské cisárstvo sr:Трапезунтско царство sh:Trapezuntsko carstvo fi:Trebizondin keisarikunta sv:Kejsardömet Trabzon tr:Trabzon Krallığı
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
.svg){kind=link}
